EdenteV2, Istex, Corpus, bibRecord, 007774

Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)

Identifieur interne : 007774 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 007773; suivant : 007775

Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)

Auteurs : Stéphane Peigné ; Louis De Bonis ; Andossa Likius ; Hassane Taïsso Mackaye ; Patrick Vignaud ; Michel Brunet

Source :

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society [ 0024-4082 ] ; 2008-04.

RBID : ISTEX:F17991F65EDD48E10977627DA5BF7750326A39F8

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Acetabulum, African species, Africanus, Alveolus, Amblonyx, Amblonyx cinereus, Anterior, Anterior face, Anterior part, Anterior view, Anteriorly, Anteroposteriorly, Aonyx, Aonyx capensis, Aquatic, Aquatic adaptations, Articular, Articular surface, Articular surfaces, Articulation, Astragalar, Astragalus, Attachment, Attachment area, Attened, Attened tail, Barone, Bathygnathus, Beyi, Bmnh, Body length, Body mass, Body size, Bonis, Brachii, Brasiliensis, Brevis, Brunet, Bunodont, Calcaneum, Canadensis, Canine, Canis, Capensis, Carnassial, Carnivora, Carnivorans, Carnivore, Carpus, Caudal, Caudal vertebra, Caudal vertebrae, Caudals, Chad, Chadian, Chadian material, Chadian sivaonyx, Chadian species, Chadian specimen, Cinereus, Cingulid, Cingulum, Condyle, Congicus, Convex, Coronoid, Coronoid process, Cuboid, Cusp, Cuspid, Dabba, Dental morphology, Dentition, Dhok, Diaphysis, Digiti, Digitorum, Distal, Distal epiphysis, Distal extension, Distal extremity, Distal face, Distal fragment, Distal half, Distal margin, Distal part, Distal view, Distally, Djourabus, Djourabus dabba, Dorsal, Dorsal view, Dorsoventrally, Early pliocene, Ekecaman, Enhydra, Enhydra lutris, Enhydriodon, Enhydritherium, Enhydritherium terraenovae, Epicondyle, Exion, Exor, Exor digitorum profundus, Exors, Extant, Extant lutrinae, Extant otters, Extant species, Extant taxa, Extensor, Extinct, Fctl, Felina, Femoral, Femoral head, Femur, Fischer, Foramen, Forelimb, Fossa, Fossil, Fossil otter, Fossil species, Fossiliferous, Fossiliferous area, Fovea capitis, Fragment, Functional length, Functional morphology, Generic assignment, Genus, Genus sivaonyx, Geological survey, Giant otter, Greater trochanter, Groove, Haemal, Haemal arch, Hemimandible, Hendey, Hendeyi, Holotype, Howell, Humerus, Hypoconid, Incisor, Indet, Insertion, Insertion area, Intercondyloid fossa, Interosseus, Kamuhangirei, Kenya, Kruuk, Labial, Labial view, Labially, Large size, Larger size, Late miocene, Late miocene otters, Lateral, Lateral condyle, Lateral epicondyle, Lateral face, Lateral head, Lateral surface, Lateral view, Lateralis, Laterally, Latissimus dorsi, Less dorsoventrally, Lesser extent, Lesser trochanter, Ligament, Lingual, Lingual cingulum, Lingual view, Linnean, Linnean society, Locomotion, Long bones, Long head, Longus, Lontra, Lontra canadensis, Lontra felina, Lower carnassial, Lower dentition, Lower incisors, Lukeino, Lutra, Lutra lutra, Lutrinae, Lutris, Lutro, Lutrogale, Lutrogale perspicillata, Lydekker, Mackaye, Main cuspid, Mammal, Mammalia, Mammalian species, Mandible, Mandibular, Manus, Martes, Masseteric, Masseteric fossa, Maynard smith, Medial, Medial articular surface, Medial condyle, Medial epicondyle, Medial face, Medial surface, Medial view, Medially, Mediolaterally, Meles, Meles meles, Mesial, Metacarpal, Metacone, Metaconid, Metaconule, Metatarsal, Miocene, Mnhn, Morales pickford, More proximally, Morphologically, Morphology, Muscular anatomy, Mustelid, Mustelidae, Myological, Myology, Natural history, Navicular, Olecranon, Orientated, Orientated paraconid, Other otters, Other species, Otter, Paracone, Paraconid, Pathan, Peign, Peroneus, Peroneus digiti, Peroneus longus, Peroneus tertius, Perspicillata, Phalange, Pickford, Piscivorous, Pliocene, Poitiers, Postcranial, Postcranial bones, Postcranial measurements, Posterior, Posterior articular processes, Posterior face, Posterior part, Posterior view, Posteriorly, Potwar, Potwar plateau, Premolar, Profundus, Pronator, Pronator quadratus, Protoconid, Prox, Proximal, Proximal articular surface, Proximal epiphysis, Proximal fragment, Proximal half, Proximal part, Proximal surface, Proximal view, Proximally, Proximodistally, Pteronura, Pteronura brasiliensis, Quadratus, Radial notch, Radial tuberosity, Radialis, Right hemimandible, Right humerus, River otters, Robust, Same muscle, Scale bars, Scapholunar, Scapula, Senutae, Sesamoid, Sivalensis, Sivaonyx, Sivaonyx bathygnathus, Sivaonyx beyi, Siwalik, Soriae, Spinous, Spinous process, Stromer, Subcomplete, Talonid, Tarasoff, Taxon, Tendon, Terraenovae, Tertius, Tibia, Tibia length, Torolutra, Torolutra ougandensis, Total length, Triceps, Trigonid, Trochanter, Trochanteric fossa, Trochlea, Trochlear, Trochlear process, Tubercle, Tuberosity, Type species, Ulna, Valkenburgh, Ventral, Ventrally, Vertebra, Vertebral body, Vertebral canal, Vignaud, Wadi natron, Willemsen, Zoological, Zoological journal, Zoology.
Teeft :
- Acetabulum, African species, Africanus, Alveolus, Amblonyx, Amblonyx cinereus, Anterior, Anterior face, Anterior part, Anterior view, Anteriorly, Anteroposteriorly, Aonyx, Aonyx capensis, Aquatic, Aquatic adaptations, Articular, Articular surface, Articular surfaces, Articulation, Astragalar, Astragalus, Attachment, Attachment area, Attened, Attened tail, Barone, Bathygnathus, Beyi, Bmnh, Body length, Body mass, Body size, Bonis, Brachii, Brasiliensis, Brevis, Brunet, Bunodont, Calcaneum, Canadensis, Canine, Canis, Capensis, Carnassial, Carnivora, Carnivorans, Carnivore, Carpus, Caudal, Caudal vertebra, Caudal vertebrae, Caudals, Chad, Chadian, Chadian material, Chadian sivaonyx, Chadian species, Chadian specimen, Cinereus, Cingulid, Cingulum, Condyle, Congicus, Convex, Coronoid, Coronoid process, Cuboid, Cusp, Cuspid, Dabba, Dental morphology, Dentition, Dhok, Diaphysis, Digiti, Digitorum, Distal, Distal epiphysis, Distal extension, Distal extremity, Distal face, Distal fragment, Distal half, Distal margin, Distal part, Distal view, Distally, Djourabus, Djourabus dabba, Dorsal, Dorsal view, Dorsoventrally, Early pliocene, Ekecaman, Enhydra, Enhydra lutris, Enhydriodon, Enhydritherium, Enhydritherium terraenovae, Epicondyle, Exion, Exor, Exor digitorum profundus, Exors, Extant, Extant lutrinae, Extant otters, Extant species, Extant taxa, Extensor, Extinct, Fctl, Felina, Femoral, Femoral head, Femur, Fischer, Foramen, Forelimb, Fossa, Fossil, Fossil otter, Fossil species, Fossiliferous, Fossiliferous area, Fovea capitis, Fragment, Functional length, Functional morphology, Generic assignment, Genus, Genus sivaonyx, Geological survey, Giant otter, Greater trochanter, Groove, Haemal, Haemal arch, Hemimandible, Hendey, Hendeyi, Holotype, Howell, Humerus, Hypoconid, Incisor, Indet, Insertion, Insertion area, Intercondyloid fossa, Interosseus, Kamuhangirei, Kenya, Kruuk, Labial, Labial view, Labially, Large size, Larger size, Late miocene, Late miocene otters, Lateral, Lateral condyle, Lateral epicondyle, Lateral face, Lateral head, Lateral surface, Lateral view, Lateralis, Laterally, Latissimus dorsi, Less dorsoventrally, Lesser extent, Lesser trochanter, Ligament, Lingual, Lingual cingulum, Lingual view, Linnean, Linnean society, Locomotion, Long bones, Long head, Longus, Lontra, Lontra canadensis, Lontra felina, Lower carnassial, Lower dentition, Lower incisors, Lukeino, Lutra, Lutra lutra, Lutrinae, Lutris, Lutro, Lutrogale, Lutrogale perspicillata, Lydekker, Mackaye, Main cuspid, Mammal, Mammalia, Mammalian species, Mandible, Mandibular, Manus, Martes, Masseteric, Masseteric fossa, Maynard smith, Medial, Medial articular surface, Medial condyle, Medial epicondyle, Medial face, Medial surface, Medial view, Medially, Mediolaterally, Meles, Meles meles, Mesial, Metacarpal, Metacone, Metaconid, Metaconule, Metatarsal, Miocene, Mnhn, Morales pickford, More proximally, Morphologically, Morphology, Muscular anatomy, Mustelid, Mustelidae, Myological, Myology, Natural history, Navicular, Olecranon, Orientated, Orientated paraconid, Other otters, Other species, Otter, Paracone, Paraconid, Pathan, Peign, Peroneus, Peroneus digiti, Peroneus longus, Peroneus tertius, Perspicillata, Phalange, Pickford, Piscivorous, Pliocene, Poitiers, Postcranial, Postcranial bones, Postcranial measurements, Posterior, Posterior articular processes, Posterior face, Posterior part, Posterior view, Posteriorly, Potwar, Potwar plateau, Premolar, Profundus, Pronator, Pronator quadratus, Protoconid, Prox, Proximal, Proximal articular surface, Proximal epiphysis, Proximal fragment, Proximal half, Proximal part, Proximal surface, Proximal view, Proximally, Proximodistally, Pteronura, Pteronura brasiliensis, Quadratus, Radial notch, Radial tuberosity, Radialis, Right hemimandible, Right humerus, River otters, Robust, Same muscle, Scale bars, Scapholunar, Scapula, Senutae, Sesamoid, Sivalensis, Sivaonyx, Sivaonyx bathygnathus, Sivaonyx beyi, Siwalik, Soriae, Spinous, Spinous process, Stromer, Subcomplete, Talonid, Tarasoff, Taxon, Tendon, Terraenovae, Tertius, Tibia, Tibia length, Torolutra, Torolutra ougandensis, Total length, Triceps, Trigonid, Trochanter, Trochanteric fossa, Trochlea, Trochlear, Trochlear process, Tubercle, Tuberosity, Type species, Ulna, Valkenburgh, Ventral, Ventrally, Vertebra, Vertebral body, Vertebral canal, Vignaud, Wadi natron, Willemsen, Zoological, Zoological journal, Zoology.

