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Bushwhacking the Ethical High Road: Conflict of Interest in the Practice of Law and Real Life

Identifieur interne : 005677 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 005676; suivant : 005678

Bushwhacking the Ethical High Road: Conflict of Interest in the Practice of Law and Real Life

Auteurs : Susan P. Shapiro

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:ADFC0509F72E9078E37412669E6D11A92FCC8973

English descriptors

Abstract

A long‐standing scholarly tradition regards professions, in general, and ethics rules, in particular, as “projects” of market control. It is no surprise, critics charge, that in the latest assault on the monopoly of the American legal profession–waged by multidisciplinary professional service firms–lawyers are hiding behind their ethics rules to protect their turf. In this article, I report on an extensive empirical study of conflict of interest in private legal practice and look comparatively at other fiduciaries, among them, accountants, psychotherapists, physicians, journalists, and academics. I investigate the role of ethics rules that seek to insure fiduciary loyalty in structuring the delivery of services. How does social and institutional change, roiling the fiduciary world, threaten disinterestedness and loyalty and how, if at all, do fiduciaries respond? How is the regulation of conflict of interest accomplished? Where are the conflicts rules most likely to be honored or ignored? What incentive structures encourage compliance? What are the costs and unexpected consequences of compliance? What is foregone? And is it all worth it? In what might come as a surprise to many, I find that the legal profession takes conflict of interest more seriously than many of the rest of us. As the title implies, legal practitioners largely travel alone, bushwhacking through the underbrush snarling the ethical high road. As critical scholarship predicted, lawyers do enjoy a monopoly at the end of the road. But this monopoly is achieved, not by restraint of trade or some other artifice or stratagem of market control, but by lack of competition. It seems that no one else is trudging alongside the lawyers. Lawyers are not necessarily more ethical than the others; they just behave more ethically–at least with respect to conflict of interest. The question is why. And what difference does it make?

Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2003.tb00993.x

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:ADFC0509F72E9078E37412669E6D11A92FCC8973

