Innovation and evolution at the edge: origins and fates of gastropods with a labral tooth
Identifieur interne : 007D70 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 007D69; suivant : 007D71Innovation and evolution at the edge: origins and fates of gastropods with a labral tooth
Auteurs : Geerat J. VermeijSource :
- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society [ 0024-4066 ] ; 2001-04.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- 2ooo, Abapical, Abapical sector, Absolute numbers, Acanthais, Acanthina, Acanthina clade, Acanthinucella, Acantholabia, Adapical, Allmon, Amano, Amano vermeij, American paleontology, Ancillinae, Ancillines, Attiliosa, Axial, Axial ribs, Axial sculpture, Barnacle, Basal, Basal constriction, Basal groove, Beet, Bellardi, Benimakia, Benthobia, Biogeography, Bivalve, Bouchet, Broad sense, Buccinid, Buccinidae, Buccinids, Buccinopsis, Buccinum, Burdigalian, Campanian, Cantharus, Cantharus clade, Cenozoic, Ceratostoma, Cernohorsky, Chicoreus, Clade, Colorata, Columbarium, Columellar, Cominella, Comm, Concholepas, Cornulina, Cossmann, Cretaceous, Darragh, Dennantia, Denticle, Devries, Early eocene, Early miocene, Early oligocene, Early pleistocene, Early pliocene, East borneo, Eastern atlantic, Editharus, Eocene, Extinction, Fasciolariid, Fasciolariidae, Fasciolariids, Fauna, First appearance, First appearances, Forreria, Fossil, Fossil record, Fossil species, Fusulculus, Gastropod, Gastropod labral teeth, Gastropoda, Genus, Geologica, Gmelin, Groove, Hadriania, Hebra, Hebra clade, Herminespina, Hexaplex, Hexaplex clade, Houart, Inermicosta, Inner side, Intertidal, Iosepha, Jablonski, Jaton, Kantor, Kensley, Kilburn, Labral, Labral teeth, Labral tooth, Lamarck, Lane studies, Last whorl, Late cretaceous, Late eocene, Late miocene, Late oligocene, Late pleistocene, Late pliocene, Leucozonia, Lozouet, Maastrichtian, Macron, Mancinella, Marko, Marko vermeij, Medially, Mexacanthina, Micmrhytis, Micmrhytis clade, Middle eocene, Middle miocene, Middle pliocene, Miocene, Mollusc, Mollusca, Molluscan, Mollusk, Mollusques, More species, Morphologically, Muregina, Murex, Muricanthus, Muricid, Muricidae, Muricids, Muricine, Nassariidae, Natural history, Naturelles, Neogastropoda, Neogene, Neorapana, Node, Northeastern, Nucella, Oceanic, Ocenebra, Ocenebrinae, Ocenebrine, Ocenebrines, Ocinebrellus, Ocinebrina, Ocinebrina clade, Odontobasis, Oligocene, Olividae, Opeatostoma, Other clades, Other members, Other species, Pacaud, Pacific species, Packi, Paleobiology, Paleocene, Paleogene, Paleontology, Panamurex, Parietal, Pers, Petuch, Phylogenetic, Phylogenetic analysis, Phylogeny, Planktonic, Pleistocene, Plesiomorphic, Pliocene, Pollia, Preangeria, Predation, Predator, Predatory, Predatory gastropods, Protobusycon, Pseudolividae, Pseudolivids, Quaternary, Rapaninae, Rapanine, Recent fauna, Recent species, Reeve, Rib, Riedel, Scripta, Scripta geologica, Siphonal, Siphonal canal, Sister group, Small labral tooth, Sohl, Southern africa, Southern europe, Sowerby, Spinucella, Spiral cords, Spiral sculpture, Squamosa, Stratigraphic, Subfamily, Subgenus, Sulcobuccinum, Systematics, Taxon, Taxonomic, Taxonomy, Tertiary, Thais clade, Tooth, Toothbearing, Toothless, Trivaricate, Tropical america, Turbinellidae, Type species, Varix, Veliger, Ventrally, Vermeij, Vermeij carlson, Vermeij houart, Vermeij vokes, Vokes, West africa, Western atlantic, Whorl, Zealand.
- Teeft :
- 2ooo, Abapical, Abapical sector, Absolute numbers, Acanthais, Acanthina, Acanthina clade, Acanthinucella, Acantholabia, Adapical, Allmon, Amano, Amano vermeij, American paleontology, Ancillinae, Ancillines, Attiliosa, Axial, Axial ribs, Axial sculpture, Barnacle, Basal, Basal constriction, Basal groove, Beet, Bellardi, Benimakia, Benthobia, Biogeography, Bivalve, Bouchet, Broad sense, Buccinid, Buccinidae, Buccinids, Buccinopsis, Buccinum, Burdigalian, Campanian, Cantharus, Cantharus clade, Cenozoic, Ceratostoma, Cernohorsky, Chicoreus, Clade, Colorata, Columbarium, Columellar, Cominella, Comm, Concholepas, Cornulina, Cossmann, Cretaceous, Darragh, Dennantia, Denticle, Devries, Early eocene, Early miocene, Early oligocene, Early pleistocene, Early pliocene, East borneo, Eastern atlantic, Editharus, Eocene, Extinction, Fasciolariid, Fasciolariidae, Fasciolariids, Fauna, First appearance, First appearances, Forreria, Fossil, Fossil record, Fossil species, Fusulculus, Gastropod, Gastropod labral teeth, Gastropoda, Genus, Geologica, Gmelin, Groove, Hadriania, Hebra, Hebra clade, Herminespina, Hexaplex, Hexaplex clade, Houart, Inermicosta, Inner side, Intertidal, Iosepha, Jablonski, Jaton, Kantor, Kensley, Kilburn, Labral, Labral teeth, Labral tooth, Lamarck, Lane studies, Last whorl, Late cretaceous, Late eocene, Late miocene, Late oligocene, Late pleistocene, Late pliocene, Leucozonia, Lozouet, Maastrichtian, Macron, Mancinella, Marko, Marko vermeij, Medially, Mexacanthina, Micmrhytis, Micmrhytis clade, Middle eocene, Middle miocene, Middle pliocene, Miocene, Mollusc, Mollusca, Molluscan, Mollusk, Mollusques, More species, Morphologically, Muregina, Murex, Muricanthus, Muricid, Muricidae, Muricids, Muricine, Nassariidae, Natural history, Naturelles, Neogastropoda, Neogene, Neorapana, Node, Northeastern, Nucella, Oceanic, Ocenebra, Ocenebrinae, Ocenebrine, Ocenebrines, Ocinebrellus, Ocinebrina, Ocinebrina clade, Odontobasis, Oligocene, Olividae, Opeatostoma, Other clades, Other members, Other species, Pacaud, Pacific species, Packi, Paleobiology, Paleocene, Paleogene, Paleontology, Panamurex, Parietal, Pers, Petuch, Phylogenetic, Phylogenetic analysis, Phylogeny, Planktonic, Pleistocene, Plesiomorphic, Pliocene, Pollia, Preangeria, Predation, Predator, Predatory, Predatory gastropods, Protobusycon, Pseudolividae, Pseudolivids, Quaternary, Rapaninae, Rapanine, Recent fauna, Recent species, Reeve, Rib, Riedel, Scripta, Scripta geologica, Siphonal, Siphonal canal, Sister group, Small labral tooth, Sohl, Southern africa, Southern europe, Sowerby, Spinucella, Spiral cords, Spiral sculpture, Squamosa, Stratigraphic, Subfamily, Subgenus, Sulcobuccinum, Systematics, Taxon, Taxonomic, Taxonomy, Tertiary, Thais clade, Tooth, Toothbearing, Toothless, Trivaricate, Tropical america, Turbinellidae, Type species, Varix, Veliger, Ventrally, Vermeij, Vermeij carlson, Vermeij houart, Vermeij vokes, Vokes, West africa, Western atlantic, Whorl, Zealand.
