Transitional Fantasiesin the Analysis of a Narcissistic Personality
Identifieur interne : 005F82 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 005F81; suivant : 005F83Transitional Fantasiesin the Analysis of a Narcissistic Personality
Auteurs : Vamik D. VolkanSource :
- Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association [ 0003-0651 ] ; 1973-04.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult life, Archaic objects, Borderline child, Borderline patient, Borderline states, Bountiful, Bountiful woman, Bountiful women, Cartoon character, Cohesive self, Cold water, Daydream, Different levels, Early childhood, External object, External objects, External world, Fantasy, Fifth year, First year, Foreign woman, Fourth year, Free association, Genetic aspect, Good thing, Grandiose self, Greatest baseball player, Henry viii, High places, Independent object, Intangible representations, International universities press, Intimate relationships, Iron ball, Isakower phenomenon, Kernberg, Kohut, Little figures, Magnificent bull, Much corn, Narcissism, Narcissistic, Narcissistic core, Narcissistic fantasies, Narcissistic patient, Narcissistic personalities, Narcissistic personality, Narcissistic personality structure, Narcissistic transference, Object relationships, Oedipal fears, Original narcissism, Other people, Otto kernberg, Paranoid trends, Parent imago, Progressive side, Psychoanalytic study, Psychoanalytic treatment, Psychosexual stages, Same time, Second year, Separation anxiety, Skin contact, Specific conflicts, Specific fantasies, Sterile environment, Such patients, Termination date, Termination phase, Third year, Transference, Transference neurosis, Transference situation, Transitional, Transitional fantasies, Transitional object, Transitional objects, Transitional tunes, Vagina dentata fears, Vamik, Visual images, Volkan, Water face.
- Teeft :
- Adult life, Archaic objects, Borderline child, Borderline patient, Borderline states, Bountiful, Bountiful woman, Bountiful women, Cartoon character, Cohesive self, Cold water, Daydream, Different levels, Early childhood, External object, External objects, External world, Fantasy, Fifth year, First year, Foreign woman, Fourth year, Free association, Genetic aspect, Good thing, Grandiose self, Greatest baseball player, Henry viii, High places, Independent object, Intangible representations, International universities press, Intimate relationships, Iron ball, Isakower phenomenon, Kernberg, Kohut, Little figures, Magnificent bull, Much corn, Narcissism, Narcissistic, Narcissistic core, Narcissistic fantasies, Narcissistic patient, Narcissistic personalities, Narcissistic personality, Narcissistic personality structure, Narcissistic transference, Object relationships, Oedipal fears, Original narcissism, Other people, Otto kernberg, Paranoid trends, Parent imago, Progressive side, Psychoanalytic study, Psychoanalytic treatment, Psychosexual stages, Same time, Second year, Separation anxiety, Skin contact, Specific conflicts, Specific fantasies, Sterile environment, Such patients, Termination date, Termination phase, Third year, Transference, Transference neurosis, Transference situation, Transitional, Transitional fantasies, Transitional object, Transitional objects, Transitional tunes, Vagina dentata fears, Vamik, Visual images, Volkan, Water face.
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DOI: 10.1177/000306517302100209
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ISTEX:C0649A57680798AC50FD05572AEAF4074791A5EDLe document en format XML
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Volkan</surname><given-names>Vamik D.</given-names></name><degrees>M.D.</degrees><aff>Department of Psychiatry University of Virginia Medical Center Charlottesville, Virginia 22901</aff></contrib></contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>04</month><year>1973</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>351</fpage><lpage>376</lpage><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value>TRANSITIONAL FANTASIES : IN THE ANALYSIS OF A : VAMIK VOLKAN, D. M.D. * NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY HE PATIENT WHO EMPLOYED what I came to call transitional fantasies was a man in his thirties who underwent fourand-a-half years of analysis. A narcissistic personality structure underlay his neurotic symptoms and obsessional characteristics. The core of his problems was his view of himself as the center of the world, a belief that he was "Number One," existing for all to admire. In analysis he disclosed himself as a lonely being who was glorified within a kingdom, an "iron ball" that surrounded him, from which his analyst was banned. Behind his narcissism was the image of a deprived and hungry infant, and in analysis he oscillated between adherence to the role of "the most ' admired one" and the display of paranoid trends. He functioned well on the surface, in spite of his narcissistic structure, and held a responsible job from which he sought to gain admiration. His reality testing in intimate relationships was SO blurred, however, by his protection of the belief that he had precedence over all others, that one must ask what kept him from exhibiting generalized psychotic manifestations. The answer seems to lie in his use of specific fantasies in a way that suggested my term, transitional fantasies. He employed them as intangible representations of transitional objects, regarding them as though T ia. Director of Psychiatric Inpatient Services, University of Virginia Hospital, Charlottes; ville, Virginia 22901. A brief version of this paper was first read at the fall meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association, New York City, December 18. 1971. It w s also read at the Washa ington Psychoanalytic Society, February 25, 1972. Professor of Psychiatry, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virgin- 351 352 VAMIK D. VOLKAN they had lives of their own and behaving as though he were addicted to them, although they were at the same time subject to his absolute control, whereby he could maintain the illusion that he had similar control over the real environment. The Narcissistic Personality Although I am describing the narcissistic personality disorder of one patient in analysis, and indicating the function of his specific fantasies as well as their content, the reports of others treating like cases will shed further light on the theoretical and clinical aspects involved. I will not offer here a chronological account of such studies, but call attention to a review given by Paulina Kernberg (1971). Stating that the term narcissistic has been not only overused but abused, Otto Kernberg (1970) examined and described patients who, in his view, had narcissistic personality structure. These patients are extremely self-centered and show a remarkable absence of interest in and empathy for other people, although they display at the same time a great need to be loved and admired themselves. Although their surface functioning is much better than that of the average borderline patient, they -exhibit his intense primitive oral-aggressive conflicts. They have rather good impulse control and what Kernberg (1970) describes as a "pseudosublimatory potential," being able to work consistently in activity that partially fulfills their ambitions. In Kohut's (1971) extensive work on patients with narcissistic personality we find an emphasis on those assets that differentiate them from patients with psychoses and borderline states. Those with narcissistic personality disturbance have attained a cohesive self, and have constructed cohesive idealized archaic objects. And, unlike the conditions which prevail in the sychoses and borderline states, these patients are not serious y threatened by the possibility of an irreversible disinte ration of the archaic self or the narcissistically cathected arc aic objects. In consequence of the attainment of these cohesive and stable psychic configurations these patients are a P FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 353 able to establish s ecific, stable narcissistic transferences, which allow the t erapeutic reactivation of the archaic structures without the danger of their fra mentation through further regression: they are thus analyzab e [p. 4 . 