Abstract

We describe extensive Late Miocene fossil Lutrinae from Toros‐Menalla, Chad. A minimum of four species are present in this fossiliferous area. Such a large number of species, diverse in size and dental morphology, is significant and unique in the fossil record of the subfamily Lutrinae in the Neogene of Africa. Two new taxa are described, Sivaonyx beyi sp. nov. and Djourabus dabba gen. nov. sp. nov.; the two other species, which are represented by more fragmentary remains, are assigned to Lutrinae indet. aff. Torolutra sp. and Lutrinae indet. aff. Aonyx sp. Sivaonyx beyi is the best known of the species. It is represented by many dental remains and a subcomplete skeleton. Postcranial characters of this species are not particularly specialized. It is interpreted here as a terrestrial predator with poorly developed aquatic adaptations. Fossils of otters are known from ten different localities at Toros‐Menalla, each of which yielded a single individual of one or two species. The presence of four morphologically distinct otters in the area is indicative of a palaeoenvironment with a relatively well‐developed freshwater system of lakes and/or rivers. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 152, 793–846.

Url:

https://api.istex.fr/document/F17991F65EDD48E10977627DA5BF7750326A39F8/fulltext/pdf

DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00377.x

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:F17991F65EDD48E10977627DA5BF7750326A39F8

