Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates
Identifieur interne : 007B85 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 007B84; suivant : 007B86Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates
Auteurs : Antoni V. Milewski ; Ellen S. DierenfeldSource :
- Integrative Zoology [ 1749-4877 ] ; 2013-03.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Alces, Alces alces, Breda, Cape town, Cartilaginous, Clifford witmer, Dentition, Directional olfaction, Elephant, Elephant seals, Extensible tongue, External nares, Extinct, Food items, Homology, Incisor, Iszs, Joint narial, Labial, Lineage, Lower jaws, Mammal, Narial, Narial extension, Narial extension overhangs, Narial extensions, Narial structures, Naris, Nasal, Nasal bones, Nasal passages, Novel narial anatomy, Nowak, Olfaction, Order proboscidea, Other vertebrates, Proboscidean, Proboscis, Proboscis monkey, Saiga, Saiga tatarica, Shoshani, Snout, Tapir, Tapir proboscis, True proboscis, Upper labial musculature, Vertebrate, Water conservation, Wiley publishing asia, Witmer, Zoology.
- Teeft :
- Alces, Alces alces, Breda, Cape town, Cartilaginous, Clifford witmer, Dentition, Directional olfaction, Elephant, Elephant seals, Extensible tongue, External nares, Extinct, Food items, Homology, Incisor, Iszs, Joint narial, Labial, Lineage, Lower jaws, Mammal, Narial, Narial extension, Narial extension overhangs, Narial extensions, Narial structures, Naris, Nasal, Nasal bones, Nasal passages, Novel narial anatomy, Nowak, Olfaction, Order proboscidea, Other vertebrates, Proboscidean, Proboscis, Proboscis monkey, Saiga, Saiga tatarica, Shoshani, Snout, Tapir, Tapir proboscis, True proboscis, Upper labial musculature, Vertebrate, Water conservation, Wiley publishing asia, Witmer, Zoology.
Abstract
Tapirs (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) are the only living vertebrates, beyond the order Proboscidea, found to possess a true proboscis, defined as a flexible tubular extension of the joint narial and upper labial musculature that serves, at least in part, to grasp food. Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia: Saiga tatarica), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes: Callorhinchus spp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Campylomormyrus spp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Gnathonemus spp.). Among non‐mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, ‘nose’ and ‘chin’ that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisen de novo in any vertebrate post‐Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00315.x
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557Le document en format XML
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Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia: Saiga tatarica), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes: Callorhinchus spp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Campylomormyrus spp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Gnathonemus spp.). Among non‐mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, ‘nose’ and ‘chin’ that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisen de novo in any vertebrate post‐Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>proboscis</json:string><json:string>narial</json:string><json:string>tapir</json:string><json:string>narial structures</json:string><json:string>naris</json:string><json:string>witmer</json:string><json:string>incisor</json:string><json:string>mammal</json:string><json:string>saiga</json:string><json:string>narial extension</json:string><json:string>vertebrate</json:string><json:string>elephant seals</json:string><json:string>iszs</json:string><json:string>proboscidean</json:string><json:string>wiley publishing asia</json:string><json:string>nowak</json:string><json:string>labial</json:string><json:string>shoshani</json:string><json:string>alces</json:string><json:string>true proboscis</json:string><json:string>olfaction</json:string><json:string>homology</json:string><json:string>clifford witmer</json:string><json:string>cartilaginous</json:string><json:string>external nares</json:string><json:string>breda</json:string><json:string>dentition</json:string><json:string>snout</json:string><json:string>extinct</json:string><json:string>food items</json:string><json:string>nasal bones</json:string><json:string>elephant</json:string><json:string>nasal</json:string><json:string>narial extensions</json:string><json:string>joint narial</json:string><json:string>saiga tatarica</json:string><json:string>water conservation</json:string><json:string>alces alces</json:string><json:string>tapir proboscis</json:string><json:string>other vertebrates</json:string><json:string>zoology</json:string><json:string>upper labial musculature</json:string><json:string>novel narial anatomy</json:string><json:string>directional olfaction</json:string><json:string>nasal passages</json:string><json:string>cape town</json:string><json:string>proboscis monkey</json:string><json:string>lower jaws</json:string><json:string>extensible tongue</json:string><json:string>order proboscidea</json:string><json:string>narial extension overhangs</json:string><json:string>lineage</json:string><json:string>mirounga leonina</json:string><json:string>other species</json:string><json:string>body mass</json:string><json:string>body size</json:string><json:string>late pleistocene</json:string><json:string>frey hofmann</json:string><json:string>rhynchonycteris naso</json:string><json:string>nasalis larvatus</json:string><json:string>other mammals</json:string><json:string>extinct mammals</json:string><json:string>ling bryden</json:string><json:string>labial surface</json:string><json:string>muscular hydrostat</json:string><json:string>various mammals</json:string><json:string>skeletal reinforcement</json:string><json:string>lester costa</json:string><json:string>cartilaginous skeleton</json:string><json:string>bony nares</json:string><json:string>loxodonta africana</json:string><json:string>elephas maximus</json:string><json:string>certain gomphotheres</json:string><json:string>other ruminants</json:string><json:string>various structures</json:string><json:string>lower incisors</json:string><json:string>narial surfaces</json:string><json:string>macfadden shockey</json:string><json:string>johnson madden</json:string><json:string>gnathonemus petersii</json:string><json:string>elephant sharks</json:string><json:string>elephant proboscis</json:string><json:string>marrero winemiller</json:string><json:string>winemiller adite</json:string><json:string>other birds</json:string><json:string>ancient greek</json:string><json:string>zoological nomenclature</json:string><json:string>asian elephant</json:string><json:string>vertebrate paleontology</json:string><json:string>case studies</json:string><json:string>tubular extension</json:string><json:string>mammalian species</json:string><json:string>mirounga angustirostris</json:string><json:string>experimental biology</json:string><json:string>academic press</json:string><json:string>environmental biology</json:string><json:string>natural history</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Antoni V. MILEWSKI</name><affiliations><json:string>Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ellen S. DIERENFELD</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>INZ2315</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-RPF9PQK1-6</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>reviewArticle</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Tapirs (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) are the only living vertebrates, beyond the order Proboscidea, found to possess a true proboscis, defined as a flexible tubular extension of the joint narial and upper labial musculature that serves, at least in part, to grasp food. Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia: Saiga tatarica), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes: Callorhinchus spp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Campylomormyrus spp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Gnathonemus spp.). Among non‐mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, ‘nose’ and ‘chin’ that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisen de novo in any vertebrate post‐Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.</abstract><qualityIndicators><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>228</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1600</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><score>9.736</score><pdfWordCount>6829</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>43632</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.7</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 779.528 pts</pdfPageSize></qualityIndicators><title>Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates</title><pmid><json:string>23586563</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>review-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Integrative Zoology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1749-4877</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>1749-4877</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1749-4877</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>INZ2</json:string></publisherId><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>84</first><last>94</last><total>11</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2013</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>Division of Animal Sciences</json:string><json:string>University of Missouri</json:string><json:string>Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>S. K. Mikota</json:string><json:string>Tapirs</json:string><json:string>A. J. Mills</json:string><json:string>E. S. Dierenfeld</json:string><json:string>M. Breda</json:string><json:string>G. B. Rathbun</json:string><json:string>C. T. Robbins</json:string><json:string>A. V. Milewski</json:string></persName><placeName><json:string>Greece</json:string><json:string>Australia</json:string><json:string>American</json:string><json:string>MO</json:string><json:string>USA</json:string><json:string>America</json:string></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>Witmer et al. 1999</json:string><json:string>Shoshani et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Kratzing & Woodall 1988</json:string><json:string>Shoshani 1998</json:string><json:string>Riggs 1935</json:string><json:string>Billet 2010</json:string><json:string>Shoshani 2000</json:string><json:string>Solounias et al. 1988</json:string><json:string>Ling & Bryden 1992</json:string><json:string>Breda 2008</json:string><json:string>Pettigrew & Wilkins 2003</json:string><json:string>Kingdon 1997</json:string><json:string>Clifford and Witmer (2002)</json:string><json:string>Nowak 1999</json:string><json:string>Knoll et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Günther, 1862</json:string><json:string>Todd 2010</json:string><json:string>Harris 1975</json:string><json:string>Wied-Neuwied, 1820</json:string><json:string>Clifford & Witmer 2002, 2004a,b</json:string><json:string>Feulner et al. 2007</json:string><json:string>Tapirus indicus Desmarest, 1819</json:string><json:string>Heptner et al. 1989</json:string><json:string>Callorhinchus milii Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823</json:string><json:string>Geist 1963</json:string><json:string>Naish 2009</json:string><json:string>Clifford & Witmer 2004b</json:string><json:string>McMillan 1953</json:string><json:string>Colbert 2005</json:string><json:string>MacFadden & Shockey 1997</json:string><json:string>Marrero & Winemiller 1993</json:string><json:string>Huntley et al. 1984</json:string><json:string>Witmer 2001</json:string><json:string>Murray 1984</json:string><json:string>Franzmann 1981</json:string><json:string>Scott 1937</json:string><json:string>Boulenger, 1898</json:string><json:string>Linnaeus, 1766</json:string><json:string>Naish 2008</json:string><json:string>Sullivan 1977</json:string><json:string>Terwilliger 1978</json:string><json:string>Clifford & Witmer 2004a</json:string><json:string>Flannery & Archer 1985</json:string><json:string>Wurmb, 1787</json:string><json:string>Frey & Hofmann 1996</json:string><json:string>Lester & Costa 2006</json:string><json:string>Johnson & Madden 1997</json:string><json:string>Rovero et al. 2008</json:string><json:string>Sanvito et al. 2007</json:string><json:string>MacFadden & Shockey 1997, p. 81</json:string><json:string>Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758</json:string><json:string>Van der Elst 1981</json:string><json:string>Linneaus, 1785</json:string><json:string>Winemiller & Adite 1997</json:string><json:string>Rhynchocyon udzungwensis Rathbun & Rovero, 2008</json:string><json:string>Tinley 1969</json:string><json:string>Williams et al. 2010</json:string><json:string>Engelmann et al. 2009, p. 21</json:string><json:string>Szalay 2008</json:string><json:string>Engelmann et al. 2009</json:string><json:string>Skinner & Chimimba 2005</json:string><json:string>Kamau et al. 1984</json:string><json:string>Geist 1999</json:string><json:string>Wall 1980</json:string><json:string>Linnaeus, 1758</json:string><json:string>Markov et al. 2001</json:string><json:string>Jerison 1973</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-RPF9PQK1-6</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - science</json:string><json:string>2 - zoology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Animal Science and Zoology</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string><json:string>4 - ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2013</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2013</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00315.x</json:string></doi><id>FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><licence>© 2012 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, ISZS and IOZ/CAS</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2013-03"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="review-article" source="reviewArticle" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-L5L7X3NF-P">review-article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="review-article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Antoni V.</forename><surname>MILEWSKI</surname></persName><affiliation>Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa<address><country key="ZA"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Ellen S.</forename><surname>DIERENFELD</surname></persName><affiliation>Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-RPF9PQK1-6</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00315.x</idno><idno type="unit">INZ2315</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:INZ2.INZ2315.