Abstract
I combined data from the taxonomy, phytogeny, functional morphology, biogeography, and fossil record of gastropods to probe the origins, distribution, and fates of predatory gastropod clades characterized by the presence of a labral tooth, a downwardly projecting tooth or spine formed at the edge of the outer lip of the shell. A labral tooth occurs in at least 608 species, of which 251 are Recent. Studies of the type and position of the labral tooth, along with other characters, indicate that the labral tooth has evolved independently at least 58 times, beginning in the Campanian epoch of the late Cretaceous. The labral tooth plays a more or less active part in predation on relatively large prey animals that are protected by a hard skeleton. In the Recent fauna, tooth‐bearing species are overwhelmingly warm‐temperate to tropical in distribution (240 of 251 species; 96%). Within Muricidae (excluding Coralliophilinae), however, there is no discernible latitudinal gradient in the number of tooth‐bearing species relative to total regional diversity. First appearances of clades with a labral tooth are overwhelmingly concentrated in the late Oligocene to Pleistocene interval, with the largest number appearing during the early Miocene (12 clades). The temporal pattern differs significantly from that expected on the basis of the number of faunas available per time interval, and is therefore not an artifact of sampling or fossil preservation. The most consistent factor associated with, and permitting the repeated evolution of, the labral tooth is high planktonic primary productivity. Two factors may account for the link between primary productivity and the evolution of labral téeth: (1) the general economic opportunity afforded by ready availability of an access to nutrients, and (2) the greater abundance and sizes range of available suspension‐féeding prey animals. Incumbency–the presence of already well‐adapted species–often controls evolutionary opportunity. The complementary distributions of major tooth‐bearing clades in many parts of the world point to the role of well‐adapted incumbents in limiting the adaptive exploration by other clades that could in principle evolve a labral tooth. The elimination of incumbents by extinction, however, does not provide opportunities for other clades to fill the adaptive void.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01333.x
Links to Exploration step
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<term>Acanthais</term>
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<term>Amano</term>
<term>Amano vermeij</term>
<term>American paleontology</term>
<term>Ancillinae</term>
<term>Ancillines</term>
<term>Attiliosa</term>
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<term>Axial ribs</term>
<term>Axial sculpture</term>
<term>Barnacle</term>
<term>Basal</term>
<term>Basal constriction</term>
<term>Basal groove</term>
<term>Beet</term>
<term>Bellardi</term>
<term>Benimakia</term>
<term>Benthobia</term>
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<term>Bivalve</term>
<term>Bouchet</term>
<term>Broad sense</term>
<term>Buccinid</term>
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<term>Buccinopsis</term>
<term>Buccinum</term>
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<term>Cantharus</term>
<term>Cantharus clade</term>
<term>Cenozoic</term>
<term>Ceratostoma</term>
<term>Cernohorsky</term>
<term>Chicoreus</term>
<term>Clade</term>
<term>Colorata</term>
<term>Columbarium</term>
<term>Columellar</term>
<term>Cominella</term>
<term>Comm</term>
<term>Concholepas</term>
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<term>Cossmann</term>
<term>Cretaceous</term>
<term>Darragh</term>
<term>Dennantia</term>
<term>Denticle</term>
<term>Devries</term>
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<term>Early oligocene</term>
<term>Early pleistocene</term>
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<term>Eastern atlantic</term>
<term>Editharus</term>
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<term>Fasciolariids</term>
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<term>First appearances</term>
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<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil record</term>
<term>Fossil species</term>
<term>Fusulculus</term>
<term>Gastropod</term>
<term>Gastropod labral teeth</term>
<term>Gastropoda</term>
<term>Genus</term>
<term>Geologica</term>
<term>Gmelin</term>
<term>Groove</term>
<term>Hadriania</term>
<term>Hebra</term>
<term>Hebra clade</term>
<term>Herminespina</term>
<term>Hexaplex</term>
<term>Hexaplex clade</term>
<term>Houart</term>
<term>Inermicosta</term>
<term>Inner side</term>
<term>Intertidal</term>
<term>Iosepha</term>
<term>Jablonski</term>
<term>Jaton</term>
<term>Kantor</term>
<term>Kensley</term>
<term>Kilburn</term>
<term>Labral</term>
<term>Labral teeth</term>
<term>Labral tooth</term>
<term>Lamarck</term>
<term>Lane studies</term>
<term>Last whorl</term>
<term>Late cretaceous</term>
<term>Late eocene</term>
<term>Late miocene</term>
<term>Late oligocene</term>
<term>Late pleistocene</term>
<term>Late pliocene</term>
<term>Leucozonia</term>
<term>Lozouet</term>
<term>Maastrichtian</term>
<term>Macron</term>
<term>Mancinella</term>
<term>Marko</term>
<term>Marko vermeij</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Mexacanthina</term>
<term>Micmrhytis</term>
<term>Micmrhytis clade</term>
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<term>Middle miocene</term>
<term>Middle pliocene</term>
<term>Miocene</term>
<term>Mollusc</term>
<term>Mollusca</term>
<term>Molluscan</term>
<term>Mollusk</term>
<term>Mollusques</term>
<term>More species</term>
<term>Morphologically</term>
<term>Muregina</term>
<term>Murex</term>
<term>Muricanthus</term>
<term>Muricid</term>
<term>Muricidae</term>
<term>Muricids</term>
<term>Muricine</term>
<term>Nassariidae</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Naturelles</term>
<term>Neogastropoda</term>
<term>Neogene</term>
<term>Neorapana</term>
<term>Node</term>
<term>Northeastern</term>
<term>Nucella</term>
<term>Oceanic</term>
<term>Ocenebra</term>
<term>Ocenebrinae</term>
<term>Ocenebrine</term>
<term>Ocenebrines</term>
<term>Ocinebrellus</term>
<term>Ocinebrina</term>
<term>Ocinebrina clade</term>
<term>Odontobasis</term>
<term>Oligocene</term>
<term>Olividae</term>
<term>Opeatostoma</term>
<term>Other clades</term>
<term>Other members</term>
<term>Other species</term>
<term>Pacaud</term>
<term>Pacific species</term>
<term>Packi</term>
<term>Paleobiology</term>
<term>Paleocene</term>
<term>Paleogene</term>
<term>Paleontology</term>
<term>Panamurex</term>
<term>Parietal</term>
<term>Pers</term>
<term>Petuch</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogenetic analysis</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Planktonic</term>
<term>Pleistocene</term>
<term>Plesiomorphic</term>
<term>Pliocene</term>