Le document en format XML

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<mods:affiliation>Senior research fellow, American Bar Foundation, Chicago. This research was supported by the American Bar Foundation and National Science Foundation grant SES‐9223615. Special thanks to Benjamin Casper, LKesha Threats, Bryant Garth, Mary Rose, Carole Silver, Ann Southworth, Jack Heinz, M. Peter Moser, and to the lawyers who generously shared their time and experience with thoughtful reflection, colorful detail, and unusual candor. Some material presented in this article is drawn from my book Tangled Loyalties: Conflict of Interest in Legal Practice, published by the University of Michigan Press (Shapiro 2002).</mods:affiliation>
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<term>Columbia journalism review</term>
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<term>Community organizations</term>
<term>Compensation arrangements</term>
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<term>Consulting business</term>
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<term>Corporate clients</term>
<term>Corporate executives</term>
<term>Corporate families</term>
<term>Court opinions</term>
<term>Credibility</term>
<term>Creditor</term>
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<term>Current clients</term>
<term>Daily newspapers</term>
<term>Database</term>
<term>December</term>
<term>Deep pockets</term>
<term>Defense costs</term>
<term>Different kinds</term>
<term>Different ways</term>
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<term>Disciplinary commission</term>
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<term>Disclosure approach</term>
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<term>Disqualification motion</term>
<term>Disqualification rule</term>
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<term>Downstate</term>
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<term>Economics consulting group</term>
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<term>England journal</term>
<term>Enron</term>
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<term>Ethical issues</term>
<term>Ethical obligations</term>
<term>Ethical rules</term>
<term>Ethical screen</term>
<term>Ethical screens</term>
<term>Ethical walls</term>
<term>Ethics codes</term>
<term>Ethics rules</term>
<term>Exchange commission</term>
<term>Executive committee</term>
<term>Expert testimony</term>
<term>Expert witness</term>
<term>Expert witnesses</term>
<term>Expertise</term>
<term>Faculty appointments</term>
<term>Faculty members</term>
<term>False positives</term>
<term>Family counseling</term>
<term>Family member</term>
<term>Family members</term>
<term>Family system</term>
<term>Family therapy</term>
<term>February</term>
<term>Federal agencies</term>
<term>Federal government</term>
<term>Federal support</term>
<term>Fiduciary</term>
<term>Fiduciary duties</term>
<term>Fiduciary institutions</term>
<term>Fiduciary landscape</term>
<term>Fiduciary obligation</term>
<term>Fiduciary obligations</term>
<term>Fiduciary organizations</term>
<term>Fiduciary principle</term>
<term>Fiduciary relationships</term>
<term>Fiduciary role</term>
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<term>Financial conflicts</term>
<term>Financial incentives</term>
<term>Financial institutions</term>
<term>Financial interest</term>
<term>Financial interests</term>
<term>Financial stake</term>
<term>Financial statements</term>
<term>Financial support</term>
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<term>Firm attorney</term>
<term>Firm clients</term>
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<term>Firm growth</term>
<term>Firm size</term>
<term>First amendment</term>
<term>First place</term>
<term>Former client</term>
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<term>Former firm</term>
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<term>Future stream</term>
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<term>Gatekeeping</term>
<term>General accounting office</term>
<term>Georgetown journal</term>
<term>Government agencies</term>
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<term>Graduate students</term>
<term>Grant application</term>
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<term>Great deal</term>
<term>Grob</term>
<term>Group members</term>
<term>Higher education</term>
<term>Host firm</term>
<term>Hourly billing</term>
<term>Human research protections</term>
<term>Human resources</term>
<term>Human services</term>
<term>Human subject protection</term>
<term>Human subjects</term>
<term>Huth</term>
<term>Illinois lawyers</term>
<term>Illinois rules</term>
<term>Illinois supreme court rules</term>
<term>Impersonal trust</term>
<term>Important clients</term>
<term>Incentive structures</term>
<term>Incompatible interests</term>
<term>Independent auditor</term>
<term>Index cards</term>
<term>Individual client</term>
<term>Individual lawyers</term>
<term>Individual therapy</term>
<term>Industry support</term>
<term>Inherent conflicts</term>
<term>Inquiry</term>
<term>Institutional conflicts</term>
<term>Institutional review boards</term>