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Integrative Zoology</title><title level="j" type="alt">INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY</title><idno type="pISSN">1749-4877</idno><idno type="eISSN">1749-4877</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1749-4877</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1111/inz.2013.8.issue-1</idno><idno type="product">INZ2</idno><idno type="publisherDivision">ST</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="84">84</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="94">94</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">11</biblScope><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2013-03"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><head>Abstract</head><p>Tapirs (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) are the only living vertebrates, beyond the order Proboscidea, found to possess a true proboscis, defined as a flexible tubular extension of the joint narial and upper labial musculature that serves, at least in part, to grasp food. Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia: <hi rend="italic">Saiga tatarica</hi>), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes: <hi rend="italic">Callorhinchus</hi> spp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes: <hi rend="italic">Campylomormyrus</hi> spp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes: <hi rend="italic">Gnathonemus</hi> spp.). Among non‐mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, ‘nose’ and ‘chin’ that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisen <hi rend="italic">de novo</hi> in any vertebrate post‐Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Paleontology & Evolution</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1749-4877</doi><issn type="print">1749-4877</issn><issn type="electronic">1749-4877</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="INZ2"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY">Integrative Zoology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="03101"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/inz.2013.8.issue-1</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="8">8</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="1">1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2013-03">March 2013</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="reviewArticle" position="10" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00315.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="INZ2315"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="11"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Paleontology & Evolution</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2012 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, ISZS and IOZ/CAS</copyright><eventGroup><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:3.2.0 mode:FullText" date="2013-04-17"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2012-08-08"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2013-04-16"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2013-04-16"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-29"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-02"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="84">84</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="94">94</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><i>Correspondence</i>: Ellen S. Dierenfeld, 4736 Gatesbury Drive, St. Louis, MO 63128, USA. Email: <email>edierenfeld@aol.com</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:INZ2.INZ2315.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="referenceTotal" number="55"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="2"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Antoni V.</givenNames><familyName>MILEWSKI</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>Ellen S.</givenNames><familyName>DIERENFELD</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="ZA"><unparsedAffiliation>Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Tapirs (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) are the only living vertebrates, beyond the order Proboscidea, found to possess a true proboscis, defined as a flexible tubular extension of the joint narial and upper labial musculature that serves, at least in part, to grasp food. Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia: <i>Saiga tatarica</i>), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes: <i>Callorhinchus</i> spp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes: <i>Campylomormyrus</i> spp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes: <i>Gnathonemus</i> spp.). Among non‐mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, ‘nose’ and ‘chin’ that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisen <i>de novo</i> in any vertebrate post‐Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Antoni V.</namePart><namePart type="family">MILEWSKI</namePart><affiliation>Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ellen S.</namePart><namePart type="family">DIERENFELD</namePart><affiliation>Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="reviewArticle" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-L5L7X3NF-P">review-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-03</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="references">55</extent><extent unit="linksCrossRef">2</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Tapirs (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) are the only living vertebrates, beyond the order Proboscidea, found to possess a true proboscis, defined as a flexible tubular extension of the joint narial and upper labial musculature that serves, at least in part, to grasp food. Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia: Saiga tatarica), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes: Callorhinchus spp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Campylomormyrus spp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes: Gnathonemus spp.). Among non‐mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, ‘nose’ and ‘chin’ that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisen de novo in any vertebrate post‐Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Integrative Zoology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">1749-4877</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1749-4877</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1749-4877</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">INZ2</identifier><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>8</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>84</start><end>94</end><total>11</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-RPF9PQK1-6</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00315.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">INZ2315</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2012 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, ISZS and IOZ/CAS</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-L0C46X92-X">wiley</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/FA29EF657719CDB280ADA2992EFEACE98DDE0557/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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