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Peigne, Stephane" sort="Peigne, Stephane" uniqKey="Peigne S" first="Stéphane" last="Peigné">Stéphane Peigné</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Histoire de la Terre, USM 0203/UMR 5143 ‘Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements’, 8 rue Buffon CP 38, F‐75231 Paris cedex 05</mods:affiliation>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: peigne@mnhn.fr</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="De Bonis, Louis" sort="De Bonis, Louis" uniqKey="De Bonis L" first="Louis" last="De Bonis">Louis De Bonis</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Likius, Andossa" sort="Likius, Andossa" uniqKey="Likius A" first="Andossa" last="Likius">Andossa Likius</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, N'Djamena, Chad</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Mackaye, Hassane Taisso" sort="Mackaye, Hassane Taisso" uniqKey="Mackaye H" first="Hassane Taïsso" last="Mackaye">Hassane Taïsso Mackaye</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, N'Djamena, Chad</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Vignaud, Patrick" sort="Vignaud, Patrick" uniqKey="Vignaud P" first="Patrick" last="Vignaud">Patrick Vignaud</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Brunet, Michel" sort="Brunet, Michel" uniqKey="Brunet M" first="Michel" last="Brunet">Michel Brunet</name>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="De Bonis, Louis" sort="De Bonis, Louis" uniqKey="De Bonis L" first="Louis" last="De Bonis">Louis De Bonis</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Likius, Andossa" sort="Likius, Andossa" uniqKey="Likius A" first="Andossa" last="Likius">Andossa Likius</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, N'Djamena, Chad</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Mackaye, Hassane Taisso" sort="Mackaye, Hassane Taisso" uniqKey="Mackaye H" first="Hassane Taïsso" last="Mackaye">Hassane Taïsso Mackaye</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Vignaud, Patrick" sort="Vignaud, Patrick" uniqKey="Vignaud P" first="Patrick" last="Vignaud">Patrick Vignaud</name>
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</affiliation>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acetabulum</term>
<term>African species</term>
<term>Africanus</term>
<term>Alveolus</term>
<term>Amblonyx</term>
<term>Amblonyx cinereus</term>
<term>Anterior</term>
<term>Anterior face</term>
<term>Anterior part</term>
<term>Anterior view</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anteroposteriorly</term>
<term>Aonyx</term>
<term>Aonyx capensis</term>
<term>Aquatic</term>
<term>Aquatic adaptations</term>
<term>Articular</term>
<term>Articular surface</term>
<term>Articular surfaces</term>
<term>Articulation</term>
<term>Astragalar</term>
<term>Astragalus</term>
<term>Attachment</term>
<term>Attachment area</term>
<term>Attened</term>
<term>Attened tail</term>
<term>Barone</term>
<term>Bathygnathus</term>
<term>Beyi</term>
<term>Bmnh</term>
<term>Body length</term>
<term>Body mass</term>
<term>Body size</term>
<term>Bonis</term>
<term>Brachii</term>
<term>Brasiliensis</term>
<term>Brevis</term>
<term>Brunet</term>
<term>Bunodont</term>
<term>Calcaneum</term>
<term>Canadensis</term>
<term>Canine</term>
<term>Canis</term>
<term>Capensis</term>
<term>Carnassial</term>
<term>Carnivora</term>
<term>Carnivorans</term>
<term>Carnivore</term>
<term>Carpus</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Caudal vertebra</term>
<term>Caudal vertebrae</term>
<term>Caudals</term>
<term>Chad</term>
<term>Chadian</term>
<term>Chadian material</term>
<term>Chadian sivaonyx</term>
<term>Chadian species</term>
<term>Chadian specimen</term>
<term>Cinereus</term>
<term>Cingulid</term>
<term>Cingulum</term>
<term>Condyle</term>
<term>Congicus</term>
<term>Convex</term>
<term>Coronoid</term>
<term>Coronoid process</term>
<term>Cuboid</term>
<term>Cusp</term>
<term>Cuspid</term>
<term>Dabba</term>
<term>Dental morphology</term>
<term>Dentition</term>
<term>Dhok</term>
<term>Diaphysis</term>
<term>Digiti</term>
<term>Digitorum</term>
<term>Distal</term>
<term>Distal epiphysis</term>
<term>Distal extension</term>
<term>Distal extremity</term>
<term>Distal face</term>
<term>Distal fragment</term>
<term>Distal half</term>
<term>Distal margin</term>
<term>Distal part</term>
<term>Distal view</term>
<term>Distally</term>
<term>Djourabus</term>
<term>Djourabus dabba</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsal view</term>
<term>Dorsoventrally</term>
<term>Early pliocene</term>
<term>Ekecaman</term>
<term>Enhydra</term>
<term>Enhydra lutris</term>
<term>Enhydriodon</term>
<term>Enhydritherium</term>
<term>Enhydritherium terraenovae</term>
<term>Epicondyle</term>
<term>Exion</term>
<term>Exor</term>
<term>Exor digitorum profundus</term>
<term>Exors</term>
<term>Extant</term>
<term>Extant lutrinae</term>
<term>Extant otters</term>
<term>Extant species</term>
<term>Extant taxa</term>
<term>Extensor</term>
<term>Extinct</term>
<term>Fctl</term>
<term>Felina</term>
<term>Femoral</term>
<term>Femoral head</term>
<term>Femur</term>
<term>Fischer</term>
<term>Foramen</term>
<term>Forelimb</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil otter</term>
<term>Fossil species</term>
<term>Fossiliferous</term>
<term>Fossiliferous area</term>
<term>Fovea capitis</term>
<term>Fragment</term>
<term>Functional length</term>
<term>Functional morphology</term>
<term>Generic assignment</term>
<term>Genus</term>
<term>Genus sivaonyx</term>
<term>Geological survey</term>
<term>Giant otter</term>
<term>Greater trochanter</term>
<term>Groove</term>
<term>Haemal</term>
<term>Haemal arch</term>
<term>Hemimandible</term>
<term>Hendey</term>
<term>Hendeyi</term>
<term>Holotype</term>
<term>Howell</term>
<term>Humerus</term>
<term>Hypoconid</term>
<term>Incisor</term>
<term>Indet</term>
<term>Insertion</term>
<term>Insertion area</term>
<term>Intercondyloid fossa</term>
<term>Interosseus</term>
<term>Kamuhangirei</term>
<term>Kenya</term>
<term>Kruuk</term>
<term>Labial</term>
<term>Labial view</term>
<term>Labially</term>
<term>Large size</term>
<term>Larger size</term>
<term>Late miocene</term>
<term>Late miocene otters</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral condyle</term>
<term>Lateral epicondyle</term>
<term>Lateral face</term>
<term>Lateral head</term>
<term>Lateral surface</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Lateralis</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Latissimus dorsi</term>
<term>Less dorsoventrally</term>
<term>Lesser extent</term>
<term>Lesser trochanter</term>
<term>Ligament</term>
<term>Lingual</term>
<term>Lingual cingulum</term>
<term>Lingual view</term>
<term>Linnean</term>
<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Locomotion</term>
<term>Long bones</term>
<term>Long head</term>
<term>Longus</term>
<term>Lontra</term>
<term>Lontra canadensis</term>
<term>Lontra felina</term>
<term>Lower carnassial</term>
<term>Lower dentition</term>
<term>Lower incisors</term>
<term>Lukeino</term>
<term>Lutra</term>
<term>Lutra lutra</term>
<term>Lutrinae</term>