<term>Insurance companies</term>
<term>Insurance company</term>
<term>Insurance coverage</term>
<term>Insurance defense</term>
<term>Insurer</term>
<term>Intellectual property</term>
<term>Interests collide</term>
<term>Investigator</term>
<term>Investor</term>
<term>Irbs</term>
<term>Issue conflicts</term>
<term>Ivory tower</term>
<term>Jaggar</term>
<term>January</term>
<term>Journalist</term>
<term>Journalistic</term>
<term>Judicial system</term>
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<term>June</term>
<term>Kritzer</term>
<term>Large city</term>
<term>Large firms</term>
<term>Large numbers</term>
<term>Larger firms</term>
<term>Largest firms</term>
<term>Last decade</term>
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<term>Laterally</term>
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<term>Lawyer</term>
<term>Lawyer mobility</term>
<term>Legal action</term>
<term>Legal business</term>
<term>Legal counsel</term>
<term>Legal ethics</term>
<term>Legal fees</term>
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<term>Legal practitioners</term>
<term>Legal profession</term>
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<term>Legal system</term>
<term>Legal talent</term>
<term>Legal work</term>
<term>Liability</term>
<term>Liability assurance society</term>
<term>Major advertisers</term>
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<term>Malpractice claim</term>
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<term>Malpractice insurers</term>
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<term>Many firms</term>
<term>Many lawyers</term>
<term>Many others</term>
<term>Many respondents</term>
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<term>Mass torts</term>
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<term>Media outlets</term>
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<term>Median size</term>
<term>Medical journals</term>
<term>Memoranda</term>
<term>Mobile lawyer</term>
<term>Mobile lawyers</term>
<term>Model rule</term>
<term>Model rules</term>
<term>More lawyers</term>
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<term>Multiple roles</term>
<term>National institutes</term>
<term>National news council</term>
<term>National science foundation</term>
<term>National survey</term>
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<term>News media</term>
<term>News organizations</term>
<term>News sources</term>
<term>News stories</term>
<term>Nonaudit</term>
<term>Nonaudit services</term>
<term>November</term>
<term>Objectivity</term>
<term>October</term>
<term>Ongoing</term>
<term>Ongoing case</term>
<term>Ongoing clients</term>
<term>Ongoing relationships</term>
<term>Opportunity costs</term>
<term>Other clients</term>
<term>Other companies</term>
<term>Other conflicts</term>
<term>Other developments</term>
<term>Other fiduciaries</term>
<term>Other firms</term>
<term>Other hand</term>
<term>Other institutions</term>
<term>Other lawyers</term>
<term>Other parties</term>
<term>Other professions</term>
<term>Other respondents</term>
<term>Other services</term>
<term>Other side</term>
<term>Other sources</term>
<term>Other states</term>
<term>Others note</term>
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<term>Ownership interest</term>
<term>Oxford university press</term>
<term>Paper records</term>
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<term>Particular client</term>
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<term>Peer reviewers</term>
<term>Personal relationships</term>
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<term>Pilot interviews</term>
<term>Piper</term>
<term>Placebo</term>
<term>Positional</term>
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<term>Potential conflict</term>
<term>Potential conflicts</term>
<term>Powerful clients</term>
<term>Powerful incentive</term>
<term>Practice groups</term>
<term>Practice section</term>
<term>Practitioner</term>
<term>Private insurance companies</term>
<term>Private organizations</term>
<term>Private practice</term>
<term>Private practitioners</term>
<term>Private sector</term>
<term>Professional conduct</term>
<term>Professional ethics</term>
<term>Professional liability insurers</term>
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<term>Professional responsibility committees</term>
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<term>Prophylactic device</term>
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<term>Proprietary information</term>
<term>Prospective business</term>
<term>Prospective client</term>
<term>Prospective clients</term>
<term>Prospective engagement</term>
<term>Prospective matter</term>
<term>Prospective matters</term>
<term>Psychotherapist</term>
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<term>Public accountants</term>
<term>Public colleges</term>
<term>Public companies</term>
<term>Public interest</term>
<term>Public officials</term>
<term>Public oversight board</term>
<term>Public trust</term>
<term>Random sample</term>
<term>Rare occasions</term>
<term>Recent years</term>
<term>Referral fees</term>
<term>Regulator</term>
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<term>Regulatory attention</term>