1 ! i H Kohut adds to the view that development moves from autoeroticism via narcissism to object love a second concept that posits an independent line of development moving from "autoeroticism via narcissism to higher forms and transformations of narcissism." It is the disturbance of this second line of development that makes the narcissistic patient unable to achieve adequate transformation of infantile narcissism. Kohut emphasizes that the most intense narcissistic experiences relate to objects "which are either used in the service of the self and of the maintenance of its instinctual investment, or objects which are themselves experienced as part of the self"-self-objects. The perfection of the primary narcissism, disturbed by the mother's unavoidable shortcomings, is replaced by (a) establishing a grandiose and exhibitionistic self-image, which Kohut calls the grandiose serf; and (b) conveying the original perfection to an admired, omnipotent, transitional self-object-the idealized parent image. Here Kohut uses the term "transitional" to do more than reflect the child's inner attitudes, and explains these phenomena in metapsychological terms. These two images are activated in narcissistic patients in the transference situation. Otto Kernberg (1970) suggests that refiision of the internalized self- and object-images does occur in the narcissistic personality at a level of development in which ego boundaries have already become stable. "At this point, there is a fusion of ideal self, ideal object, and ideal self images as a defense against an intolerable reality in the interpersonal realm, with a concomitant devaluation and destruction of object images as well as of external object" (p. 55). At the bottom of his deprecatory or fearful attitude toward others, the patient has a deeper image of relationship with external objects; it is against this image that he erects all other structures. Fundamentally he sees himself as hungry, empty, and full of impotent rage. Kernberg's patients often came from families of "chronically cold parental figures with covert but intense aggression." Usually the mother functioned well within a superficially well-organized home, but with a degree of callousness, indiffer- 354 VAMIK D. VOLKAN ence, and nonverbalized and spiteful aggression. This was the case in my patient's family. At the outset of his analysis he appeared to be obsessional, with mixed neuroses, i.e., phobias. One should note the difficulty of distinguishing the patient with a narcissistic personality structure from one who is obsessional and embarking on his analysis with strong narcissistic defenses against oedipal fears or sadomasochistic impulses. Kernberg suggests heeding the k n d of transference that appears when narcissistic transference resistance is interpreted. He points out that, unlike the obsessional patient, the narcissistic patient does not change his narcissistic defenses into other transference paradigms. Here the characteristics of the transference involvement oscillate between narcissistic grandiosit and aloofness on the one hand, and primitive, predominant y paranoid trends on the other. The patient's com lete incapacity, maintained over many months and years o analytic work, to experience the analyst as an independent object is characteristic of narcissistic personalities, and is in shar contrast to the transference involvement in other forms of c aracter patholo where the transference may shift to reveal different, hi%ly specific conflicts of var ing psychosexual stages of deveopment and with a highly fferentiated awareness by the patient of the analyst as an independent object [p. 641. F Y R 2 F Furthermore, Kernberg states that the value system of the narcissistic patient is generally corruptible, and contrasts with the rigid morality of the obsessive personality. Moreover, the obsessive individual feels strongly about social, political, and similar issues, and demonstrates an understanding of the emotional depths of other people while remaining "cold" himself. In contrast, the narcissistic patient shows superficial emotions of a quick and transient sort, but has a basic background of emotional blandness and indifference. It is typical for him to disparage the analytic process during his treatment, at the same time developing an intensive transference. Transference resistances bring about paranoid developments. Such patients "learn" the method of analysis to defend themselves against their envy of the analyst. Kernberg believes that they see the analysis as a means of becoming "perfect," and that there can be dramatic improvement, a growing tolerance of depression and mourning being a good prognostic s i q . FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 355 l7ie Case Report Identification of the Patient At the time his psychoanalysis began, Mr. Brown was a 30-yearold lawyer, married, and the father of girls seven and five years of age, and a boy of four. One of his maternal ancestors had been a Colonial leader, and he took a fierce pride in his family history. He was reared in a home of extreme formality and respect for tradition. His father, the head of an important law firm, was aloof and conventional, although before marrying he had been "wild" and known for his escapades, his fast car, and his athletic feats. Mr. Brown's mother, a lawyer's daughter, "had practical answers for everything," and was interested in gourmet cooking, although she delegated most of the care of her children to maids. Mr. Brown remembered his own nursemaid only by her wall eyes and her German name; these were representations of fear-inducing archaic objects at a time when Americans were fighting the Germans in World War 11. A brother, two years Mr. Brown's junior, had apparently adopted the life style of his father's earlier years; he was athletic, happily married, and the operator of a luxurious sports resort. A sister, four years younger than the patient, had many neurotic problems. Life in their home had revolved around a rigid schedule of social amenities. The children were permitted to join their parents during the cocktail hour. Dinner had a special focus each night, with a night when only French was spoken, another when spelling competition took place, and another for special games. The patient had no remembrance of any overt expression of emotion in this stylized family togetherness. At the time of his birth his parents were living in the country with the paternal grandparents. Legend had it that when the mother was pregnant she ate so much corn that she was fat and full of milk. When the baby was a year old the family moved to the city apartment where the second child was conceived, and a later move took them all to a permanent home in a substantial neighborhood, where the boy had few playmates. When he was five, his father became a reserve military officer and was periodically absent from home over a period of a year and a half. Later, interest in fishing frequently kept the father away from home. 356 VAMIK D. VOLKAN The patient did well in school. He recalls daydreaming a great deal, even as a child, and at night he was preoccupied with shadowy figires behind his bed, haunting him. At puberty he developed the habit of tying a rope around his thighs and legs at night, fantasying his own execution, and finally masturbating. As a teenager he felt inferior among adults, but concealed this feeling well. A cousin encouraged him, teaching him to dance, but he continued to feel "shy," although when he dated he was in the habit of demanding sex at once. He was 16 when