<term>Lutris</term>
<term>Lutro</term>
<term>Lutrogale</term>
<term>Lutrogale perspicillata</term>
<term>Lydekker</term>
<term>Mackaye</term>
<term>Main cuspid</term>
<term>Mammal</term>
<term>Mammalia</term>
<term>Mammalian species</term>
<term>Mandible</term>
<term>Mandibular</term>
<term>Manus</term>
<term>Martes</term>
<term>Masseteric</term>
<term>Masseteric fossa</term>
<term>Maynard smith</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medial articular surface</term>
<term>Medial condyle</term>
<term>Medial epicondyle</term>
<term>Medial face</term>
<term>Medial surface</term>
<term>Medial view</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Mediolaterally</term>
<term>Meles</term>
<term>Meles meles</term>
<term>Mesial</term>
<term>Metacarpal</term>
<term>Metacone</term>
<term>Metaconid</term>
<term>Metaconule</term>
<term>Metatarsal</term>
<term>Miocene</term>
<term>Mnhn</term>
<term>Morales pickford</term>
<term>More proximally</term>
<term>Morphologically</term>
<term>Morphology</term>
<term>Muscular anatomy</term>
<term>Mustelid</term>
<term>Mustelidae</term>
<term>Myological</term>
<term>Myology</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Navicular</term>
<term>Olecranon</term>
<term>Orientated</term>
<term>Orientated paraconid</term>
<term>Other otters</term>
<term>Other species</term>
<term>Otter</term>
<term>Paracone</term>
<term>Paraconid</term>
<term>Pathan</term>
<term>Peign</term>
<term>Peroneus</term>
<term>Peroneus digiti</term>
<term>Peroneus longus</term>
<term>Peroneus tertius</term>
<term>Perspicillata</term>
<term>Phalange</term>
<term>Pickford</term>
<term>Piscivorous</term>
<term>Pliocene</term>
<term>Poitiers</term>
<term>Postcranial</term>
<term>Postcranial bones</term>
<term>Postcranial measurements</term>
<term>Posterior</term>
<term>Posterior articular processes</term>
<term>Posterior face</term>
<term>Posterior part</term>
<term>Posterior view</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Potwar</term>
<term>Potwar plateau</term>
<term>Premolar</term>
<term>Profundus</term>
<term>Pronator</term>
<term>Pronator quadratus</term>
<term>Protoconid</term>
<term>Prox</term>
<term>Proximal</term>
<term>Proximal articular surface</term>
<term>Proximal epiphysis</term>
<term>Proximal fragment</term>
<term>Proximal half</term>
<term>Proximal part</term>
<term>Proximal surface</term>
<term>Proximal view</term>
<term>Proximally</term>
<term>Proximodistally</term>
<term>Pteronura</term>
<term>Pteronura brasiliensis</term>
<term>Quadratus</term>
<term>Radial notch</term>
<term>Radial tuberosity</term>
<term>Radialis</term>
<term>Right hemimandible</term>
<term>Right humerus</term>
<term>River otters</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Same muscle</term>
<term>Scale bars</term>
<term>Scapholunar</term>
<term>Scapula</term>
<term>Senutae</term>
<term>Sesamoid</term>
<term>Sivalensis</term>
<term>Sivaonyx</term>
<term>Sivaonyx bathygnathus</term>
<term>Sivaonyx beyi</term>
<term>Siwalik</term>
<term>Soriae</term>
<term>Spinous</term>
<term>Spinous process</term>
<term>Stromer</term>
<term>Subcomplete</term>
<term>Talonid</term>
<term>Tarasoff</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Tendon</term>
<term>Terraenovae</term>
<term>Tertius</term>
<term>Tibia</term>
<term>Tibia length</term>
<term>Torolutra</term>
<term>Torolutra ougandensis</term>
<term>Total length</term>
<term>Triceps</term>
<term>Trigonid</term>
<term>Trochanter</term>
<term>Trochanteric fossa</term>
<term>Trochlea</term>
<term>Trochlear</term>
<term>Trochlear process</term>
<term>Tubercle</term>
<term>Tuberosity</term>
<term>Type species</term>
<term>Ulna</term>
<term>Valkenburgh</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventrally</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Vertebral body</term>
<term>Vertebral canal</term>
<term>Vignaud</term>
<term>Wadi natron</term>
<term>Willemsen</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
<term>Zoology</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Acetabulum</term>
<term>African species</term>
<term>Africanus</term>
<term>Alveolus</term>
<term>Amblonyx</term>
<term>Amblonyx cinereus</term>
<term>Anterior</term>
<term>Anterior face</term>
<term>Anterior part</term>
<term>Anterior view</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anteroposteriorly</term>
<term>Aonyx</term>
<term>Aonyx capensis</term>
<term>Aquatic</term>
<term>Aquatic adaptations</term>
<term>Articular</term>
<term>Articular surface</term>
<term>Articular surfaces</term>
<term>Articulation</term>
<term>Astragalar</term>
<term>Astragalus</term>
<term>Attachment</term>
<term>Attachment area</term>
<term>Attened</term>
<term>Attened tail</term>
<term>Barone</term>
<term>Bathygnathus</term>
<term>Beyi</term>
<term>Bmnh</term>
<term>Body length</term>
<term>Body mass</term>
<term>Body size</term>
<term>Bonis</term>
<term>Brachii</term>
<term>Brasiliensis</term>
<term>Brevis</term>
<term>Brunet</term>
<term>Bunodont</term>
<term>Calcaneum</term>
<term>Canadensis</term>
<term>Canine</term>
<term>Canis</term>
<term>Capensis</term>
<term>Carnassial</term>
<term>Carnivora</term>
<term>Carnivorans</term>
<term>Carnivore</term>
<term>Carpus</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Caudal vertebra</term>
<term>Caudal vertebrae</term>
<term>Caudals</term>
<term>Chad</term>
<term>Chadian</term>
<term>Chadian material</term>
<term>Chadian sivaonyx</term>
<term>Chadian species</term>
<term>Chadian specimen</term>
<term>Cinereus</term>
<term>Cingulid</term>
<term>Cingulum</term>
<term>Condyle</term>
<term>Congicus</term>
<term>Convex</term>
<term>Coronoid</term>
<term>Coronoid process</term>
<term>Cuboid</term>
<term>Cusp</term>
<term>Cuspid</term>
<term>Dabba</term>
<term>Dental morphology</term>
<term>Dentition</term>
<term>Dhok</term>
<term>Diaphysis</term>
<term>Digiti</term>
<term>Digitorum</term>
<term>Distal</term>
<term>Distal epiphysis</term>
<term>Distal extension</term>
<term>Distal extremity</term>
<term>Distal face</term>
<term>Distal fragment</term>
<term>Distal half</term>
<term>Distal margin</term>
<term>Distal part</term>
<term>Distal view</term>
<term>Distally</term>
<term>Djourabus</term>
<term>Djourabus dabba</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsal view</term>
<term>Dorsoventrally</term>
<term>Early pliocene</term>
<term>Ekecaman</term>
<term>Enhydra</term>
<term>Enhydra lutris</term>
<term>Enhydriodon</term>
<term>Enhydritherium</term>
<term>Enhydritherium terraenovae</term>
<term>Epicondyle</term>
<term>Exion</term>
<term>Exor</term>
<term>Exor digitorum profundus</term>
<term>Exors</term>
<term>Extant</term>
<term>Extant lutrinae</term>
<term>Extant otters</term>
<term>Extant species</term>
<term>Extant taxa</term>
<term>Extensor</term>
<term>Extinct</term>
<term>Fctl</term>
<term>Felina</term>
<term>Femoral</term>
<term>Femoral head</term>
<term>Femur</term>
<term>Fischer</term>
<term>Foramen</term>
<term>Forelimb</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil otter</term>
<term>Fossil species</term>
<term>Fossiliferous</term>
<term>Fossiliferous area</term>
<term>Fovea capitis</term>
<term>Fragment</term>
<term>Functional length</term>