<term>Pollia</term>
<term>Preangeria</term>
<term>Predation</term>
<term>Predator</term>
<term>Predatory</term>
<term>Predatory gastropods</term>
<term>Protobusycon</term>
<term>Pseudolividae</term>
<term>Pseudolivids</term>
<term>Quaternary</term>
<term>Rapaninae</term>
<term>Rapanine</term>
<term>Recent fauna</term>
<term>Recent species</term>
<term>Reeve</term>
<term>Rib</term>
<term>Riedel</term>
<term>Scripta</term>
<term>Scripta geologica</term>
<term>Siphonal</term>
<term>Siphonal canal</term>
<term>Sister group</term>
<term>Small labral tooth</term>
<term>Sohl</term>
<term>Southern africa</term>
<term>Southern europe</term>
<term>Sowerby</term>
<term>Spinucella</term>
<term>Spiral cords</term>
<term>Spiral sculpture</term>
<term>Squamosa</term>
<term>Stratigraphic</term>
<term>Subfamily</term>
<term>Subgenus</term>
<term>Sulcobuccinum</term>
<term>Systematics</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Taxonomic</term>
<term>Taxonomy</term>
<term>Tertiary</term>
<term>Thais clade</term>
<term>Tooth</term>
<term>Toothbearing</term>
<term>Toothless</term>
<term>Trivaricate</term>
<term>Tropical america</term>
<term>Turbinellidae</term>
<term>Type species</term>
<term>Varix</term>
<term>Veliger</term>
<term>Ventrally</term>
<term>Vermeij</term>
<term>Vermeij carlson</term>
<term>Vermeij houart</term>
<term>Vermeij vokes</term>
<term>Vokes</term>
<term>West africa</term>
<term>Western atlantic</term>
<term>Whorl</term>
<term>Zealand</term>
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<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>2ooo</term>
<term>Abapical</term>
<term>Abapical sector</term>
<term>Absolute numbers</term>
<term>Acanthais</term>
<term>Acanthina</term>
<term>Acanthina clade</term>
<term>Acanthinucella</term>
<term>Acantholabia</term>
<term>Adapical</term>
<term>Allmon</term>
<term>Amano</term>
<term>Amano vermeij</term>
<term>American paleontology</term>
<term>Ancillinae</term>
<term>Ancillines</term>
<term>Attiliosa</term>
<term>Axial</term>
<term>Axial ribs</term>
<term>Axial sculpture</term>
<term>Barnacle</term>
<term>Basal</term>
<term>Basal constriction</term>
<term>Basal groove</term>
<term>Beet</term>
<term>Bellardi</term>
<term>Benimakia</term>
<term>Benthobia</term>
<term>Biogeography</term>
<term>Bivalve</term>
<term>Bouchet</term>
<term>Broad sense</term>
<term>Buccinid</term>
<term>Buccinidae</term>
<term>Buccinids</term>
<term>Buccinopsis</term>
<term>Buccinum</term>
<term>Burdigalian</term>
<term>Campanian</term>
<term>Cantharus</term>
<term>Cantharus clade</term>
<term>Cenozoic</term>
<term>Ceratostoma</term>
<term>Cernohorsky</term>
<term>Chicoreus</term>
<term>Clade</term>
<term>Colorata</term>
<term>Columbarium</term>
<term>Columellar</term>
<term>Cominella</term>
<term>Comm</term>
<term>Concholepas</term>
<term>Cornulina</term>
<term>Cossmann</term>
<term>Cretaceous</term>
<term>Darragh</term>
<term>Dennantia</term>
<term>Denticle</term>
<term>Devries</term>
<term>Early eocene</term>
<term>Early miocene</term>
<term>Early oligocene</term>
<term>Early pleistocene</term>
<term>Early pliocene</term>
<term>East borneo</term>
<term>Eastern atlantic</term>
<term>Editharus</term>
<term>Eocene</term>
<term>Extinction</term>
<term>Fasciolariid</term>
<term>Fasciolariidae</term>
<term>Fasciolariids</term>
<term>Fauna</term>
<term>First appearance</term>
<term>First appearances</term>
<term>Forreria</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil record</term>
<term>Fossil species</term>
<term>Fusulculus</term>
<term>Gastropod</term>
<term>Gastropod labral teeth</term>
<term>Gastropoda</term>
<term>Genus</term>
<term>Geologica</term>
<term>Gmelin</term>
<term>Groove</term>
<term>Hadriania</term>
<term>Hebra</term>
<term>Hebra clade</term>
<term>Herminespina</term>
<term>Hexaplex</term>
<term>Hexaplex clade</term>
<term>Houart</term>
<term>Inermicosta</term>
<term>Inner side</term>
<term>Intertidal</term>
<term>Iosepha</term>
<term>Jablonski</term>
<term>Jaton</term>
<term>Kantor</term>
<term>Kensley</term>
<term>Kilburn</term>
<term>Labral</term>
<term>Labral teeth</term>
<term>Labral tooth</term>
<term>Lamarck</term>
<term>Lane studies</term>
<term>Last whorl</term>
<term>Late cretaceous</term>
<term>Late eocene</term>
<term>Late miocene</term>
<term>Late oligocene</term>
<term>Late pleistocene</term>
<term>Late pliocene</term>
<term>Leucozonia</term>
<term>Lozouet</term>
<term>Maastrichtian</term>
<term>Macron</term>
<term>Mancinella</term>
<term>Marko</term>
<term>Marko vermeij</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Mexacanthina</term>
<term>Micmrhytis</term>
<term>Micmrhytis clade</term>
<term>Middle eocene</term>
<term>Middle miocene</term>
<term>Middle pliocene</term>
<term>Miocene</term>
<term>Mollusc</term>
<term>Mollusca</term>
<term>Molluscan</term>
<term>Mollusk</term>
<term>Mollusques</term>
<term>More species</term>
<term>Morphologically</term>
<term>Muregina</term>
<term>Murex</term>
<term>Muricanthus</term>
<term>Muricid</term>
<term>Muricidae</term>
<term>Muricids</term>
<term>Muricine</term>
<term>Nassariidae</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Naturelles</term>
<term>Neogastropoda</term>
<term>Neogene</term>
<term>Neorapana</term>
<term>Node</term>
<term>Northeastern</term>
<term>Nucella</term>
<term>Oceanic</term>
<term>Ocenebra</term>
<term>Ocenebrinae</term>
<term>Ocenebrine</term>
<term>Ocenebrines</term>
<term>Ocinebrellus</term>
<term>Ocinebrina</term>
<term>Ocinebrina clade</term>
<term>Odontobasis</term>
<term>Oligocene</term>
<term>Olividae</term>
<term>Opeatostoma</term>
<term>Other clades</term>
<term>Other members</term>
<term>Other species</term>
<term>Pacaud</term>
<term>Pacific species</term>
<term>Packi</term>
<term>Paleobiology</term>
<term>Paleocene</term>
<term>Paleogene</term>
<term>Paleontology</term>
<term>Panamurex</term>
<term>Parietal</term>
<term>Pers</term>
<term>Petuch</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogenetic analysis</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Planktonic</term>
<term>Pleistocene</term>
<term>Plesiomorphic</term>
<term>Pliocene</term>
<term>Pollia</term>
<term>Preangeria</term>
<term>Predation</term>
<term>Predator</term>
<term>Predatory</term>
<term>Predatory gastropods</term>
<term>Protobusycon</term>
<term>Pseudolividae</term>
<term>Pseudolivids</term>
<term>Quaternary</term>
<term>Rapaninae</term>
<term>Rapanine</term>
<term>Recent fauna</term>
<term>Recent species</term>
<term>Reeve</term>
<term>Rib</term>
<term>Riedel</term>
<term>Scripta</term>
<term>Scripta geologica</term>
<term>Siphonal</term>
<term>Siphonal canal</term>
<term>Sister group</term>
<term>Small labral tooth</term>
<term>Sohl</term>
<term>Southern africa</term>
<term>Southern europe</term>
<term>Sowerby</term>
<term>Spinucella</term>
<term>Spiral cords</term>
<term>Spiral sculpture</term>
<term>Squamosa</term>
<term>Stratigraphic</term>
<term>Subfamily</term>
<term>Subgenus</term>
<term>Sulcobuccinum</term>
