A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny
Identifieur interne : 001A67 ( Istex/Curation ); précédent : 001A66; suivant : 001A68A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny
Auteurs : Michel Laurin ; Robert R. ReiszSource :
- Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society [ 0024-4082 ] ; 1995.
Descripteurs français
- Wicri :
- topic : Sciences de la terre, Reptile.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acromion, Adductor, African museum, American journal, American museum, Amniota, Amniote, Amniote phylogeny, Ange, Anterior, Anterior centrum, Anterior pleurocentra, Anterior process, Anteriorly, Anterodorsal, Araeoscelidia, Araeoscelidians, Articular, Astragalus, Autapomorphies, Autapomorphy, Axial intercentrum, Basioccipital, Batrachosaurs, Baur, Benton, Boonstra, Bootstrap, Bootstrap analysis, Braincase, British museum, Calcaneum, Canadian journal, Caniniform, Caniniform region, Captorhinid, Captorhinidae, Captorhinids, Carnegie museum, Carroll lindsay, Caudal, Caudals, Centrum, Choana, Clade, Clark carroll, Comparative zoology, Condyle, Convergently, Convex, Coronoid, Coronoid eminence, Coronoid process, Cotylosauria, Cotylosaurs, Cranial, Cultriform process, Currie, Debraga, Dermal, Diadectes, Diadectidae, Diadectids, Diadectomorpha, Diadectomorphs, Diapsid, Diapsida, Digit, Distal head, Dorsal, Dorsally, Early amniote phylogeny, Early amniotes, Early synapsids, Earth sciences, Ectepicondylar, Ectepicondylar foramen, Ectopterygoid, Emargination, Eureptiles, Eureptilia, Exoccipital, External naris, Extra steps, Femoral, Femoral shaft, Femur, Fenestra, Foramen, Fossa, Fossil, Fossil record, Fossil relatives, Gaffney, Gauthier, Greater trochanter, Groove, Heaton, Heaton reisz, Humerus, Iliac blade, Indentation, Infolding, Intercentrum, Interclavicle, Interpterygoid, Interpterygoid vacuity, Ivachnenko, Jugal, Lacrimal, Lateral, Lateral edge, Lateral surface, Lateral view, Laterally, Laurin, Limnoscelidae, Limnoscelids, Limnoscelis, Linnaeus, Linnean society, Lower permian, Lydekker, Manual phalangeal formula, Matrix, Maxilla, Maxillary, Meckelian fossa, Medial, Medial wall, Medially, Mesosauridae, Mesosaurs, Metatarsal, Meylan, Millerettidae, Millerettids, Modesto, Monophyletic, Monophyletic group, Monophyly, Naris, Natural history, Node, Nomen, Occipital, Occiput, Olecranon process, Olson, Opisthotic, Optimization, Osborn, Osteology, Other amniotes, Otic, Otic trough, Outgroups, Palaeozoic, Palatine, Paleontology, Paleothyris, Parareptile, Parareptiles, Parareptilia, Parasphenoid, Pareiasauria, Pareiasaurs, Parietal, Paroccipital, Paroccipital process, Paup, Pelycosauria, Pennsylvanian, Permian, Personal communication, Petrolacosaurus, Phalangeal, Phalangeal formula, Phylogenetic, Phylogenetic analysis, Phylogenetic relationships, Phylogeny, Placodonts, Plastron, Pleurocentra, Posterior edge, Posteriorly, Posterolateral, Posterolateral corner, Posterolaterally, Postorbital, Postorbital region, Postparietal, Prearticular, Prefrontal, Presacral, Presacral vertebrae, Present analysis, Primitive condition, Procolophon, Procolophonia, Procolophonian, Procolophonian synapomorphy, Procolophonians, Procolophonidae, Procolophonids, Proganochelys, Pterygoid, Quadrate, Quadrate ramus, Quadratojugal, Ramus, Redrawn, Reisz, Reptile, Reptilia, Retroarticular, Retroarticular process, Rib, Rieppel, Robust, Romer, Romer price, Romeriida, Romeriids, Rowe, Sacral, Sacral vertebrae, Sauropsida, Sauropsids, Scale bars, Scapula, Scute, Seeley, Seymouria, Similar condition, Skull, Skull length, Squamosal, Stapes, Suborbital, Suborbital foramen, Sumida, Supinator, Supinator process, Supraglenoid, Supraglenoid foramen, Supraoccipital, Supratemporal, Surangular, Suture, Sutured, Synapomorphies, Synapomorphy, Synapsid, Synapsida, Tabular, Tarsus, Taxon, Taxonomy, Temporal emargination, Testudines, Testudinomorpha, Testudinomorphs, Tetrapod, Transverse processes, Triassic, Trochanter, Tuberosity, Tympanic, Tympanic ridge, Unambiguous characters, Upper permian, Vacuity, Ventral, Ventral margin, Ventral surface, Ventrally, Vertebra, Vertebrate, Vertebrate paleontology, Williston, Youngina, Younginiformes, Younginiforms, Younginiforms convergently, Zoological, Zoological journal, evolution, phylogenetics.