<term>Functional morphology</term>
<term>Generic assignment</term>
<term>Genus</term>
<term>Genus sivaonyx</term>
<term>Geological survey</term>
<term>Giant otter</term>
<term>Greater trochanter</term>
<term>Groove</term>
<term>Haemal</term>
<term>Haemal arch</term>
<term>Hemimandible</term>
<term>Hendey</term>
<term>Hendeyi</term>
<term>Holotype</term>
<term>Howell</term>
<term>Humerus</term>
<term>Hypoconid</term>
<term>Incisor</term>
<term>Indet</term>
<term>Insertion</term>
<term>Insertion area</term>
<term>Intercondyloid fossa</term>
<term>Interosseus</term>
<term>Kamuhangirei</term>
<term>Kenya</term>
<term>Kruuk</term>
<term>Labial</term>
<term>Labial view</term>
<term>Labially</term>
<term>Large size</term>
<term>Larger size</term>
<term>Late miocene</term>
<term>Late miocene otters</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral condyle</term>
<term>Lateral epicondyle</term>
<term>Lateral face</term>
<term>Lateral head</term>
<term>Lateral surface</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Lateralis</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Latissimus dorsi</term>
<term>Less dorsoventrally</term>
<term>Lesser extent</term>
<term>Lesser trochanter</term>
<term>Ligament</term>
<term>Lingual</term>
<term>Lingual cingulum</term>
<term>Lingual view</term>
<term>Linnean</term>
<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Locomotion</term>
<term>Long bones</term>
<term>Long head</term>
<term>Longus</term>
<term>Lontra</term>
<term>Lontra canadensis</term>
<term>Lontra felina</term>
<term>Lower carnassial</term>
<term>Lower dentition</term>
<term>Lower incisors</term>
<term>Lukeino</term>
<term>Lutra</term>
<term>Lutra lutra</term>
<term>Lutrinae</term>
<term>Lutris</term>
<term>Lutro</term>
<term>Lutrogale</term>
<term>Lutrogale perspicillata</term>
<term>Lydekker</term>
<term>Mackaye</term>
<term>Main cuspid</term>
<term>Mammal</term>
<term>Mammalia</term>
<term>Mammalian species</term>
<term>Mandible</term>
<term>Mandibular</term>
<term>Manus</term>
<term>Martes</term>
<term>Masseteric</term>
<term>Masseteric fossa</term>
<term>Maynard smith</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medial articular surface</term>
<term>Medial condyle</term>
<term>Medial epicondyle</term>
<term>Medial face</term>
<term>Medial surface</term>
<term>Medial view</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Mediolaterally</term>
<term>Meles</term>
<term>Meles meles</term>
<term>Mesial</term>
<term>Metacarpal</term>
<term>Metacone</term>
<term>Metaconid</term>
<term>Metaconule</term>
<term>Metatarsal</term>
<term>Miocene</term>
<term>Mnhn</term>
<term>Morales pickford</term>
<term>More proximally</term>
<term>Morphologically</term>
<term>Morphology</term>
<term>Muscular anatomy</term>
<term>Mustelid</term>
<term>Mustelidae</term>
<term>Myological</term>
<term>Myology</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Navicular</term>
<term>Olecranon</term>
<term>Orientated</term>
<term>Orientated paraconid</term>
<term>Other otters</term>
<term>Other species</term>
<term>Otter</term>
<term>Paracone</term>
<term>Paraconid</term>
<term>Pathan</term>
<term>Peign</term>
<term>Peroneus</term>
<term>Peroneus digiti</term>
<term>Peroneus longus</term>
<term>Peroneus tertius</term>
<term>Perspicillata</term>
<term>Phalange</term>
<term>Pickford</term>
<term>Piscivorous</term>
<term>Pliocene</term>
<term>Poitiers</term>
<term>Postcranial</term>
<term>Postcranial bones</term>
<term>Postcranial measurements</term>
<term>Posterior</term>
<term>Posterior articular processes</term>
<term>Posterior face</term>
<term>Posterior part</term>
<term>Posterior view</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Potwar</term>
<term>Potwar plateau</term>
<term>Premolar</term>
<term>Profundus</term>
<term>Pronator</term>
<term>Pronator quadratus</term>
<term>Protoconid</term>
<term>Prox</term>
<term>Proximal</term>
<term>Proximal articular surface</term>
<term>Proximal epiphysis</term>
<term>Proximal fragment</term>
<term>Proximal half</term>
<term>Proximal part</term>
<term>Proximal surface</term>
<term>Proximal view</term>
<term>Proximally</term>
<term>Proximodistally</term>
<term>Pteronura</term>
<term>Pteronura brasiliensis</term>
<term>Quadratus</term>
<term>Radial notch</term>
<term>Radial tuberosity</term>
<term>Radialis</term>
<term>Right hemimandible</term>
<term>Right humerus</term>
<term>River otters</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Same muscle</term>
<term>Scale bars</term>
<term>Scapholunar</term>
<term>Scapula</term>
<term>Senutae</term>
<term>Sesamoid</term>
<term>Sivalensis</term>
<term>Sivaonyx</term>
<term>Sivaonyx bathygnathus</term>
<term>Sivaonyx beyi</term>
<term>Siwalik</term>
<term>Soriae</term>
<term>Spinous</term>
<term>Spinous process</term>
<term>Stromer</term>
<term>Subcomplete</term>
<term>Talonid</term>
<term>Tarasoff</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Tendon</term>
<term>Terraenovae</term>
<term>Tertius</term>
<term>Tibia</term>
<term>Tibia length</term>
<term>Torolutra</term>
<term>Torolutra ougandensis</term>
<term>Total length</term>
<term>Triceps</term>
<term>Trigonid</term>
<term>Trochanter</term>
<term>Trochanteric fossa</term>
<term>Trochlea</term>
<term>Trochlear</term>
<term>Trochlear process</term>
<term>Tubercle</term>
<term>Tuberosity</term>
<term>Type species</term>
<term>Ulna</term>
<term>Valkenburgh</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventrally</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Vertebral body</term>
<term>Vertebral canal</term>
<term>Vignaud</term>
<term>Wadi natron</term>
<term>Willemsen</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
<term>Zoology</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract">We describe extensive Late Miocene fossil Lutrinae from Toros‐Menalla, Chad. A minimum of four species are present in this fossiliferous area. Such a large number of species, diverse in size and dental morphology, is significant and unique in the fossil record of the subfamily Lutrinae in the Neogene of Africa. Two new taxa are described, Sivaonyx beyi sp. nov. and Djourabus dabba gen. nov. sp. nov.; the two other species, which are represented by more fragmentary remains, are assigned to Lutrinae indet. aff. Torolutra sp. and Lutrinae indet. aff. Aonyx sp. Sivaonyx beyi is the best known of the species. It is represented by many dental remains and a subcomplete skeleton. Postcranial characters of this species are not particularly specialized. It is interpreted here as a terrestrial predator with poorly developed aquatic adaptations. Fossils of otters are known from ten different localities at Toros‐Menalla, each of which yielded a single individual of one or two species. The presence of four morphologically distinct otters in the area is indicative of a palaeoenvironment with a relatively well‐developed freshwater system of lakes and/or rivers. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 152, 793–846.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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<json:string>zoological journal</json:string>