<term>Regulatory process</term>
<term>Reputational</term>
<term>Research design</term>
<term>Research findings</term>
<term>Research hats</term>
<term>Research relationships</term>
<term>Research sponsors</term>
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<term>Research universities</term>
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<term>Restaurant reviewers</term>
<term>Reviewer</term>
<term>Risk aversion</term>
<term>Risky practices</term>
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<term>Same time</term>
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<term>Scientific research</term>
<term>Screening</term>
<term>Screening devices</term>
<term>Securities markets</term>
<term>Senior partners</term>
<term>Service firms</term>
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<term>Shapiro</term>
<term>Shimm</term>
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<term>Smaller firms</term>
<term>Smaller ones</term>
<term>Social change</term>
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<term>Social inquiry</term>
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<term>Specialized expertise</term>
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<term>Spouse</term>
<term>States securities</term>
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<term>Stock options</term>
<term>Substantial number</term>
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<term>Tangled loyalties</term>
<term>Tenured</term>
<term>Third parties</term>
<term>Third party</term>
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<term>Treatment decisions</term>
<term>Triangular relationships</term>
<term>Twentieth century fund</term>
<term>Typhoid marys</term>
<term>University professors</term>
<term>University research</term>
<term>University technology managers</term>
<term>Waiver</term>
<term>Weimar republic</term>
<term>Welfel</term>
<term>York state</term>
<term>York times</term>
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<term>Academic conflicts</term>
<term>Academic freedom</term>
<term>Academic institutions</term>
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<term>Academic research</term>
<term>Academic researchers</term>
<term>Academic world</term>
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<term>Accounting</term>
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<term>Accounting firms</term>
<term>Accounting profession</term>
<term>Accounting rules</term>
<term>Accounting scandals</term>
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<term>Advance consents</term>
<term>Advance waivers</term>
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<term>Angeles times</term>
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<term>Audit firms</term>
<term>Audit services</term>
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<term>Best interests</term>
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<term>Board memberships</term>
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<term>Client lists</term>
<term>Client loyalty</term>
<term>Client relations</term>
<term>Clinical investigators</term>
<term>Clinical research</term>
<term>Clinical trial</term>
<term>Clinical trials</term>
<term>Clout</term>
<term>Codefendant</term>
<term>Colleague</term>
<term>Collide</term>
<term>Columbia journalism review</term>
<term>Commercial interests</term>
<term>Community organizations</term>
<term>Compensation arrangements</term>
<term>Competitor</term>
<term>Confidential information</term>
<term>Confidentiality</term>
<term>Confidentiality rules</term>
<term>Conflict</term>
<term>Conflicts committee</term>
<term>Conflicts committees</term>
<term>Conflicts database</term>
<term>Conflicts rules</term>
<term>Conflicts screening</term>
<term>Conflicts waivers</term>
<term>Consulting business</term>
<term>Consulting fees</term>
<term>Consulting practices</term>
<term>Consulting services</term>
<term>Contingency fees</term>
<term>Control conflicts</term>
<term>Control group</term>
<term>Coparties</term>
<term>Corporate clients</term>
<term>Corporate executives</term>
<term>Corporate families</term>
<term>Court opinions</term>
<term>Credibility</term>
<term>Creditor</term>
<term>Cure conflicts</term>
<term>Current clients</term>
<term>Daily newspapers</term>
<term>Database</term>
<term>December</term>
<term>Deep pockets</term>
<term>Defense costs</term>
<term>Different kinds</term>
<term>Different ways</term>
<term>Disciplinary</term>
<term>Disciplinary commission</term>
<term>Disclosure</term>
<term>Disclosure approach</term>
<term>Disinterestedness</term>
<term>Disqualification</term>
<term>Disqualification motion</term>
<term>Disqualification rule</term>
<term>Diverse sources</term>
<term>Downstate</term>
<term>Dual relationships</term>
<term>Economics consulting group</term>
<term>Electronic databases</term>
<term>Engagement letters</term>
<term>England journal</term>
<term>Enron</term>
<term>Entire firm</term>
<term>Equity interest</term>
<term>Estate planning</term>
<term>Ethical issues</term>
<term>Ethical obligations</term>
<term>Ethical rules</term>
<term>Ethical screen</term>
<term>Ethical screens</term>