- Teeft :
- Acromion, Adductor, African museum, American journal, American museum, Amniota, Amniote, Amniote phylogeny, Ange, Anterior, Anterior centrum, Anterior pleurocentra, Anterior process, Anteriorly, Anterodorsal, Araeoscelidia, Araeoscelidians, Articular, Astragalus, Autapomorphies, Autapomorphy, Axial intercentrum, Basioccipital, Batrachosaurs, Baur, Benton, Boonstra, Bootstrap, Bootstrap analysis, Braincase, British museum, Calcaneum, Canadian journal, Caniniform, Caniniform region, Captorhinid, Captorhinidae, Captorhinids, Carnegie museum, Carroll lindsay, Caudal, Caudals, Centrum, Choana, Clade, Clark carroll, Comparative zoology, Condyle, Convergently, Convex, Coronoid, Coronoid eminence, Coronoid process, Cotylosauria, Cotylosaurs, Cranial, Cultriform process, Currie, Debraga, Dermal, Diadectes, Diadectidae, Diadectids, Diadectomorpha, Diadectomorphs, Diapsid, Diapsida, Digit, Distal head, Dorsal, Dorsally, Early amniote phylogeny, Early amniotes, Early synapsids, Earth sciences, Ectepicondylar, Ectepicondylar foramen, Ectopterygoid, Emargination, Eureptiles, Eureptilia, Exoccipital, External naris, Extra steps, Femoral, Femoral shaft, Femur, Fenestra, Foramen, Fossa, Fossil, Fossil record, Fossil relatives, Gaffney, Gauthier, Greater trochanter, Groove, Heaton, Heaton reisz, Humerus, Iliac blade, Indentation, Infolding, Intercentrum, Interclavicle, Interpterygoid, Interpterygoid vacuity, Ivachnenko, Jugal, Lacrimal, Lateral, Lateral edge, Lateral surface, Lateral view, Laterally, Laurin, Limnoscelidae, Limnoscelids, Limnoscelis, Linnaeus, Linnean society, Lower permian, Lydekker, Manual phalangeal formula, Matrix, Maxilla, Maxillary, Meckelian fossa, Medial, Medial wall, Medially, Mesosauridae, Mesosaurs, Metatarsal, Meylan, Millerettidae, Millerettids, Modesto, Monophyletic, Monophyletic group, Monophyly, Naris, Natural history, Node, Nomen, Occipital, Occiput, Olecranon process, Olson, Opisthotic, Optimization, Osborn, Osteology, Other amniotes, Otic, Otic trough, Outgroups, Palatine, Paleontology, Paleothyris, Parareptile, Parareptiles, Parareptilia, Parasphenoid, Pareiasauria, Pareiasaurs, Parietal, Paroccipital, Paroccipital process, Paup, Pelycosauria, Pennsylvanian, Permian, Personal communication, Petrolacosaurus, Phalangeal, Phalangeal formula, Phylogenetic, Phylogenetic analysis, Phylogenetic relationships, Phylogeny, Placodonts, Plastron, Pleurocentra, Posterior edge, Posteriorly, Posterolateral, Posterolateral corner, Posterolaterally, Postorbital, Postorbital region, Postparietal, Prearticular, Prefrontal, Presacral, Presacral vertebrae, Present analysis, Primitive condition, Procolophon, Procolophonia, Procolophonian, Procolophonian synapomorphy, Procolophonians, Procolophonidae, Procolophonids, Proganochelys, Pterygoid, Quadrate, Quadrate ramus, Quadratojugal, Ramus, Redrawn, Reisz, Reptile, Reptilia, Retroarticular, Retroarticular process, Rib, Rieppel, Robust, Romer, Romer price, Romeriida, Romeriids, Rowe, Sacral, Sacral vertebrae, Sauropsida, Sauropsids, Scale bars, Scapula, Scute, Seeley, Seymouria, Similar condition, Skull, Skull length, Squamosal, Stapes, Suborbital, Suborbital foramen, Sumida, Supinator, Supinator process, Supraglenoid, Supraglenoid foramen, Supraoccipital, Supratemporal, Surangular, Suture, Sutured, Synapomorphies, Synapomorphy, Synapsid, Synapsida, Tabular, Tarsus, Taxon, Taxonomy, Temporal emargination, Testudines, Testudinomorpha, Testudinomorphs, Tetrapod, Transverse processes, Triassic, Trochanter, Tuberosity, Tympanic, Tympanic ridge, Unambiguous characters, Upper permian, Vacuity, Ventral, Ventral margin, Ventral surface, Ventrally, Vertebra, Vertebrate, Vertebrate paleontology, Williston, Youngina, Younginiformes, Younginiforms, Younginiforms convergently, Zoological, Zoological journal.
Abstract