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<json:string>capensis</json:string>
<json:string>caudal</json:string>
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<json:string>tendon</json:string>
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<json:string>orientated</json:string>
<json:string>aonyx</json:string>
<json:string>lateral</json:string>
<json:string>dorsal</json:string>
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<json:string>sivaonyx beyi</json:string>
<json:string>condyle</json:string>
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<json:string>astragalus</json:string>
<json:string>trochanter</json:string>
<json:string>pliocene</json:string>
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<json:string>pickford</json:string>
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<json:string>metacarpal</json:string>
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<json:string>scapula</json:string>
<json:string>mustelidae</json:string>
<json:string>morales pickford</json:string>
<json:string>lateral view</json:string>
<json:string>willemsen</json:string>
<json:string>fctl</json:string>
<json:string>mustelid</json:string>
<json:string>epicondyle</json:string>
<json:string>proximal view</json:string>
<json:string>carpus</json:string>
<json:string>medial face</json:string>
<json:string>barone</json:string>
<json:string>brunet</json:string>
<json:string>cuboid</json:string>
<json:string>dabba</json:string>
<json:string>giant otter</json:string>
<json:string>canadensis</json:string>
<json:string>amblonyx</json:string>
<json:string>chadian species</json:string>
<json:string>haemal</json:string>
<json:string>pteronura brasiliensis</json:string>
<json:string>distal margin</json:string>
<json:string>femoral</json:string>
<json:string>total length</json:string>
<json:string>right hemimandible</json:string>
<json:string>aonyx capensis</json:string>
<json:string>mediolaterally</json:string>
<json:string>posterior part</json:string>
<json:string>coronoid</json:string>
<json:string>enhydritherium</json:string>
<json:string>articular surfaces</json:string>
<json:string>insertion area</json:string>
<json:string>labial view</json:string>
<json:string>vignaud</json:string>
<json:string>martes</json:string>
<json:string>lutrogale perspicillata</json:string>
<json:string>mandibular</json:string>
<json:string>lingual view</json:string>
<json:string>alveolus</json:string>
<json:string>extensor</json:string>
<json:string>metatarsal</json:string>
<json:string>spinous</json:string>
<json:string>indet</json:string>
<json:string>distal epiphysis</json:string>
<json:string>ventrally</json:string>
<json:string>terraenovae</json:string>
<json:string>posterior view</json:string>
<json:string>lateral face</json:string>
<json:string>hypoconid</json:string>
<json:string>mammalian species</json:string>
<json:string>distal part</json:string>
<json:string>anterior face</json:string>
<json:string>tarasoff</json:string>
<json:string>djourabus dabba</json:string>
<json:string>locomotion</json:string>
<json:string>convex</json:string>
<json:string>acetabulum</json:string>
<json:string>navicular</json:string>
<json:string>body mass</json:string>
<json:string>distal face</json:string>
<json:string>forelimb</json:string>
<json:string>lutra lutra</json:string>
<json:string>distal view</json:string>
<json:string>piscivorous</json:string>
<json:string>manus</json:string>
<json:string>cinereus</json:string>
<json:string>congicus</json:string>
<json:string>cingulum</json:string>
<json:string>large size</json:string>
<json:string>digiti</json:string>
<json:string>mackaye</json:string>
<json:string>sesamoid</json:string>
<json:string>exion</json:string>
<json:string>metaconule</json:string>
<json:string>caudal vertebrae</json:string>
<json:string>anterior part</json:string>
<json:string>bonis</json:string>
<json:string>lydekker</json:string>
<json:string>brevis</json:string>
<json:string>profundus</json:string>
<json:string>aquatic adaptations</json:string>
<json:string>spinous process</json:string>
<json:string>phalange</json:string>
<json:string>medial view</json:string>
<json:string>exors</json:string>
<json:string>quadratus</json:string>
<json:string>coronoid process</json:string>
<json:string>lontra felina</json:string>
<json:string>pronator</json:string>
<json:string>morphologically</json:string>
<json:string>astragalar</json:string>
<json:string>siwalik</json:string>
<json:string>lukeino</json:string>
<json:string>prox</json:string>
<json:string>kenya</json:string>
<json:string>postcranial bones</json:string>
<json:string>morphology</json:string>
<json:string>ligament</json:string>
<json:string>dhok</json:string>
<json:string>kruuk</json:string>
<json:string>potwar</json:string>
<json:string>pathan</json:string>
<json:string>bmnh</json:string>
<json:string>robust</json:string>
<json:string>radialis</json:string>
<json:string>premolar</json:string>
<json:string>type species</json:string>
<json:string>myology</json:string>
<json:string>poitiers</json:string>
<json:string>lesser trochanter</json:string>
<json:string>interosseus</json:string>
<json:string>myological</json:string>
<json:string>posterior face</json:string>
<json:string>labially</json:string>
<json:string>lower dentition</json:string>
<json:string>incisor</json:string>
<json:string>lateralis</json:string>
<json:string>mammalia</json:string>
<json:string>extant lutrinae</json:string>
<json:string>stromer</json:string>
<json:string>lingual cingulum</json:string>
<json:string>trochlear</json:string>
<json:string>metacone</json:string>
<json:string>canis</json:string>
<json:string>hendey</json:string>
<json:string>lateral head</json:string>
<json:string>fossiliferous</json:string>
<json:string>valkenburgh</json:string>
<json:string>kamuhangirei</json:string>
<json:string>tertius</json:string>
<json:string>sivalensis</json:string>
<json:string>trochlea</json:string>
<json:string>masseteric</json:string>
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<json:string>genus</json:string>
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<json:string>zoology</json:string>
<json:string>functional length</json:string>
<json:string>maynard smith</json:string>
<json:string>other otters</json:string>
<json:string>potwar plateau</json:string>
<json:string>vertebral canal</json:string>
<json:string>postcranial measurements</json:string>
<json:string>vertebral body</json:string>
<json:string>proximal surface</json:string>
<json:string>chadian material</json:string>
<json:string>peroneus digiti</json:string>
<json:string>meles meles</json:string>
<json:string>peroneus longus</json:string>
<json:string>femoral head</json:string>
<json:string>attachment area</json:string>
<json:string>scale bars</json:string>
<json:string>enhydritherium terraenovae</json:string>
<json:string>intercondyloid fossa</json:string>
<json:string>orientated paraconid</json:string>
<json:string>trochanteric fossa</json:string>
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<json:string>mammal</json:string>
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<json:string>lateral condyle</json:string>
<json:string>radial tuberosity</json:string>
<json:string>medial epicondyle</json:string>