<term>Systematics</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Taxonomic</term>
<term>Taxonomy</term>
<term>Tertiary</term>
<term>Thais clade</term>
<term>Tooth</term>
<term>Toothbearing</term>
<term>Toothless</term>
<term>Trivaricate</term>
<term>Tropical america</term>
<term>Turbinellidae</term>
<term>Type species</term>
<term>Varix</term>
<term>Veliger</term>
<term>Ventrally</term>
<term>Vermeij</term>
<term>Vermeij carlson</term>
<term>Vermeij houart</term>
<term>Vermeij vokes</term>
<term>Vokes</term>
<term>West africa</term>
<term>Western atlantic</term>
<term>Whorl</term>
<term>Zealand</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">I combined data from the taxonomy, phytogeny, functional morphology, biogeography, and fossil record of gastropods to probe the origins, distribution, and fates of predatory gastropod clades characterized by the presence of a labral tooth, a downwardly projecting tooth or spine formed at the edge of the outer lip of the shell. A labral tooth occurs in at least 608 species, of which 251 are Recent. Studies of the type and position of the labral tooth, along with other characters, indicate that the labral tooth has evolved independently at least 58 times, beginning in the Campanian epoch of the late Cretaceous. The labral tooth plays a more or less active part in predation on relatively large prey animals that are protected by a hard skeleton. In the Recent fauna, tooth‐bearing species are overwhelmingly warm‐temperate to tropical in distribution (240 of 251 species; 96%). Within Muricidae (excluding Coralliophilinae), however, there is no discernible latitudinal gradient in the number of tooth‐bearing species relative to total regional diversity. First appearances of clades with a labral tooth are overwhelmingly concentrated in the late Oligocene to Pleistocene interval, with the largest number appearing during the early Miocene (12 clades). The temporal pattern differs significantly from that expected on the basis of the number of faunas available per time interval, and is therefore not an artifact of sampling or fossil preservation. The most consistent factor associated with, and permitting the repeated evolution of, the labral tooth is high planktonic primary productivity. Two factors may account for the link between primary productivity and the evolution of labral téeth: (1) the general economic opportunity afforded by ready availability of an access to nutrients, and (2) the greater abundance and sizes range of available suspension‐féeding prey animals. Incumbency–the presence of already well‐adapted species–often controls evolutionary opportunity. The complementary distributions of major tooth‐bearing clades in many parts of the world point to the role of well‐adapted incumbents in limiting the adaptive exploration by other clades that could in principle evolve a labral tooth. The elimination of incumbents by extinction, however, does not provide opportunities for other clades to fill the adaptive void.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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<json:string>clade</json:string>
<json:string>labral tooth</json:string>
<json:string>vermeij</json:string>
<json:string>miocene</json:string>
<json:string>gastropod</json:string>
<json:string>pliocene</json:string>
<json:string>oligocene</json:string>
<json:string>eocene</json:string>
<json:string>fossil</json:string>
<json:string>gastropoda</json:string>
<json:string>muricid</json:string>
<json:string>vokes</json:string>
<json:string>early miocene</json:string>
<json:string>muricidae</json:string>
<json:string>muricids</json:string>
<json:string>pleistocene</json:string>
<json:string>acanthina</json:string>
<json:string>taxon</json:string>
<json:string>basal</json:string>
<json:string>late oligocene</json:string>
<json:string>fauna</json:string>
<json:string>mollusca</json:string>
<json:string>paleocene</json:string>
<json:string>whorl</json:string>
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<json:string>adapical</json:string>
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<json:string>last whorl</json:string>
<json:string>hexaplex</json:string>
<json:string>neogene</json:string>
<json:string>varix</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic</json:string>
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<json:string>chicoreus</json:string>
<json:string>acanthina clade</json:string>
<json:string>murex</json:string>
<json:string>mexacanthina</json:string>
<json:string>cenozoic</json:string>
<json:string>forreria</json:string>
<json:string>first appearances</json:string>
<json:string>late cretaceous</json:string>
<json:string>ocenebrines</json:string>
<json:string>cretaceous</json:string>
<json:string>petuch</json:string>
<json:string>buccinidae</json:string>
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<json:string>devries</json:string>
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<json:string>maastrichtian</json:string>
<json:string>ocinebrellus</json:string>
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<json:string>bivalve</json:string>
<json:string>siphonal canal</json:string>
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<json:string>amano</json:string>
<json:string>predation</json:string>
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<json:string>toothbearing</json:string>
<json:string>cantharus</json:string>
<json:string>olividae</json:string>
<json:string>acanthinucella</json:string>
<json:string>trivaricate</json:string>
<json:string>muricanthus</json:string>
<json:string>sister group</json:string>
<json:string>bouchet</json:string>
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<json:string>panamurex</json:string>
<json:string>stratigraphic</json:string>
<json:string>concholepas</json:string>
<json:string>node</json:string>
<json:string>attiliosa</json:string>
<json:string>veliger</json:string>
<json:string>ocenebrine</json:string>
<json:string>darragh</json:string>
<json:string>pacaud</json:string>
<json:string>early oligocene</json:string>
<json:string>pseudolivids</json:string>
<json:string>western atlantic</json:string>
<json:string>labral teeth</json:string>
<json:string>riedel</json:string>
<json:string>barnacle</json:string>
<json:string>predatory</json:string>
<json:string>first appearance</json:string>
<json:string>groove</json:string>
<json:string>cossmann</json:string>
<json:string>neogastropoda</json:string>
<json:string>jaton</json:string>
<json:string>middle eocene</json:string>
<json:string>buccinopsis</json:string>
<json:string>axial sculpture</json:string>
<json:string>axial ribs</json:string>
<json:string>paleogene</json:string>
<json:string>sohl</json:string>
<json:string>taxonomy</json:string>
<json:string>ocinebrina clade</json:string>
<json:string>parietal</json:string>
<json:string>marko</json:string>
<json:string>acantholabia</json:string>
<json:string>kantor</json:string>