he first heard his parents shouting at one another and felt relief to learn that they could express themselves. He felt that in view of the sterile environment in which he had grown up it was too late for him to learn to express feeling. He was interested in mathematics but had to follow the family tradition and go to law school. He developed phobias of high places, especially in connection with climbing ladders. At 22 he took a trip with a schoolmate (with his mother's permission), and on this trip met his future wife. She was not socially prominent, nor was her background compatible with his. He caused her to become pregnant and married her four months later. After graduation he joined his father's law firm, specializing in a kind of practice that involved little interaction with other people. It was while he was with his father's firm that his wife gave birth to their third child, a boy, about whose physical endowment there was some question at birth, and who came to be considered frail and sickly by his parents. Soon after his son's birth Mr. Brown seduced a secretary, who was the daughter of a judge, and made her pregnant. She had an abortion, and the affair ended. (The patient's perception of this affair and its eerie promotion of his narcissistic fantasies will be discussed later in this report.) Its termination dealt the patient a narcissistic blow and, along with the possibility of a break in his marriage and dismay over his newborn son's imperfections, disturbed his self-esteem sufficiently to lead him to seek professional help. He visited a psychiatrist a few times, but was afraid of him. Moving to another city with his family, he continued to have difficulty and to seek professional advice. Still another move brought him to the city in which he undertook psychoanalysis. FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 337 Here he held a position consistent with his legal training. Again, it was one with minimal interpersonal involvement. transference neurosis that at times covered it over. The picture was mixed most of the time, but it will be clear that the narcissistic transference underlay all relatedness to objects until it was resolved. Compression of the four-and-a half years of psychoanalysis into this brief account may convey a false sense of rapid progress; in day-to-day involvement with this patient, however, many of the hours were filled with stubborn silence, monotonous devaluation of the other person, and his endless admiration of his own verbal productions. I did not interfere with the establishment of a narcissistic transference. It can be said that my basic therapeutic position with this patient followed what Kohut (1971) described: The manifestations of the inability of such patients to form a realistic bond with the analyst must not be treated by an analyst through active interventions designed to establish an "alliance." They must be examined dispassionately as hints of, and allusions to, a disturbance in the realm of the cathexis of the self and of the correlated disturbance of the patient's abil. [p. 2091. ity to feel alive and to experience The Coiirse of the Patient's Analysis I can provide only a bird's-eye view of Mr. Brown's analysis, and I will not separate from his narcissistic transference the classical .. What follows is a clinical description of the actual analytical process rather than a formulation of manifestations from the theoretical point of view. The patient began with a rigid posture on the couch, giving forth endlessly in a monotonous voice accounts that seemed designed less as communications to me than as productions to elicit wonder. Within a few weeks he flew to his brother's resort, where he seduced a foreign woman who, like his analyst, spoke with an accent. During his hours he systematically itemized symptoms and events he thought an analyst should know, providing much "history" and many accounts of his phobia of high places. One aspect of this phobia was revealed in a childhood dream in which he had climbed a ladder to spy on his parents' second-story quarters above the floor where he lived with the 358 VAMIK D. VOLKAN other children and the servants. The customarily closed door to the second floor of the split-level house had become a symbol of the mysteries of adult life; in his dream, the ladder by means of which he tried to breach these mysteries was shaky, and he had to give up the attempt. He insisted on keeping our relationship "formal"; he indirectly probed my "encouragement" and tried to make me helpless. He mocked free association, but said he hoped his psychoanalysis "would be a smashing success." He described an Oliphant cartoon with little figures marginal to the main picture, and said I resembled the marginal figures. The first year was full of complaints about his wife-how cold she was, how ungiving. In his narcissistic transference he saw me as an extension of himself; I was either a jewel in his crown or, at the other extreme, a sewer in which his resentments could be flushed away. The narcissistic core of his personality emerged; he was the earth's very center, his wishes were needs. He seldom mentioned his children unless one defeated him in competition. It was necessary for him not only to be Number One but the Only One. Early in his analysis he reported what was probably a screen memory from the day his newborn brother was brought home. In this he was looking out of a garage on a gray day at a tree stump without branches. This represented -his mother, whose upper parts-her breasts-were now cut off from him. He sensed that his turning inward toward his own resources had begun then; gray was the color of loneliness, He-envied his brother then, and later envied me and my other patients. Most of his early memories involved sibling rivalry. Once he had let his brother's perambulator slip out of his hands into the path of a moving bus, and a tragedy had been narrowly averted. Although his family thought of this as accidental, the patient, with no felt remorse, knew that he had attempted to free himself from his brother's competition for their mother's attention. In spite of quick flare-ups of envy he did not experience frustration for long; he became a push-button man, handling his frustration by summoning up a fantasy as though pushing a T V control. In this wish fulfillment he could have any woman he wanted. He was in search of "an encouraging woman," later calling his ideal the "bountiful woman." The sight of a woman in an office or FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 359 restaurant would set off elaborate daydreams, often daydreams in which he rescued the woman from rape. He spent so much time daydreaming that his job was threatened during the first year of analysis. He daydreamed and masturbated at work and lying beside his wife at night, when he saw himself rejected unless she openly expressed admiration. He masturbated before getting up in the morning, and hung his soiled pajamas where his wife would find them. The genetic aspect of this behavior came from the revulsion with which his mother had dealt with his incontinence during an illness when he was four; it involved repetition compulsion and a need to test his wife's reaction. In the second year of analysis he came to my office soon after masturbating, with stained trousers, trying to repeat past events in our relationship. He was concerned about the control of elimination, and once locked himself with his child in the bathroom for two hours until the child eliminated. In his transference neurosis his mother was symbolized by cold water, his father by a burning cigar. He had one of his infrequent anxiety attacks when he saw me smoking a cigar. The genetic aspect of this surfaced when it was revealed that once, during his childhood, when he had broken a family rule, his father had coaxed him to his side and pressed his burning cigar against the boy's hand. The possibility of felt