Abstract: A new phylogenetic analysis of early amniotes based on 124 characters and 13 taxa (including three outgroups) indicates that synapsids are the sister-group of all other known amniotes. The sister-group of Synapsida is Sauropsida, including Mesosauridae and Reptilia as its two main subdivisions. Reptilia is divided into Parareptilia and Eureptilia. Parareptilia includes Testudines and its fossil relatives (Procolophonidae, Pareiasauria and Millerettidae), while Eureptilia includes Diapsida and its fossil relatives (Paleothyrisand Captorhinidae). Parts of the phylogeny are robust, such as the sister-group relationship between procolophonids and testudines, and between pareiasaurs and the testudinomorphs (the clade including procolophonids and testudines). Other parts of the new tree are not so firmly established, such as the position of mesosaurs as the sister-group of reptiles. The new phylogeny indicates that three major clades of amniotes extend from the present to the Palaeozoic. These three clades are the Synapsida (including Mammalia), Parareptilia (including Testudines), and Eureptilia (including Sauria). In addition, the Procolophonidae, a group of Triassic parareptiles, are the sister-group of Testudines.
Url:
DOI: 10.1006/zjls.1995.0007
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Michel Laurin<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Erindale Campus, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6</mods:affiliation>
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<wicri:noCountry code="subField">1C6</wicri:noCountry>
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<term>African museum</term>
<term>American journal</term>
<term>American museum</term>
<term>Amniota</term>
<term>Amniote</term>
<term>Amniote phylogeny</term>
<term>Ange</term>
<term>Anterior</term>
<term>Anterior centrum</term>
<term>Anterior pleurocentra</term>
<term>Anterior process</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anterodorsal</term>
<term>Araeoscelidia</term>
<term>Araeoscelidians</term>
<term>Articular</term>
<term>Astragalus</term>
<term>Autapomorphies</term>
<term>Autapomorphy</term>
<term>Axial intercentrum</term>
<term>Basioccipital</term>
<term>Batrachosaurs</term>
<term>Baur</term>
<term>Benton</term>
<term>Boonstra</term>
<term>Bootstrap</term>
<term>Bootstrap analysis</term>
<term>Braincase</term>
<term>British museum</term>
<term>Calcaneum</term>
<term>Canadian journal</term>
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<term>Caniniform region</term>
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<term>Captorhinids</term>
<term>Carnegie museum</term>
<term>Carroll lindsay</term>
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<term>Clark carroll</term>
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<term>Eureptilia</term>
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<term>External naris</term>
<term>Extra steps</term>
<term>Femoral</term>
<term>Femoral shaft</term>
<term>Femur</term>
<term>Fenestra</term>
<term>Foramen</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil record</term>
<term>Fossil relatives</term>
<term>Gaffney</term>
<term>Gauthier</term>
<term>Greater trochanter</term>
<term>Groove</term>
<term>Heaton</term>
<term>Heaton reisz</term>
<term>Humerus</term>
<term>Iliac blade</term>
<term>Indentation</term>
<term>Infolding</term>
<term>Intercentrum</term>
<term>Interclavicle</term>
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<term>Interpterygoid vacuity</term>
<term>Ivachnenko</term>
<term>Jugal</term>
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<term>Lateral surface</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
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<term>Limnoscelids</term>
<term>Limnoscelis</term>