<json:string>lozouet</json:string>
<json:string>other clades</json:string>
<json:string>iosepha</json:string>
<json:string>buccinid</json:string>
<json:string>toothless</json:string>
<json:string>late pliocene</json:string>
<json:string>planktonic</json:string>
<json:string>predator</json:string>
<json:string>paleobiology</json:string>
<json:string>benimakia</json:string>
<json:string>tropical america</json:string>
<json:string>dennantia</json:string>
<json:string>sowerby</json:string>
<json:string>rib</json:string>
<json:string>cominella</json:string>
<json:string>hebra</json:string>
<json:string>cantharus clade</json:string>
<json:string>beet</json:string>
<json:string>fasciolariids</json:string>
<json:string>buccinids</json:string>
<json:string>packi</json:string>
<json:string>plesiomorphic</json:string>
<json:string>opeatostoma</json:string>
<json:string>gastropod labral teeth</json:string>
<json:string>allmon</json:string>
<json:string>preangeria</json:string>
<json:string>rapaninae</json:string>
<json:string>vermeij carlson</json:string>
<json:string>reeve</json:string>
<json:string>rapanine</json:string>
<json:string>campanian</json:string>
<json:string>tooth</json:string>
<json:string>hadriania</json:string>
<json:string>mollusc</json:string>
<json:string>macron</json:string>
<json:string>recent species</json:string>
<json:string>intertidal</json:string>
<json:string>ventrally</json:string>
<json:string>subfamily</json:string>
<json:string>acanthais</json:string>
<json:string>fasciolariidae</json:string>
<json:string>pollia</json:string>
<json:string>oceanic</json:string>
<json:string>american paleontology</json:string>
<json:string>systematics</json:string>
<json:string>muregina</json:string>
<json:string>ocenebrinae</json:string>
<json:string>bellardi</json:string>
<json:string>early pliocene</json:string>
<json:string>west africa</json:string>
<json:string>columellar</json:string>
<json:string>ocenebra</json:string>
<json:string>southern africa</json:string>
<json:string>inermicosta</json:string>
<json:string>buccinum</json:string>
<json:string>cernohorsky</json:string>
<json:string>marko vermeij</json:string>
<json:string>nassariidae</json:string>
<json:string>kilburn</json:string>
<json:string>geologica</json:string>
<json:string>spinucella</json:string>
<json:string>eastern atlantic</json:string>
<json:string>basal constriction</json:string>
<json:string>columbarium</json:string>
<json:string>ancillines</json:string>
<json:string>scripta</json:string>
<json:string>morphologically</json:string>
<json:string>type species</json:string>
<json:string>middle pliocene</json:string>
<json:string>fusulculus</json:string>
<json:string>burdigalian</json:string>
<json:string>fasciolariid</json:string>
<json:string>vermeij houart</json:string>
<json:string>early eocene</json:string>
<json:string>late pleistocene</json:string>
<json:string>quaternary</json:string>
<json:string>herminespina</json:string>
<json:string>2ooo</json:string>
<json:string>other species</json:string>
<json:string>jablonski</json:string>
<json:string>small labral tooth</json:string>
<json:string>cornulina</json:string>
<json:string>mollusk</json:string>
<json:string>fossil species</json:string>
<json:string>southern europe</json:string>
<json:string>more species</json:string>
<json:string>micmrhytis clade</json:string>
<json:string>gmelin</json:string>
<json:string>basal groove</json:string>
<json:string>turbinellidae</json:string>
<json:string>vermeij vokes</json:string>
<json:string>scripta geologica</json:string>
<json:string>pacific species</json:string>
<json:string>neorapana</json:string>
<json:string>axial</json:string>
<json:string>zealand</json:string>
<json:string>northeastern</json:string>
<json:string>tertiary</json:string>
<json:string>mollusques</json:string>
<json:string>naturelles</json:string>
<json:string>muricine</json:string>
<json:string>denticle</json:string>
<json:string>recent fauna</json:string>
<json:string>sulcobuccinum</json:string>
<json:string>abapical sector</json:string>
<json:string>squamosa</json:string>
<json:string>east borneo</json:string>
<json:string>subgenus</json:string>
<json:string>medially</json:string>
<json:string>colorata</json:string>
<json:string>mancinella</json:string>
<json:string>biogeography</json:string>
<json:string>comm</json:string>
<json:string>editharus</json:string>
<json:string>odontobasis</json:string>
<json:string>early pleistocene</json:string>
<json:string>pers</json:string>
<json:string>kensley</json:string>
<json:string>other members</json:string>
<json:string>benthobia</json:string>
<json:string>protobusycon</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic analysis</json:string>
<json:string>absolute numbers</json:string>
<json:string>lane studies</json:string>
<json:string>inner side</json:string>
<json:string>hebra clade</json:string>
<json:string>spiral cords</json:string>
<json:string>predatory gastropods</json:string>
<json:string>natural history</json:string>
<json:string>spiral sculpture</json:string>
<json:string>hexaplex clade</json:string>
<json:string>thais clade</json:string>
<json:string>broad sense</json:string>
<json:string>amano vermeij</json:string>
<json:string>extinction</json:string>
<json:string>species</json:string>
<json:string>innovation</json:string>
<json:string>geological survey</json:string>
<json:string>other ocenebrines</json:string>
<json:string>temporal pattern</json:string>
<json:string>columellar folds</json:string>
<json:string>spiral cord</json:string>
<json:string>tooth forms</json:string>
<json:string>minor innovations</json:string>
<json:string>minor innovation</json:string>
<json:string>late paleocene</json:string>
<json:string>previous authors</json:string>
<json:string>toothbearing species</json:string>
<json:string>paris basin</json:string>
<json:string>cenozoic muricidae</json:string>
<json:string>strict sense</json:string>
<json:string>pacific region</json:string>
<json:string>eocene mollusca</json:string>
<json:string>temperate australia</json:string>
<json:string>large number</json:string>
<json:string>royal society</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic relationships</json:string>
<json:string>muricid faunas</json:string>
<json:string>canal</json:string>
<json:string>cords</json:string>
<json:string>ecuador</json:string>
<json:string>temperate</json:string>
<json:string>early cretaceous</json:string>
<json:string>northern gulf</json:string>
<json:string>northwestern mexico</json:string>
<json:string>short labral tooth</json:string>
<json:string>chipola formation</json:string>
<json:string>muricid species</json:string>
<json:string>baja california</json:string>
<json:string>quaternary geology</json:string>
<json:string>sciences naturelles</json:string>
<json:string>jaton decussatus</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic analyses</json:string>
<json:string>original description</json:string>
<json:string>galapagos islands</json:string>