anxiety in his transference neurosis led to recitation of his fantasies. He sometimes lay on the couch for hours without speaking, lost in fantasy; he reported having been in a state of bliss with a "bountiful woman" or in triumph over the oedipal father without the actual oedipal struggle. He was a magnificent bull in the ring where "bountiful women" pelted him with flowers, but where he did not face the matador. Faced with an oedipal situation, he had a feeling of self-castration; in the transference situation he escaped the oedipal struggle by a fantasy of having cancer, or by some other claim to special consideration. In spite of analyzing the defenses against his oedipal fears and conflicts, he continued to disparage this insight and to treat me with indifference, demanding that his analysis bring him glory. In his second year his narcissistic core became more apparent; he fantasized an iron ball in which he lived and from which he reigned. I t offered boundaries and an identity against the outside 360 VAMIK D VOLKAN . world, and accounted, as it hung high on shaky supports, for the pregenital aspect of his phobia of high places. He feared the collapse of his narcissistic world and betrayed his real lack of self-sufficiency and his lifelong need of others. The shaky support referred to his anxiety about knowing his oral needs and the eruption of devouring impulses. At the end of the second year he reported a sleeping dream. Such reports were infrequent. In it he sat on a couch beside a man who represented his analyst; believing his companion to be female, he began to caress him, discovering with horror that he was caressing a man. Knowledge of his need of closeness to me was not only unacceptable but had homosexual implications. An interval followed in which he seemed to be in a typical transference neurosis and working on his homosexual fears and castration anxiety. Abruptly he returned to his iron ball, and I learned more a b u t his glorification of his lonely world, his self-admiration, his devaluation of me-whenever I was perceived as something other than an extension of himself, or something that failed to feed his narcissistic demands-and his envy of anything in the outside world that he considered good. He concentrated on protecting his narcissistic interests, going into a paranoid rage, for example, when his wife devoted herself to a visiting sister and failed to ask if there were something she could do for him. This sister belonged to him in his fantasies; when she married he briefly felt frustration, anger, and envy, and seduced the groom's sister on the wedding night in reprisal for losing "his woman." He felt no remorse for this behavior, believing that he had every right to meet his narcissistic needs. During the latter part of the second year he was able to abort a daydream, hearing an inner voice object, "Here you go again! One more of your raped-girl fantasies!" I had once said this to him; his self-control here showed his internalization of me which was later lost by fragmentation, as indicated by his account of seeing the face of a newscaster fragmented in faulty television reception. And he did return to the daydream "on grounds of my curiosity" about its outcome. During this time we were able to explore the meaning of his keeping others at arm's length, his fear of losing his omnipotence and of a breakthrough of his aggression, which he had not been FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 361 permitted to tame in the sterile and controlled environment of his early childhood. The transference situation intensified and had a psychotic transference quality; at times he believed that I gave off heat that burned his head and arms. I w m the "burning father." He managed to see, however, that he had kept the father stereotyped. His father had indeed been aloof, but before his marriage and his capitulation to the mother's "cold water," he had been "wild." The patient's desire to identify himself with his father as a youth was dangerous. If he became friendly and free he should have to admit weakness. He recalled with astonishment that once, while he was working as a lawyer in his father's office, he had seen his parent moved to tears over losing his brother. He speculated about his father's ability to express human emotion, and the anxiety that a man could entertain such warm sentiments initiated a regression into something like the Isakower phenomenon. Colored balloons seemed to fill his mouth as he lay on the couch. I felt that his mother's feedings had been not only nurturing but smothering. At times he panicked at oral expression; colors and shapes became "nebulous," and he became paranoid and afraid of being choked or smothered. I was a dark and shadowy character who recalled his childhood fear of shadows. As the third year approached he left analysis for a month, attending a professional meeting important to him because of the opportunity to study for the first time the "social aspects" of law, but also because it provided an escape from his intense oralaggressive feeling. Just before the. separation he came in preoccupied with the phrase "too much of a good thing." He discussed the current drought, and fantasied being desiccated and in need of reviving water that I could provide. Analysis indicated the possibility that he had been abruptly weaned during his first year by a mother already embarked on a seconG pregnancy. He had never forgotten the "bountiful mother" who was "too much of a good thing." After a surfeit the cloerclge amount of oral stlpply constituted deprivation, and this explained his fear of drying up away from the mother-analyst. He agreed with this reconstruction, recalling aspects of his childiood relationship with his mother. Although she was cold, she had provided excellent food; dining was at the core of the family's interpersonal activity. The patient recognized a similar situation in his behavior toward his wife, who 362 VAMIK D. VOLKAN displeased him by her coldness but held him by her skill in providing good food. Behind his extolling of loneliness lay this intense relationship with the other for whom he could not acknowledge love-need because of his fear of rejection. He understood this before leaving for his month-long trip. His relationships with others had considerably improved. His job had been in jeopardy a year earlier, but now he was promoted. Before analysis he had been without friends, but now he had many. His relationship with his parents had improved, and he was a better father to his children; but basically he continued relating to me and to his wife from within the iron ball, boring me at times, and making any movement in the analytic working-through in the transference seem hopelessly out of reach. For a time after his return he seemed, on the surface, friendly to his wife and to me. He appeared to be examining his responsibility in keeping people at a distance, and his way of provoking rejection to prove that loneliness and fantasy offered superior safety, as when he approached his wife sexually at a time so inappropriate as to insure rejection. He was able to examine his vagina dentata fears and report primal scene memories. He had seen his father naked after intercourse, and he had concluded that the scars his father bore on his thighs and chest had been inflicted by his mother during the sex act. This shed light on his juvenile habit of tying a rope around his thighs and on his affairs with the judge's daughter, who, being extensively scarred, had externally represented the mutilated father and the castrated patient. He thus felt safe with her, although the relationship was also important to him as a means of gratifying his narcissism through the sense of superiority to her he felt because of her many social and physical clisabilities. She had false teeth and thus could perform fellatio without biting. Once she had a malignant tumor which was removed, and she