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<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Lower permian</term>
<term>Lydekker</term>
<term>Manual phalangeal formula</term>
<term>Matrix</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Maxillary</term>
<term>Meckelian fossa</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medial wall</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Mesosauridae</term>
<term>Mesosaurs</term>
<term>Metatarsal</term>
<term>Meylan</term>
<term>Millerettidae</term>
<term>Millerettids</term>
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<term>Monophyletic</term>
<term>Monophyletic group</term>
<term>Monophyly</term>
<term>Naris</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Node</term>
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<term>Prefrontal</term>
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<term>Presacral vertebrae</term>
<term>Present analysis</term>
<term>Primitive condition</term>
<term>Procolophon</term>
<term>Procolophonia</term>
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<term>Procolophonian synapomorphy</term>
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<term>Rieppel</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Romer</term>
<term>Romer price</term>
<term>Romeriida</term>
<term>Romeriids</term>
<term>Rowe</term>
<term>Sacral</term>
<term>Sacral vertebrae</term>
<term>Sauropsida</term>
<term>Sauropsids</term>
<term>Scale bars</term>
<term>Scapula</term>
<term>Scute</term>
<term>Seeley</term>
<term>Seymouria</term>
<term>Similar condition</term>
<term>Skull</term>
<term>Skull length</term>
<term>Squamosal</term>
<term>Stapes</term>
<term>Suborbital</term>
<term>Suborbital foramen</term>
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<term>Supinator</term>
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<term>Transverse processes</term>
<term>Triassic</term>
<term>Trochanter</term>
<term>Tuberosity</term>
<term>Tympanic</term>
<term>Tympanic ridge</term>
<term>Unambiguous characters</term>
<term>Upper permian</term>
<term>Vacuity</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventral margin</term>
<term>Ventral surface</term>
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<term>Vertebrate</term>
<term>Vertebrate paleontology</term>
<term>Williston</term>
<term>Youngina</term>
<term>Younginiformes</term>
<term>Younginiforms</term>
<term>Younginiforms convergently</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
<term>evolution</term>
<term>phylogenetics</term>
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<term>Adductor</term>
<term>African museum</term>
<term>American journal</term>
<term>American museum</term>
<term>Amniota</term>
<term>Amniote</term>
<term>Amniote phylogeny</term>
<term>Ange</term>
<term>Anterior</term>
<term>Anterior centrum</term>
<term>Anterior pleurocentra</term>
<term>Anterior process</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anterodorsal</term>
<term>Araeoscelidia</term>
<term>Araeoscelidians</term>
<term>Articular</term>
<term>Astragalus</term>
<term>Autapomorphies</term>
<term>Autapomorphy</term>
<term>Axial intercentrum</term>
<term>Basioccipital</term>
<term>Batrachosaurs</term>
<term>Baur</term>
<term>Benton</term>
<term>Boonstra</term>
<term>Bootstrap</term>
<term>Bootstrap analysis</term>
<term>Braincase</term>
<term>British museum</term>
<term>Calcaneum</term>
<term>Canadian journal</term>
<term>Caniniform</term>
<term>Caniniform region</term>
<term>Captorhinid</term>
<term>Captorhinidae</term>
<term>Captorhinids</term>
<term>Carnegie museum</term>
<term>Carroll lindsay</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Caudals</term>
<term>Centrum</term>
<term>Choana</term>
<term>Clade</term>
<term>Clark carroll</term>
<term>Comparative zoology</term>
<term>Condyle</term>
<term>Convergently</term>
<term>Convex</term>