<json:string>recent genus</json:string>
<json:string>ocenebrine muricids</json:string>
<json:string>major clades</json:string>
<json:string>many species</json:string>
<json:string>adjacent varices</json:string>
<json:string>total number</json:string>
<json:string>muricid fauna</json:string>
<json:string>early cenozoic</json:string>
<json:string>evolutionary innovation</json:string>
<json:string>hard substrata</json:string>
<json:string>other fasciolariids</json:string>
<json:string>other innovations</json:string>
<json:string>sharp labral tooth</json:string>
<json:string>parietal tooth</json:string>
<json:string>adapical notch</json:string>
<json:string>early paleocene</json:string>
<json:string>earliest species</json:string>
<json:string>planktonic productivity</json:string>
<json:string>high planktonic productivity</json:string>
<json:string>linnean society</json:string>
<json:string>southern hemisphere</json:string>
<json:string>cantaure formation</json:string>
<json:string>scenario</json:string>
<json:string>evolutionary</json:string>
<json:string>cord</json:string>
<json:string>borneo</json:string>
<json:string>chile</json:string>
<json:string>paine</json:string>
<json:string>galapagos</json:string>
<json:string>thai</json:string>
<json:string>oceanic islands</json:string>
<json:string>inermicosta colorata</json:string>
<json:string>sister clade</json:string>
<json:string>western atlantic region part</json:string>
<json:string>esmeraldas beds</json:string>
<json:string>single species</json:string>
<json:string>continental shores</json:string>
<json:string>pacaud schnetler</json:string>
<json:string>vermeij bouchet</json:string>
<json:string>indeterminate growth</json:string>
<json:string>cape verde islands</json:string>
<json:string>chicago press</json:string>
<json:string>long siphonal canal</json:string>
<json:string>princeton university press</json:string>
<json:string>external sculpture</json:string>
<json:string>late middle miocene</json:string>
<json:string>several species</json:string>
<json:string>such taxa</json:string>
<json:string>auckland institute</json:string>
<json:string>lillo formation</json:string>
<json:string>mollusques eoceniques</json:string>
<json:string>mass extinctions</json:string>
<json:string>recent clade</json:string>
<json:string>mammalian teeth</json:string>
<json:string>distinct labral tooth</json:string>
<json:string>southwestern france</json:string>
<json:string>available evidence</json:string>
<json:string>stratigraphic distribution</json:string>
<json:string>tropical west africa</json:string>
<json:string>possible functions</json:string>
<json:string>temporal distribution</json:string>
<json:string>dominican republic</json:string>
<json:string>bullia group</json:string>
<json:string>science naturelles</json:string>
<json:string>allopatric species</json:string>
<json:string>undescribed species</json:string>
<json:string>recent group</json:string>
<json:string>spiral groove</json:string>
<json:string>other pisaniines</json:string>
<json:string>early miocene species</json:string>
<json:string>many times</json:string>
<json:string>attiliosa gibsonsmithi</json:string>
<json:string>belgrade formation</json:string>
<json:string>special reference</json:string>
<json:string>concave base</json:string>
<json:string>tooth forms discontinuously</json:string>
<json:string>shoulder angulation</json:string>
<json:string>open siphonal canal</json:string>
<json:string>hunter jernvall</json:string>
<json:string>growth stages</json:string>
<json:string>species lack</json:string>
<json:string>western australia</json:string>
<json:string>primary spines</json:string>
<json:string>abapical sectors</json:string>
<json:string>trivaricate condition</json:string>
<json:string>systematic zoology</json:string>
<json:string>primary productivity</json:string>
<json:string>continental margins</json:string>
<json:string>southern japan</json:string>
<json:string>earliest miocene</json:string>
<json:string>marine biology</json:string>
<json:string>marine science</json:string>
<json:string>ocinebrina circumtexta</json:string>
<json:string>intervarical node</json:string>
<json:string>southern california</json:string>
<json:string>basal cord</json:string>
<json:string>spine</json:string>
</teeft>
</keywords>
<author><json:item><name>GEERAT J. VERMEIJ</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Department of Geology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA</json:string>
<json:string>E-mail: vermeij@geology.ucdavis.edu</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
</author>
<subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>labral tooth</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>innovation</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>productivity</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Neogene</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Gastropoda</value>
</json:item>
</subject>
<articleId><json:string>BIJ461</json:string>
</articleId>
<arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-QD5C4T2P-Z</arkIstex>
<language><json:string>eng</json:string>
</language>
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<abstract>I combined data from the taxonomy, phytogeny, functional morphology, biogeography, and fossil record of gastropods to probe the origins, distribution, and fates of predatory gastropod clades characterized by the presence of a labral tooth, a downwardly projecting tooth or spine formed at the edge of the outer lip of the shell. A labral tooth occurs in at least 608 species, of which 251 are Recent. Studies of the type and position of the labral tooth, along with other characters, indicate that the labral tooth has evolved independently at least 58 times, beginning in the Campanian epoch of the late Cretaceous. The labral tooth plays a more or less active part in predation on relatively large prey animals that are protected by a hard skeleton. In the Recent fauna, tooth‐bearing species are overwhelmingly warm‐temperate to tropical in distribution (240 of 251 species; 96%). Within Muricidae (excluding Coralliophilinae), however, there is no discernible latitudinal gradient in the number of tooth‐bearing species relative to total regional diversity. First appearances of clades with a labral tooth are overwhelmingly concentrated in the late Oligocene to Pleistocene interval, with the largest number appearing during the early Miocene (12 clades). The temporal pattern differs significantly from that expected on the basis of the number of faunas available per time interval, and is therefore not an artifact of sampling or fossil preservation. The most consistent factor associated with, and permitting the repeated evolution of, the labral tooth is high planktonic primary productivity. Two factors may account for the link between primary productivity and the evolution of labral téeth: (1) the general economic opportunity afforded by ready availability of an access to nutrients, and (2) the greater abundance and sizes range of available suspension‐féeding prey animals. Incumbency–the presence of already well‐adapted species–often controls evolutionary opportunity. The complementary distributions of major tooth‐bearing clades in many parts of the world point to the role of well‐adapted incumbents in limiting the adaptive exploration by other clades that could in principle evolve a labral tooth. The elimination of incumbents by extinction, however, does not provide opportunities for other clades to fill the adaptive void.</abstract>