was a kleptomaniac. In comparison with her he himself was a superman. Throughout these changes, however, the core narcissistic transference remained basically unaltered. He was afraid of my attack, and took refuge in his iron ball. At the start of the fourth year of analysis I came to understand his specific fantasies and visual images as transitional objects. (I will elaborate on this in the next section of this paper.) As we worked through this interpreta- FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 363 tion he read an article about the Teddy bear and the way in which some adults cling to such childhood treasures. When he retreated one day into a pet fantasy I said, "Now you have your Teddy bear!" He reacted strongly, shouting, "I never had a Teddy bear!" and went on to further insight about the smothering oral gratification followed by rejection in his early childhood, and his resort to archaic narcissistic positions. He compared himself to a heroin addict and talked about his addiction to certain fantasies. Fantasies and other images slowly lost their magic. He became capable of remorse and sorrow and spoke of suicide. He could tell his wife that he loved her and play with their children. At the outset of his analysis he wore gray and light brown suits that reminded him of his "garage screen memory," and to interact with others he sat in his swimming trunks by the side of the pool waiting to be admired and adored. Now he wore colorful garments, became active in civic affairs, and supported liberal political movements. His professional reputation grew. He began to use me as a transitional object more than his own productions. He then came to see me as another human being and became curious about me as a person. He said that although before analysis he had felt himself only a hanger-on in any crowd, he now felt included. Recalling the Oliphant cartoons, he said, the little figures around the edge are important, even more-than the main cartoon. I kept you outside the frame, but deep down I always related to you with intensity." ".. . Termination Phase At the end of his fourth year of analysis Mr. Brown started to talk about terminating it. Recalling his goal of having "a smashing psychoanalysis," he sadly announced that it had not made him a "perfect superman," but that he would be happy to be "perfectly average"-later dropping the "perfectly" from his specificationsand to rejoice in being a human being neither at the bottom of the heap nor at the top, seeing the joy and sadness of life. He added that he could now enjoy a game for the sake of companionship, whether or not he won. He became interested in repairing and decorating his house. I felt this activity symbolized his attempt at structural change within himself. He enjoyed doing this work with his wife and referred with satisfaction to his having 364 VAMIK D. V O W overcome his ladder phobia. He became preoccupied with putting a balcony in good order; this was interpreted to him as a wish to make his mother's breast good. After accepting this interpretation, he continued to enjoy the work, and I felt that he had attained sublimation. During this time he asked his mother about her feeding him at the breast; until then he had adhered to his belief that she had nursed him with breasts full of milk because of her diet of corn. He was, on one level, surprised to learn that she had attempted to nurse him over a period of a few weeks, but that she felt her milk was "bad" for him and transferred him to bottle feeding. On another level, neither the patient nor I was surprised. During regressive experiences such as the Isakower phenomenon he had reported a visual impression of a skyline, and he understood that the "skyline" was made up of bottles standing side by side. He recalled a cartoon character who was able to smother people by placing his "water face" on them. It was necessary to re-examine our previous construction that he had been excessively and aggressively nursed. By the beginning of the fifth year of his analysis the reporting of night dreams replaced the accounts of daydreams. They specifically referred to the recapitulation of his oedipal struggles. In one of them the undisguised father let him lose his way in an airport, but the undisguised analyst put him on the right path. Periodically he returned to his pet fantasies, but they had now lost their magic and no longer satisfied him. He asked about the pronunciation of my Turkish first name, saying that he would like to be on terms of first-name friendship with me after his analysis was terminated. He assimilated the events that predated his turning to psychiatric help and that had necessitated this step. He understood that his affair with the judge's daughter lacked substance and had almost psychotic qualities; he saw his lover as a "ghost" and the whole affair as "hazy." It was eerie how his narcissistic fantasies had materialized and blurred for him the boundaries between the real and the unreal. He could indeed have sex and other self-gratifications at will, just like the grandiose self Gf his fantasies. At the completion of about four-and-a-half years of analysis he reported a daydream quite different from his usual narcissisti- FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 365 cally oriented pet fantasies; this let both of us consider termination. His new daydream referred to Henry VIII, with whom he had been fascinated for some time, and whose biography he was reading. Seeing himself as omnipotent, divine, tyrannical, and the master of a collection of women, he openly associated hiinself with the King. In his fantasy, the patient was in England as a leader of a democratic colony newly formed under the aegis of a foreign power; it was designed to bring an easy-going democratic life-style to England. He captured Henry and imprisoned him, gratifying himself with the awareness that he could kill Henry but that he did not need to do so since the King was safely out of the way in prison. He recalled how I had once referred to him as a tyrannical little king. He confided that whereas in the past he would have spent hours planning his future in every detail, and the outcome of his stories, he now felt satisfied that events in the colony would take their course. In the colony fantasy he was not internalizing me as an archaic aggressive image determined to fight against his grandiose self. The rest of the fantasy bore this out; in his book on Henry VIII a footnote referring to the Turks indicated their power at the time and described their onslaught at the gates of Vienna. In his fantasy it was not the aggressive Turks he turned to for help, but the benign foreign power. After making this report the patient spoke of having been surprised on the previous day by a strong awareness of his closeness to his wife. Later, after reading the chapter on the death of Henry VIII, he provided further associations. Henry was a fat man "because he could eat whatever he wanted to," and thus he represented to the patient his infantile hungry self as well as the child-mother unit. The mother was perceived as having been LLS fat as Henry when she ate so much corn during and immediately after the time she was pregnant with the patient. He began to perceive his penis, which in his narcissism he had seen as huge and existing for the purpose of screwing, as smaller and designed for loving. When he noticed one day that one side of his scrota1 sac was sinaller than the other he had a fantasy that his testicles would atrophy. Consulting a physician, he learned that his testes were unequal in size. I suggested that he 366 VAhfIK D. VOLKAN had been aware of this and that he had noticed such common inequality even in dogs, It was his narcissistic investment that had made his scrotum unique-and glorified his "iron ball." When he experienced rather intense sadness about our forthcoming separation, I told him I was now ready to discuss his wish