<json:string>medial surface</json:string>
<json:string>distal fragment</json:string>
<json:string>lontra canadensis</json:string>
<json:string>geological survey</json:string>
<json:string>peroneus tertius</json:string>
<json:string>lesser extent</json:string>
<json:string>caudal vertebra</json:string>
<json:string>lower carnassial</json:string>
<json:string>posterior articular processes</json:string>
<json:string>trochlear process</json:string>
<json:string>wadi natron</json:string>
<json:string>amblonyx cinereus</json:string>
<json:string>body size</json:string>
<json:string>distal half</json:string>
<json:string>long bones</json:string>
<json:string>body length</json:string>
<json:string>less dorsoventrally</json:string>
<json:string>long head</json:string>
<json:string>early pliocene</json:string>
<json:string>haemal arch</json:string>
<json:string>main cuspid</json:string>
<json:string>lateral surface</json:string>
<json:string>proximal articular surface</json:string>
<json:string>sivaonyx bathygnathus</json:string>
<json:string>lower incisors</json:string>
<json:string>attachment</json:string>
<json:string>canine</json:string>
<json:string>posterior</json:string>
<json:string>fragment</json:string>
<json:string>medial condyle</json:string>
<json:string>greater trochanter</json:string>
<json:string>african species</json:string>
<json:string>genus sivaonyx</json:string>
<json:string>masseteric fossa</json:string>
<json:string>distal extension</json:string>
<json:string>chadian sivaonyx</json:string>
<json:string>fovea capitis</json:string>
<json:string>same muscle</json:string>
<json:string>fossiliferous area</json:string>
<json:string>proximal part</json:string>
<json:string>right humerus</json:string>
<json:string>chadian specimen</json:string>
<json:string>distal extremity</json:string>
<json:string>lateral epicondyle</json:string>
<json:string>latissimus dorsi</json:string>
<json:string>river otters</json:string>
<json:string>functional morphology</json:string>
<json:string>proximal epiphysis</json:string>
<json:string>exor digitorum profundus</json:string>
<json:string>attened tail</json:string>
<json:string>proximal fragment</json:string>
<json:string>proximal half</json:string>
<json:string>dental morphology</json:string>
<json:string>pronator quadratus</json:string>
<json:string>medial articular surface</json:string>
<json:string>more proximally</json:string>
<json:string>radial notch</json:string>
<json:string>tibia length</json:string>
<json:string>larger size</json:string>
<json:string>natural history</json:string>
<json:string>torolutra ougandensis</json:string>
<json:string>generic assignment</json:string>
<json:string>muscular anatomy</json:string>
<json:string>howell</json:string>
<json:string>brachii</json:string>
<json:string>cusp</json:string>
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</keywords>
<author><json:item><name>STÉPHANE PEIGNÉ</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</json:string>
<json:string>Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Histoire de la Terre, USM 0203/UMR 5143 ‘Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements’, 8 rue Buffon CP 38, F‐75231 Paris cedex 05</json:string>
<json:string>E-mail: peigne@mnhn.fr</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>LOUIS DE BONIS</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>ANDOSSA LIKIUS</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, N'Djamena, Chad</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>HASSANE TAÏSSO MACKAYE</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Université de N'Djamena, BP 1117, N'Djamena, Chad</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>PATRICK VIGNAUD</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
<json:item><name>MICHEL BRUNET</name>
<affiliations><json:string>Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, UMR 6046 ‘Géobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie humaine’, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F‐86022 Poitiers cedex, France</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
</author>
<subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Africa</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>aquatic adaptation</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>Sivaonyx</value>
</json:item>
<json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>systematics</value>
</json:item>
</subject>
<articleId><json:string>ZOJ377</json:string>
</articleId>
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<abstract>We describe extensive Late Miocene fossil Lutrinae from Toros‐Menalla, Chad. A minimum of four species are present in this fossiliferous area. Such a large number of species, diverse in size and dental morphology, is significant and unique in the fossil record of the subfamily Lutrinae in the Neogene of Africa. Two new taxa are described, Sivaonyx beyi sp. nov. and Djourabus dabba gen. nov. sp. nov.; the two other species, which are represented by more fragmentary remains, are assigned to Lutrinae indet. aff. Torolutra sp. and Lutrinae indet. aff. Aonyx sp. Sivaonyx beyi is the best known of the species. It is represented by many dental remains and a subcomplete skeleton. Postcranial characters of this species are not particularly specialized. It is interpreted here as a terrestrial predator with poorly developed aquatic adaptations. Fossils of otters are known from ten different localities at Toros‐Menalla, each of which yielded a single individual of one or two species. The presence of four morphologically distinct otters in the area is indicative of a palaeoenvironment with a relatively well‐developed freshwater system of lakes and/or rivers. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 152, 793–846.</abstract>
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<title>Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)</title>
<genre><json:string>article</json:string>
</genre>
<host><title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</title>
<language><json:string>unknown</json:string>
</language>
<doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1096-3642</json:string>
</doi>
<issn><json:string>0024-4082</json:string>
</issn>
<eissn><json:string>1096-3642</json:string>
</eissn>
<publisherId><json:string>ZOJ</json:string>
</publisherId>
<volume>152</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<pages><first>793</first>
<last>846</last>
<total>54</total>
</pages>
<genre><json:string>journal</json:string>
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<namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>1994</json:string>
<json:string>20th centuries</json:string>
<json:string>2007</json:string>
<json:string>2008</json:string>
</date>
<geogName><json:string>Chadian</json:string>
<json:string>Sivaonyx</json:string>
</geogName>
<orgName><json:string>National Science Foundation</json:string>
<json:string>FROM CHAD Enhydra</json:string>
<json:string>FROM CHAD Dentition</json:string>
<json:string>University of Poitiers</json:string>
<json:string>Geologie</json:string>
<json:string>Kenya National Museums, Nairobi</json:string>