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<ref_bibl><json:string>Diet1 & Alexander, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 2000a</json:string>
<json:string>Zullo, 1984, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>Paine, 1962</json:string>
<json:string>some Eocene species of Sub cobuccinum; see Vermeij, 1998a</json:string>
<json:string>Kent, 1981</json:string>
<json:string>the buccinids Pollia fumosa and l? undosa and the fasciolariid Opeatostoma pseudodon; see Taylor, 1984</json:string>
<json:string>West-Eberhard, 1983</json:string>
<json:string>DeVries (1997)</json:string>
<json:string>note 57; see also Michaux, 1989, 1991</json:string>
<json:string>Stanley, 1986</json:string>
<json:string>Birkeland, 1989</json:string>
<json:string>Foote, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>Beu & Maxwell, 1990</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 1990</json:string>
<json:string>Buss, 1987</json:string>
<json:string>Jernvall, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Maynard Smith & Szathmary, 1999</json:string>
<json:string>Saul & Popenoe, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Venneij & Lindberg, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Nielsen, 1975</json:string>
<json:string>Waller, 1991</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 199613</json:string>
<json:string>Signor & Vermeij, 1994</json:string>
<json:string>Tracey & Todd, 1996</json:string>
<json:string>Allmon, 1996</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 1978</json:string>
<json:string>see also Vermeij & Carlson, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Jablonski, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Riedel, 1995</json:string>
<json:string>Lozouet, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>Arthur, 1989</json:string>
<json:string>Paine, 1966</json:string>
<json:string>see Vermeij, 199813</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij & Bouchet, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Smith, 1991</json:string>
<json:string>Hunter & Jernvall, 1995</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 1989, 2001c</json:string>
<json:string>Marko & Vermeij, 1999</json:string>
<json:string>Taylor, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Vokes, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Jablonski & Bottjer, 1990, 1991</json:string>
<json:string>Campbell, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Bosch et al., 1995</json:string>
<json:string>DeVries, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Duffy, Morrison & Rios, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 1987a</json:string>
<json:string>Ingham & Zischke, 1977</json:string>
<json:string>Kirby, 2001</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 1978, 1987a, 1995, 1999a</json:string>
<json:string>Galis & Drucker, 1996</json:string>
<json:string>Spight, 1976</json:string>
<json:string>Foote & Sepkoski, 1999</json:string>
<json:string>see Brebion, 1979</json:string>
<json:string>DiMichele (1994)</json:string>
<json:string>Haasl, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Sleder (1981)</json:string>
<json:string>see also Vermeij, 1987a, 1995</json:string>
<json:string>Highsmith, 1980</json:string>
<json:string>Kohn, Taylor & Wai, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>Sleder, 1981</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij & Carlson, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Marshall, 1990</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 1999a</json:string>
<json:string>Taylor (1997)</json:string>
<json:string>Kirby, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Margulis, 1981</json:string>
<json:string>Garvie, 1991</json:string>
<json:string>two early Miocene species of Lyria; see Hoerle & Vokes, 1978</json:string>
<json:string>Ansell (2000)</json:string>
<json:string>Black (1995)</json:string>
<json:string>Malgalhaes, 1948</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 198713</json:string>
<json:string>Vermeij, 1987a, 1995, 1999a</json:string>
<json:string>Saul, 1996</json:string>
<json:string>for phylogeny see Riedel, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Kay, 1967</json:string>
<json:string>Kent, 1983</json:string>
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<json:string>Wagner, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Allmon et al., 1996</json:string>
<json:string>Edinger & Risk, 1994</json:string>
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<json:string>see also Vermeij, 1999a</json:string>
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<json:string>Ankel, 1976</json:string>
<json:string>Ward, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Allmon, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>DeVries (2000)</json:string>
<json:string>Addicott, 1974</json:string>
<json:string>Mitter, Farrell & Wiegmann, 1988</json:string>
<json:string>see de Queiroz, 1999</json:string>
<json:string>see also Vermeij & Kool, 1994</json:string>
<json:string>Liem 1973; Galis & Drucker, 1996</json:string>
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<json:string>Perry, 1985</json:string>
<json:string>Riedel (2000)</json:string>
<json:string>Malusa, 1985</json:string>
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<profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><p>I combined data from the taxonomy, phytogeny, functional morphology, biogeography, and fossil record of gastropods to probe the origins, distribution, and fates of predatory gastropod clades characterized by the presence of a labral tooth, a downwardly projecting tooth or spine formed at the edge of the outer lip of the shell. A labral tooth occurs in at least 608 species, of which 251 are Recent. Studies of the type and position of the labral tooth, along with other characters, indicate that the labral tooth has evolved independently at least 58 times, beginning in the Campanian epoch of the late Cretaceous. The labral tooth plays a more or less active part in predation on relatively large prey animals that are protected by a hard skeleton. In the Recent fauna, tooth‐bearing species are overwhelmingly warm‐temperate to tropical in distribution (240 of 251 species; 96%). Within Muricidae (excluding Coralliophilinae), however, there is no discernible latitudinal gradient