to terminate and to help him set a termination date. He responded to this proposal with frantic activity and with a dream in which he stole money, stuffed it under his coat, and drove off "toward the sunset" on a bicycle. I interpreted his retentive defenses against separation. That night in the bathroom at home he tore apart the toilet fixtures "by accident." He had a fantasy of being stuffed with fecal material and being anxious to leave a "big, beautiful piece" of it on my office couch as a gift that would so defile it that no other patient would ever use it and usurp his place. Thus he could keep me forever. He wanted to produce the perfect excrement, although he understood there was no such thing; he felt he might even stop using the couch as a toilet seat. We discussed the possibility that if I established the termination date he might perceive me as rejecting him and want to retreat into his iron ball, whereas were I to wait for him to fix the date he might feel rejection in this response as well, since he might consider me indifferent to his strugl6s. It was finally in the course of discussing the concept of mutuality that we decided on a termination date. During the final year of his analysis Mr. Brown's interest in his son increased. The boy, seen by his mother as a fragile child, was having difficulty in individuation and was symptomatic at times. During the termination phase of his own analysis Mr. Brown took the initiative in having a child psychiatrist see his son, although he had formerly been intimidated by his wife's expected "fury" at such a step, When psychiatric treatment for the child was begun at his insistence, however, he became delightedly aware, and very much surprised, that his wife's reaction was one of warm appreciation. He was able to report other instances of appropriately assertive behavior at work and in his daily life in general. He had a fantasy a week before termination while driving in his car to attend an out-of-town business meeting. In the fantasy FANTASIES I N NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 367 he had an automobile accident that damaged the left side of his face. He fantasized being taken to a hospital for facial repair; my office is in a hospital. One may connect the vulnerability of the left side of the face as one drives a car with its vulnerability in being the side revealed by a patient lying on the couch in my office. His associations indicated that he was analyzing very early pathogenic fantasies concerned with his struggle in psychic separation from his mother, reactivated by our approaching separation. The left side of his face was felt to rest on the mother's breast in the nursing situation. In recent months he had developed the habit of gently massaging the sides of his face while on the couch; now he could understand that he had been trying to put boundaries around his face. While talking about his fantasy he made an analogy, saying that his learning in analysis where the skin of his face ended was like a deaf man's trying to learn how to speak by feeling his vocal chords. Again he recalled the cartoon character of Water Face, reviving the smothering aspect of early interaction with his mother. He then discussed a film called "The Village of the Damned," which had made a strong impression on him. The strange children who appeared in this film possessed mysterious powers and were able to make others do their will simply-by looking at them, but he thought they acted this-way in self-defense. He thought that as an infant in his crib he might have felt in possession of such power, which he used because he felt- that others might destroy him. In the past his intimate relationships had been blurred, but he had had no difficulty in separating himself from others in relationships that were not intimate. He recalled a previously repressed thought he had had during the affair with the judge's daughter, the thought of transforming her into an extension of his body. He felt now, however, that he could experience intimate skin contact with another without any doubt about the integrity of his own skin. Termination was effected after five further sessions. Expansion of the Concept of Transitional Objects In what follows I will examine this patient's use of specific fantasies, indicating that, while their contents referred to issues from 368 VAUIK D. VOLKAN different psychosexual stages, they fitnctioned as intangible representations of the transitional objects Winnicott (1953) described. Psychoanalytic interest in transitional objects has chiefly been concerned with physical objects infants select from whatever is readily available to be seen, smelled, felt, or tasted, but it has been noted that this phenomenon may appear in intangible form. McDonald's (1970) treatment of lullabies and cradle songs as "transitional tunes" bears out this concept. Winnicott (1953) holds that the mother herself can be a transitional object, and Kafka (1969, 1971) suggested that psychoanalytic treatment of a self-mutilating patient indicated the comparable use of her own body as a transitional object. In Kafka's case his patient's self-mutilation was used repeatedly to deal with profound unconscious doubts a b u t the viability of her body, and her preoccupation with the unfinished work of differentiating external from internal reality. Winnicott believed that the transitional object is held in memory without repression and that it gradually becomes decathected, with the possibility of reappearing in later life when deprivation threatens. I have elsewhere (Volkan, 1972) recognized and described the linking objects that adult pathological mourners adopt after a death to perpetuate a link with the deceased, and indicated a possible connection between linking and transitional objects. Model1 (1970) points to the "watershed," on one side of which the transitional object has a progressive side while on the other it is regressive; each side is correlated with acceptance or nonacceptance of the external object. Greenacre's (1969, 1970) formulation concerning the transitional object emphasizes in a sense the ``progressive side." The transitional object promotes the development of a sense of reality and establishes individual identity. Greenacre (1970) notes two ways in which the transitional object may be relinquished; the infant either "uses it up" until nothing but a scrap remains in a kind of obsolescent memento, or he converts it into a toy or into a workable coherent fantasy which scmes as an intangible bedfime coinfort or (it) is incorporated into daytime play. Or it may seek objective representation in some other creative form. These changes are only possible around the age ... FAVTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 369 of four or later when the e o develo nient is such that the child has become aware of is own t inking as belonging to himself and subject in some appreciable measure to his own control [p. 352; italics added]. Tolpin (1972), writing about the fate of the transitional object, suggested that its soothing functions do, in fact, "go inside" as mental structure, that it is precisely for this reason that the treasured possession is neither missed, mourned, repressed, nor forgotten. It is no longer needed. Tolpin further states that the transitional object is heir to a part of the infant's original narcissism that is preserved when it is assigned to the idealized parent imago (Kohut, 1966, 1971). "Transference" of narcissistic cathexis from the lost soothing functions of the idealized maternal imagoes to the transitional object creates a "transitional self-object imago" that serves as a detour to transmuting internalizations of maternal functions that promote cohesiveness of the self, as described by Kohut (1971). R K. If the child, however, suffers severe narcissistic traumas, then the grandiose self does not merge into the relevant ego content but is retained in its