<json:string>European Community’s Research Infrastructure Action</json:string>
<json:string>Uganda National Museum, Kampala</json:string>
<json:string>Harvard University</json:string>
<json:string>India, Calcutta</json:string>
<json:string>India and Pakistan</json:string>
<json:string>European Research Area</json:string>
</orgName>
<orgName_funder></orgName_funder>
<orgName_provider></orgName_provider>
<persName><json:string>Chad</json:string>
<json:string>J. Cuisin</json:string>
<json:string>M. Avery</json:string>
<json:string>F. Renous</json:string>
<json:string>A. Abourachid</json:string>
<json:string>C. Noël</json:string>
<json:string>G. Florent</json:string>
<json:string>L. Werdelin</json:string>
<json:string>J. Morales</json:string>
<json:string>A. Bernet</json:string>
<json:string>X. Valentin</json:string>
<json:string>G. Veron</json:string>
<json:string>S. Riffaut</json:string>
<json:string>Morales</json:string>
<json:string>P. Loubry</json:string>
<json:string>K. van Willingh</json:string>
<json:string>Linda Foley-Ducrocq</json:string>
<json:string>J. Barry</json:string>
<json:string>M. Pickford</json:string>
<json:string>J. Hooker</json:string>
<json:string>Geological Survey</json:string>
<json:string>C. Sagne</json:string>
<json:string>P. Tassy</json:string>
<json:string>Siwalik Hills</json:string>
<json:string>A. Martin</json:string>
<json:string>Florida Museum</json:string>
</persName>
<placeName><json:string>Pakistan</json:string>
<json:string>Uganda</json:string>
<json:string>Munich</json:string>
<json:string>CHAD</json:string>
<json:string>Chad</json:string>
<json:string>Kenya</json:string>
<json:string>Ipswich</json:string>
<json:string>Valkenburgh</json:string>
<json:string>Madrid</json:string>
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<json:string>India</json:string>
<json:string>America</json:string>
<json:string>South Africa</json:string>
<json:string>Egypt</json:string>
<json:string>France</json:string>
<json:string>Ursus</json:string>
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<ref_url></ref_url>
<ref_bibl><json:string>Van Zyll de Jong, 1987</json:string>
<json:string>Felis and Canis; Evans, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Estes, 1980</json:string>
<json:string>Evans, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>sensu Morales & Pickford, 2005</json:string>
<json:string>Leach, 1977</json:string>
<json:string>Morales & Pickford, 2005</json:string>
<json:string>Sebastiani & Fishbeck, 2005</json:string>
<json:string>Spoor & Badoux, 1986</json:string>
<json:string>Maynard Smith & Savage, 1956</json:string>
<json:string>Willemsen & Malatesta, 1987</json:string>
<json:string>Barry et al., 2002</json:string>
<json:string>peroneal tubercle in Fischer, 1942: 17</json:string>
<json:string>Bryden, 1971</json:string>
<json:string>Barone, 1986, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Stains, 1973</json:string>
<json:string>Evans, 1993: 316</json:string>
<json:string>Beswick-Perrin, 1871</json:string>
<json:string>see Egi, 2001</json:string>
<json:string>Larivière, 2001a, b, 2003</json:string>
<json:string>see Willemsen, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>Berta & Morgan, 1985</json:string>
<json:string>Davis, 1964: 91</json:string>
<json:string>Table 2; and see Pohle, 1919: 141</json:string>
<json:string>identiﬁed as a ‘third trochanter’ by Evans, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Wolsan, 1989</json:string>
<json:string>Wolsan, Ruprecht & Buchalczyk, 1985</json:string>
<json:string>Emmerson & Philip, 2004</json:string>
<json:string>Kruuk, 2006</json:string>
<json:string>Camazine (1977)</json:string>
<json:string>Morales et al., 2005</json:string>
<json:string>Barry, 1995</json:string>
<json:string>Wilson & Reeder, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Szuma, 1994</json:string>
<json:string>1986, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Vignaud et al.</json:string>
<json:string>but see Hendey, 1978</json:string>
<json:string>Mori, 1958</json:string>
<json:string>Kenyon, 1981</json:string>
<json:string>Taylor, 1914</json:string>
<json:string>from Anyonge, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Koepﬂi & Wayne, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>see also measurements inferred by Pohle, 1919: 26</json:string>
<json:string>Fulton & Strobeck, 2006</json:string>
<json:string>Brunet et al., 2004</json:string>
<json:string>Vignaud et al., 2002</json:string>
<json:string>Howell, 1929</json:string>
<json:string>calculated as in the humerus; Maynard Smith & Savage, 1956</json:string>
<json:string>Howard, 1975</json:string>
<json:string>Werdelin, 2003</json:string>
<json:string>Lambert, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>Piérard (1971: 101)</json:string>
<json:string>18–21 instead of 24–25 in other species; Taylor, 1914</json:string>
<json:string>Willemsen, 1980a, b</json:string>
<json:string>Piérard, 1971</json:string>
<json:string>data are from Lydekker, 1884</json:string>
<json:string>Howard, 1973, 1975</json:string>
<json:string>Gorniak, 1986</json:string>
<json:string>Tarasoff et al., 1972</json:string>
<json:string>Stains, 1976</json:string>
<json:string>Willemsen, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>Howard (1975)</json:string>
<json:string>Fischer, 1942</json:string>
<json:string>Davis, 1964</json:string>
<json:string>Egi (2001)</json:string>
<json:string>Taylor, 1974</json:string>
<json:string>Tarasoff, 1972</json:string>
<json:string>Van Zyll de Jong, 1972</json:string>
<json:string>Willemsen, 1980b: 312</json:string>
<json:string>Carter & Rosas, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>Pilbeam et al., 1979</json:string>
<json:string>Barone, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>coracoid process in Davis, 1964: 120</json:string>
<json:string>Wischnitzer, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Tarasoff et al. (1972)</json:string>
<json:string>Repenning, 1976</json:string>
<json:string>Hwang & Larivière, 2005</json:string>
<json:string>Howard, 1973</json:string>
<json:string>Lilje, Tardieu & Fischer, 2003</json:string>
<json:string>Pickford, 2005</json:string>
<json:string>Brunet et al., 2002, 2005</json:string>
<json:string>Larivière & Walton, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Bryant & Seymour, 1990</json:string>
<json:string>Kruuk, 2006: 18</json:string>
<json:string>Gonyea, 1976</json:string>
<json:string>Morales et al. (2005)</json:string>
<json:string>Parker, Burchell & Bernard, 2005</json:string>
<json:string>de Bonis et al., 2005, 2007a, b</json:string>
<json:string>Yalden, 1970</json:string>
<json:string>Marmi, López-Giráldez & Domingo-Roura, 2004</json:string>
<json:string>Egi, 2001: 511</json:string>
<json:string>Hall, 1926, 1927</json:string>
<json:string>Larivière, 1999a, 2002</json:string>
<json:string>Turnbull, 1970</json:string>
<json:string>Table 5; see Davis, 1964: 91</json:string>
</ref_bibl>
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Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)

Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)

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