in the number of tooth‐bearing species relative to total regional diversity. First appearances of clades with a labral tooth are overwhelmingly concentrated in the late Oligocene to Pleistocene interval, with the largest number appearing during the early Miocene (12 clades). The temporal pattern differs significantly from that expected on the basis of the number of faunas available per time interval, and is therefore not an artifact of sampling or fossil preservation. The most consistent factor associated with, and permitting the repeated evolution of, the labral tooth is high planktonic primary productivity. Two factors may account for the link between primary productivity and the evolution of labral téeth: (1) the general economic opportunity afforded by ready availability of an access to nutrients, and (2) the greater abundance and sizes range of available suspension‐féeding prey animals. Incumbency–the presence of already well‐adapted species–often controls evolutionary opportunity. The complementary distributions of major tooth‐bearing clades in many parts of the world point to the role of well‐adapted incumbents in limiting the adaptive exploration by other clades that could in principle evolve a labral tooth. The elimination of incumbents by extinction, however, does not provide opportunities for other clades to fill the adaptive void.</p>
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E‐mail: <email>vermeij@geology.ucdavis.edu</email>
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<contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 22 August 2000; accepted for publication 8 January 2001</unparsedEditorialHistory>
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<titleGroup><title type="main">Innovation and evolution at the edge: origins and fates of gastropods with a labral tooth</title>
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<abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><p>I combined data from the taxonomy, phytogeny, functional morphology, biogeography, and fossil record of gastropods to probe the origins, distribution, and fates of predatory gastropod clades characterized by the presence of a labral tooth, a downwardly projecting tooth or spine formed at the edge of the outer lip of the shell. A labral tooth occurs in at least 608 species, of which 251 are Recent. Studies of the type and position of the labral tooth, along with other characters, indicate that the labral tooth has evolved independently at least 58 times, beginning in the Campanian epoch of the late Cretaceous. The labral tooth plays a more or less active part in predation on relatively large prey animals that are protected by a hard skeleton. In the Recent fauna, tooth‐bearing species are overwhelmingly warm‐temperate to tropical in distribution (240 of 251 species; 96%). Within Muricidae (excluding Coralliophilinae), however, there is no discernible latitudinal gradient in the number of tooth‐bearing species relative to total regional diversity. First appearances of clades with a labral tooth are overwhelmingly concentrated in the late Oligocene to Pleistocene interval, with the largest number appearing during the early Miocene (12 clades). The temporal pattern differs significantly from that expected on the basis of the number of faunas available per time interval, and is therefore not an artifact of sampling or fossil preservation. The most consistent factor associated with, and permitting the repeated evolution of, the labral tooth is high planktonic primary productivity. Two factors may account for the link between primary productivity and the evolution of labral téeth: (1) the general economic opportunity afforded by ready availability of an access to nutrients, and (2) the greater abundance and sizes range of available suspension‐féeding prey animals. Incumbency–the presence of already well‐adapted species–often controls evolutionary opportunity. The complementary distributions of major tooth‐bearing clades in many parts of the world point to the role of well‐adapted incumbents in limiting the adaptive exploration by other clades that could in principle evolve a labral tooth. The elimination of incumbents by extinction, however, does not provide opportunities for other clades to fill the adaptive void.</p>
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<abstract lang="en">I combined data from the taxonomy, phytogeny, functional morphology, biogeography, and fossil record of gastropods to probe the origins, distribution, and fates of predatory gastropod clades characterized by the presence of a labral tooth, a downwardly projecting tooth or spine formed at the edge of the outer lip of the shell. A labral tooth occurs in at least 608 species, of which 251 are Recent. Studies of the type and position of the labral tooth, along with other characters, indicate that the labral tooth has evolved independently at least 58 times, beginning in the Campanian epoch of the late Cretaceous. The labral tooth plays a more or less active part in predation on relatively large prey animals that are protected by a hard skeleton. In the Recent fauna, tooth‐bearing species are overwhelmingly warm‐temperate to tropical in distribution (240 of 251 species; 96%). Within Muricidae (excluding Coralliophilinae), however, there is no discernible latitudinal gradient in the number of tooth‐bearing species relative to total regional diversity. First appearances of clades with a labral tooth are overwhelmingly concentrated in the late Oligocene to Pleistocene interval, with the largest number appearing during the early Miocene (12 clades). The temporal pattern differs significantly from that expected on the basis of the number of faunas available per time interval, and is therefore not an artifact of sampling or fossil preservation. The most consistent factor associated with, and permitting the repeated evolution of, the labral tooth is high planktonic primary productivity. Two factors may account for the link between primary productivity and the evolution of labral téeth: (1) the general economic opportunity afforded by ready availability of an access to nutrients, and (2) the greater abundance and sizes range of available suspension‐féeding prey animals. Incumbency–the presence of already well‐adapted species–often controls evolutionary opportunity. The complementary distributions of major tooth‐bearing clades in many parts of the world point to the role of well‐adapted incumbents in limiting the adaptive exploration by other clades that could in principle evolve a labral tooth. The elimination of incumbents by extinction, however, does not provide opportunities for other clades to fill the adaptive void.</abstract>
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<topic>innovation</topic>
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<topic>Neogene</topic>
<topic>Gastropoda</topic>
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