unaltered forin and strives for the fulfillment of its archaic aims. And if the child experiences traumatic disappointments in t h e admired adult, then the idealized parent imago, too, is retained in its unaltered form, is not transformed into tension-regulating sychic structure, does not attain the status of an accessi le introject, but remains an archaic, transitional self-object that is required for the maintenance of narcissistic homeostasis [p. 281. ... e Tolpin (1971)suggests that the transitional object (and phenomenon) be included among psychic organizers as described by Spitz (1950): need-satisfying) mental organization and an additional pathway for the acquisition of new (self-sustainin) structure, the transitional object assists the infant in the wor c of the separa5 tion process [p. 3481. [and] When the soothing functions of the mother and the blanket [the transitional object] are effectively internalized, a normal phase of relative structural insufficiency has passed [p. 3331. As a psychic "preserve" of an older form of (self-object, 370 VAhlIK D. VOLKAN I suggest that my patient's blankets-or, as he put it, the "pillows" around him-were those pet soothing fantasies of his that had not been effectively internalized. He was fixated in an attempt to work on what Winnicott describes as "the perpetual human task of keeping inner and outer reality separate yet interrelated." The patient using fantasies in this way can control the acceptance or nonacceptance of the external object. I suggest that my patient used as transitional objects the fantasies he chose from among many possibilities, as an infant selects an inanimate transitional object from whatever is at hand. The infant chooses the object that best lends itself to the "transference" of the cathexis of the mother's function by reason of its warmth, softness, pliability, odor, availability, etc. My patient chose as his pet fantasies those that were best adapted to the soothing function and those employed in the service of trying to master separation and loneliness as bridges to his external world..As he grew and his thinking elaborated, many wishes from different psychosexual levels, i.e., oedipal wishes, were condensed in them. However, the attempt to preserve his original narcissism underlay all of the themes. When, during regression in analysis, they were reduced to "nebulous" thoughts or perceptual images, they were in a sense closer to the concept of transitional objects than when they were elaborate fantasies. Control by the use of transitional fantasies of that area in which inner and outer realities are separated but interrelated had to be worked through in analysis in order for my patient to be able to cross over to the progressive side by utilizing his analyst as a transitional object. A less narcissistic object relationship then became possible. TIie Transitional Fantasies An examination of some of Mr. Brown's specific fantasies disclosed different levels of condensation and what I suggest was their underlying function as transitional objects. He seemed to be addicted to some of them, chosen from an endless store of possibilities; these he used over and over whenever he felt the need. There was some change in superficial content, but the basic themes remained unaltered. He named them, and sometimes instead of reporting them in the usual detail, he would simply saj. FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 371 "I had another of my so-and-so fantasies." Chief among their subjects were the bountiful woman, the raped girl, the magnificent bull, the greatest baseball player, and the iron ball. In the fantasy of bountiful women he would be adored by a woman who gratified him in every way on demand, supplying food, sex, etc. In the raped-girl fantasy he saved girls from rape and they became his slaves. As a magnificent bull he would be pelted with flowers by admiring women, but never face the matador. As the greatest baseball player he played magnificent ball, always alone in glorified isolation. The iron ball was itself his glorified kingdom. He based some of his real-life activity on them whenever possible, so that some of his behavior had dreamlike elements and lacked a reality base. His marriage had an appreciable element of the raped-girl fantasy, and he could experience it as being real and also unreal. His big love affair, so long glorified, also had a hazy quality. During the first year of analysis he spoke of it as the most wonderful, ineffable love affair a man could experience, although it actually showed highly specific conflicts of varying psychosexual stages. For example, the mistress represented his mother and his sister, as well as his castrated father and himself. His castration fears were concealed by the scars on his lover's body, and his vagina dentata fears set aside because she was toothless. The fantasies had like condensations of different levels of psychosexual implication. One aspect of the raped-girl fantasy concerned his presumption of his mother's rape by his father, based on his own birth nine months after their marriage; moreover, he had "raped" his wife before marrying her. In the fantasy of the magnificent bull he significantly refused to face the matador-the castrating father. His response to interpretations of this sort never led to anxiety that could be mobilized toward abandoning the fantasies. They were clearly narcissistic; a glorified self-image underlay them all. He was the magnificent savior of the raped girl, who became his adoring slave, and something of the same sublime condescension carried over into the reality of his relationship with the judge's daughter. Kernberg's (1970) description of the fantasies of patients with narcissistic personality structure, with their fusion of the ideal self-image, ideal object-image and self-image, and the elimination of dependence on external objects applies to this case. In his love 372 VAMIK D. VOLKAN affair, as well as in his fantasies of "bountiful women," it was hard to see where he ended and his lover began. They fused orally, as in kissing or fellatio, or merged through skin contact. Interpretation of these aspects, as well as the oedipal or other psychosexual aspects of his fantasies, did nothing to curtail their use, and I came to understand that they were illusions for the protection of his narcissism and omnipotence, and bridges between me and not-me. Kohut (1971) stressed that direct interpretation of the content of sexual fantasies of such cases, even retrospectively after the establishment of insight from nonsexual material, should be cautiously attempted and remain secondary to demonstration that the sexualization of defects and needs serves to discharge intense narcissistic tensions. Mr. Brown abused his fantasies by excessive use, just as a child will abuse his transitional object. He would begin a "bountiful woman fantasy," finish it, start it again with a slight variation here and there in its unfolding, bring it to completion, and then repeat it with further variations-almost as though he felt the vicious zest of pulling and pinching a tangible object. Then he would cherish it for its comforting qualities when he went to bed. The material for his fantasies came from what lay at hand. External stimuli, such as the sight of an interesting woman, altered by his inner preoccupations, fed his pet fantasies. Then he would be in the curious position of accepting or not accepting the external objects themselves. Use-of the fantasies as though they were intangible representations of a transitional object protected him from the total fusion of self- and object-images, from generalized psychotic manifestations, and from affects, especially those arising from gradual disillusionment. This activity recalls Fintzy's (1971) discussion of the covert transitional object of a borderline child; although Fintzy talked about inanimate objects rather than intangible transitional