<term>Coronoid</term>
<term>Coronoid eminence</term>
<term>Coronoid process</term>
<term>Cotylosauria</term>
<term>Cotylosaurs</term>
<term>Cranial</term>
<term>Cultriform process</term>
<term>Currie</term>
<term>Debraga</term>
<term>Dermal</term>
<term>Diadectes</term>
<term>Diadectidae</term>
<term>Diadectids</term>
<term>Diadectomorpha</term>
<term>Diadectomorphs</term>
<term>Diapsid</term>
<term>Diapsida</term>
<term>Digit</term>
<term>Distal head</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsally</term>
<term>Early amniote phylogeny</term>
<term>Early amniotes</term>
<term>Early synapsids</term>
<term>Earth sciences</term>
<term>Ectepicondylar</term>
<term>Ectepicondylar foramen</term>
<term>Ectopterygoid</term>
<term>Emargination</term>
<term>Eureptiles</term>
<term>Eureptilia</term>
<term>Exoccipital</term>
<term>External naris</term>
<term>Extra steps</term>
<term>Femoral</term>
<term>Femoral shaft</term>
<term>Femur</term>
<term>Fenestra</term>
<term>Foramen</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil record</term>
<term>Fossil relatives</term>
<term>Gaffney</term>
<term>Gauthier</term>
<term>Greater trochanter</term>
<term>Groove</term>
<term>Heaton</term>
<term>Heaton reisz</term>
<term>Humerus</term>
<term>Iliac blade</term>
<term>Indentation</term>
<term>Infolding</term>
<term>Intercentrum</term>
<term>Interclavicle</term>
<term>Interpterygoid</term>
<term>Interpterygoid vacuity</term>
<term>Ivachnenko</term>
<term>Jugal</term>
<term>Lacrimal</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral edge</term>
<term>Lateral surface</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Laurin</term>
<term>Limnoscelidae</term>
<term>Limnoscelids</term>
<term>Limnoscelis</term>
<term>Linnaeus</term>
<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Lower permian</term>
<term>Lydekker</term>
<term>Manual phalangeal formula</term>
<term>Matrix</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Maxillary</term>
<term>Meckelian fossa</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medial wall</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Mesosauridae</term>
<term>Mesosaurs</term>
<term>Metatarsal</term>
<term>Meylan</term>
<term>Millerettidae</term>
<term>Millerettids</term>
<term>Modesto</term>
<term>Monophyletic</term>
<term>Monophyletic group</term>
<term>Monophyly</term>
<term>Naris</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Node</term>
<term>Nomen</term>
<term>Occipital</term>
<term>Occiput</term>
<term>Olecranon process</term>
<term>Olson</term>
<term>Opisthotic</term>
<term>Optimization</term>
<term>Osborn</term>
<term>Osteology</term>
<term>Other amniotes</term>
<term>Otic</term>
<term>Otic trough</term>
<term>Outgroups</term>
<term>Palatine</term>
<term>Paleontology</term>
<term>Paleothyris</term>
<term>Parareptile</term>
<term>Parareptiles</term>
<term>Parareptilia</term>
<term>Parasphenoid</term>
<term>Pareiasauria</term>
<term>Pareiasaurs</term>
<term>Parietal</term>
<term>Paroccipital</term>
<term>Paroccipital process</term>
<term>Paup</term>
<term>Pelycosauria</term>
<term>Pennsylvanian</term>
<term>Permian</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Petrolacosaurus</term>
<term>Phalangeal</term>
<term>Phalangeal formula</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogenetic analysis</term>
<term>Phylogenetic relationships</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Placodonts</term>
<term>Plastron</term>
<term>Pleurocentra</term>
<term>Posterior edge</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Posterolateral</term>
<term>Posterolateral corner</term>
<term>Posterolaterally</term>
<term>Postorbital</term>
<term>Postorbital region</term>
<term>Postparietal</term>
<term>Prearticular</term>
<term>Prefrontal</term>
<term>Presacral</term>
<term>Presacral vertebrae</term>