fantasies, his rationale is like mine. Following Modell's (1963) comment that the object relationships of the borderline patient are arrested at the stage of the transitional object, he asks whether a fixation may not occasion a gradual lifelong transformation of transitional objects. He suggests that the covert existence of an unrecognized transitional FANTASIES IN NARCIS S ISTIC PERS 0NALITY 373 object may have a progressive front and that its purpose is the magical undoing of separation from the mother. "This instantaneous symbolic restitutive process permits (the patient) to traverse the road of daily living in comfort, for the wished-for, and perhaps sporadically experienced, Shangri-la of the first year has been reconstructed" (Fintzy, 1971, p. 111). In analysis my patient's understanding of his use of fantasies as transitional objects came slowly. When, at the end of the third year, he talked about me as though I were a slave subject to his wishes, I let him know-probably as a counter-response on my part-that ours was a two-way contract that could end if the joint work ceased to have meaning. This shocked him; the threat of separation increased his need of fantasies with which to conceal his separation anxiety. Then not only were his fantasies abundant, but he had a variety of visual images as well. For example, when I told him he was making a mockery of free association, instead of feeling anxiety he had a visual image about free association-a string of boxcars which, together, formed a train. Affect was transferred into visual imagery. When I was able to awaken his curiosity a b u t this phenomenon, he explained that in these images as well as in his more elaborate fantasies . h e hypercathected all his perceptual senses, seeing, smelling, tasting, hearing, and touching what appeared in his fantasies. Each fantasy had for him, in accordance with Winnicott's description of the transitional object, "reality of its own." I recognized that he w s highly creative. At times I was a fascinated by his beautiful analogies and the creative perceptual images that represented his feeling states, but I was sometimes bored by his repetitiousness and my awareness of the fact that he was caught up in his images. I reminded him of his recent frustration in the writing of a reporf highly important to his work. I encouraged him to think a b u t putting his creative energies to more adaptive and adult use, indicating that while his fantasies had no doubt had an adaptive value during his childhood in a sterile environment, in his adult life they were buffers against learning the nature of the realities of adulthood. Thus we could begin to interpret the use of fantasies as transitional objects. He asked for a guarantee that the surrender of his pet fantasies would 374 VAMIK D. VOLKAN make him a "perfect man" in real relationships. He felt that the experience of sadness and frustration in real life might take him back to his fantasies, but that the curiosity he felt about life undistorted by illusions would prevail. Perhaps more important than his verbal achowledgment of the fact that he had used fantasies as transitional objects was his working through his addiction to them; this occurred in the third year of analysis when, in transference, his use of me as a transitional object became obvious. Model1 (1963) has applied Winnicott's concept to the relationship the borderline patient has to his human objects. The therapist is perceived as an object outside the self, without full recognition as a separate entity but invested almost entirely with qualities that emanate from the patient himself, This use was on the progressive side of the "watershed," and through its relation to the external world it enriched his object relationships. I felt somewhat fused with him, just as he fused me with external objects. Later I separated myself from other objects for his benefit, as if I put a boundary around myself, as if I taught him that I was an individual in the external world, an object, and that if he could see me thus he could also see other things separately in the external world. He did not distinguish me from other psychiatrists he had known professionally or socially, but I insisted I was unique. He came to learn that I was not the foreign woman with whom he had slept at the start of the analysis and whom he thought of as his slave. During and after this phase he. became involved in frustrating incidents, deliberately, I believe, to discover the nature of life. Further commitment to reality was exercised in the analytic situation when on occasion I interpreted his frequently used phrases of "I guess" or "I think" as remnants of his noncommitment to the real world, his effort to keep his objects transitional. For example, when he said "I will have dinner with my wife at-I guess it's Holiday Lodge," knowing that he was well aware of the name of the restaurant, I interpreted his "I guess" as his effort to keep the dinner date with his wife both real and unreal, Further evidence that his specific fantasies were transitional fantasies lay in his discovery that he knew nothing of what started them to unroll at any given time, even after h e learned to abort them once they had begun. Although he knew FANTASIES IN NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY 375 intellectually that his fantasies were his own creations, he felt no responsibility for them, and their apparently spontaneous appearance at times challenged his inteIIectuaI realization that he must have initiated them himself. It was only in the fifth year of analysis that he finally accepted responsibility for his fantasies. He then understood them as "pillows around me." Summary The case of a patient with a narcissistic personality structure is described, and the course of his four-and-a-half years of analysis given. The nature of the narcissistic transference that underlay the transference neurosis is set forth. Evidence is offered to support the thesis that the patient used specific fantasies as though they were intangible representations of transitional objects. REFERENCES Fintzy, R. T. (1971), Vicissitudes of the transitional object in a borderline child. Infernut. 1. Psycho-Anal., 5-7:107-1 14. Greenacre, P. 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</ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Transitional Fantasiesin the Analysis of a Narcissistic Personality</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Transitional Fantasiesin the Analysis of a Narcissistic Personality</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Vamik D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Volkan</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">M.D.</namePart><affiliation>Department of Psychiatry University of Virginia Medical Center Charlottesville, Virginia 22901</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1973-04</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1973</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0003-0651</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1941-2460</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">APA</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spapa</identifier><part><date>1973</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>21</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>351</start><end>376</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">C0649A57680798AC50FD05572AEAF4074791A5ED</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/M70-R1QQ41Q3-2</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/000306517302100209</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_000306517302100209</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-0J1N7DQT-B">sage</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C0649A57680798AC50FD05572AEAF4074791A5ED/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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