<term>Present analysis</term>
<term>Primitive condition</term>
<term>Procolophon</term>
<term>Procolophonia</term>
<term>Procolophonian</term>
<term>Procolophonian synapomorphy</term>
<term>Procolophonians</term>
<term>Procolophonidae</term>
<term>Procolophonids</term>
<term>Proganochelys</term>
<term>Pterygoid</term>
<term>Quadrate</term>
<term>Quadrate ramus</term>
<term>Quadratojugal</term>
<term>Ramus</term>
<term>Redrawn</term>
<term>Reisz</term>
<term>Reptile</term>
<term>Reptilia</term>
<term>Retroarticular</term>
<term>Retroarticular process</term>
<term>Rib</term>
<term>Rieppel</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Romer</term>
<term>Romer price</term>
<term>Romeriida</term>
<term>Romeriids</term>
<term>Rowe</term>
<term>Sacral</term>
<term>Sacral vertebrae</term>
<term>Sauropsida</term>
<term>Sauropsids</term>
<term>Scale bars</term>
<term>Scapula</term>
<term>Scute</term>
<term>Seeley</term>
<term>Seymouria</term>
<term>Similar condition</term>
<term>Skull</term>
<term>Skull length</term>
<term>Squamosal</term>
<term>Stapes</term>
<term>Suborbital</term>
<term>Suborbital foramen</term>
<term>Sumida</term>
<term>Supinator</term>
<term>Supinator process</term>
<term>Supraglenoid</term>
<term>Supraglenoid foramen</term>
<term>Supraoccipital</term>
<term>Supratemporal</term>
<term>Surangular</term>
<term>Suture</term>
<term>Sutured</term>
<term>Synapomorphies</term>
<term>Synapomorphy</term>
<term>Synapsid</term>
<term>Synapsida</term>
<term>Tabular</term>
<term>Tarsus</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Taxonomy</term>
<term>Temporal emargination</term>
<term>Testudines</term>
<term>Testudinomorpha</term>
<term>Testudinomorphs</term>
<term>Tetrapod</term>
<term>Transverse processes</term>
<term>Triassic</term>
<term>Trochanter</term>
<term>Tuberosity</term>
<term>Tympanic</term>
<term>Tympanic ridge</term>
<term>Unambiguous characters</term>
<term>Upper permian</term>
<term>Vacuity</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventral margin</term>
<term>Ventral surface</term>
<term>Ventrally</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Vertebrate</term>
<term>Vertebrate paleontology</term>
<term>Williston</term>
<term>Youngina</term>
<term>Younginiformes</term>
<term>Younginiforms</term>
<term>Younginiforms convergently</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sciences de la terre</term>
<term>Reptile</term>
</keywords>
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<langUsage><language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: A new phylogenetic analysis of early amniotes based on 124 characters and 13 taxa (including three outgroups) indicates that synapsids are the sister-group of all other known amniotes. The sister-group of Synapsida is Sauropsida, including Mesosauridae and Reptilia as its two main subdivisions. Reptilia is divided into Parareptilia and Eureptilia. Parareptilia includes Testudines and its fossil relatives (Procolophonidae, Pareiasauria and Millerettidae), while Eureptilia includes Diapsida and its fossil relatives (Paleothyrisand Captorhinidae). Parts of the phylogeny are robust, such as the sister-group relationship between procolophonids and testudines, and between pareiasaurs and the testudinomorphs (the clade including procolophonids and testudines). Other parts of the new tree are not so firmly established, such as the position of mesosaurs as the sister-group of reptiles. The new phylogeny indicates that three major clades of amniotes extend from the present to the Palaeozoic. These three clades are the Synapsida (including Mammalia), Parareptilia (including Testudines), and Eureptilia (including Sauria). In addition, the Procolophonidae, a group of Triassic parareptiles, are the sister-group of Testudines.</div>
</front>
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