<term>Ethical walls</term>
<term>Ethics codes</term>
<term>Ethics rules</term>
<term>Exchange commission</term>
<term>Executive committee</term>
<term>Expert testimony</term>
<term>Expert witness</term>
<term>Expert witnesses</term>
<term>Expertise</term>
<term>Faculty appointments</term>
<term>Faculty members</term>
<term>False positives</term>
<term>Family counseling</term>
<term>Family member</term>
<term>Family members</term>
<term>Family system</term>
<term>Family therapy</term>
<term>February</term>
<term>Federal agencies</term>
<term>Federal government</term>
<term>Federal support</term>
<term>Fiduciary</term>
<term>Fiduciary duties</term>
<term>Fiduciary institutions</term>
<term>Fiduciary landscape</term>
<term>Fiduciary obligation</term>
<term>Fiduciary obligations</term>
<term>Fiduciary organizations</term>
<term>Fiduciary principle</term>
<term>Fiduciary relationships</term>
<term>Fiduciary role</term>
<term>Fiduciary services</term>
<term>Financial conflicts</term>
<term>Financial incentives</term>
<term>Financial institutions</term>
<term>Financial interest</term>
<term>Financial interests</term>
<term>Financial stake</term>
<term>Financial statements</term>
<term>Financial support</term>
<term>Financial ties</term>
<term>Firm</term>
<term>Firm attorney</term>
<term>Firm clients</term>
<term>Firm conflicts</term>
<term>Firm growth</term>
<term>Firm size</term>
<term>First amendment</term>
<term>First place</term>
<term>Former client</term>
<term>Former clients</term>
<term>Former firm</term>
<term>Fourth estate</term>
<term>Frankel</term>
<term>Free speech</term>
<term>Funding</term>
<term>Future business</term>
<term>Future conflicts</term>
<term>Future stream</term>
<term>Gatekeeper</term>
<term>Gatekeeping</term>
<term>General accounting office</term>
<term>Georgetown journal</term>
<term>Government agencies</term>
<term>Graduate student</term>
<term>Graduate students</term>
<term>Grant application</term>
<term>Gravitate</term>
<term>Great deal</term>
<term>Grob</term>
<term>Group members</term>
<term>Higher education</term>
<term>Host firm</term>
<term>Hourly billing</term>
<term>Human research protections</term>
<term>Human resources</term>
<term>Human services</term>
<term>Human subject protection</term>
<term>Human subjects</term>
<term>Huth</term>
<term>Illinois lawyers</term>
<term>Illinois rules</term>
<term>Illinois supreme court rules</term>
<term>Impersonal trust</term>
<term>Important clients</term>
<term>Incentive structures</term>
<term>Incompatible interests</term>
<term>Independent auditor</term>
<term>Index cards</term>
<term>Individual client</term>
<term>Individual lawyers</term>
<term>Individual therapy</term>
<term>Industry support</term>
<term>Inherent conflicts</term>
<term>Inquiry</term>
<term>Institutional conflicts</term>
<term>Institutional review boards</term>
<term>Insurance companies</term>
<term>Insurance company</term>
<term>Insurance coverage</term>
<term>Insurance defense</term>
<term>Insurer</term>
<term>Intellectual property</term>
<term>Interests collide</term>
<term>Investigator</term>
<term>Investor</term>
<term>Irbs</term>
<term>Issue conflicts</term>
<term>Ivory tower</term>
<term>Jaggar</term>
<term>January</term>
<term>Journalist</term>
<term>Journalistic</term>
<term>Judicial system</term>
<term>July</term>
<term>June</term>
<term>Kritzer</term>
<term>Large city</term>
<term>Large firms</term>
<term>Large numbers</term>
<term>Larger firms</term>
<term>Largest firms</term>
<term>Last decade</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Lawsuit</term>
<term>Lawyer</term>
<term>Lawyer mobility</term>
<term>Legal action</term>
<term>Legal business</term>
<term>Legal counsel</term>
<term>Legal ethics</term>
<term>Legal fees</term>
<term>Legal practice</term>
<term>Legal practitioners</term>
<term>Legal profession</term>
<term>Legal representation</term>
<term>Legal rules</term>
<term>Legal services</term>
<term>Legal system</term>
<term>Legal talent</term>
<term>Legal work</term>
<term>Liability</term>
<term>Liability assurance society</term>
<term>Major advertisers</term>
<term>Malpractice</term>
<term>Malpractice claim</term>
<term>Malpractice insurance</term>
<term>Malpractice insurers</term>
<term>Many cases</term>
<term>Many firms</term>
<term>Many lawyers</term>
<term>Many others</term>
<term>Many respondents</term>
<term>Market control</term>
<term>Markie</term>
<term>Mass media</term>
<term>Mass torts</term>
<term>Matter forms</term>
<term>Media outlets</term>
<term>Median</term>
<term>Median size</term>
<term>Medical journals</term>
<term>Memoranda</term>
<term>Mobile lawyer</term>
<term>Mobile lawyers</term>
<term>Model rule</term>
<term>Model rules</term>
<term>More lawyers</term>
<term>Much time</term>
<term>Multidisciplinary</term>
<term>Multidisciplinary practice</term>
<term>Multidisciplinary practices</term>
<term>Multiple clients</term>
<term>Multiple hats</term>
<term>Multiple roles</term>
<term>National institutes</term>
<term>National news council</term>
<term>National science foundation</term>
<term>National survey</term>
<term>News coverage</term>
<term>News media</term>
<term>News organizations</term>
<term>News sources</term>
<term>News stories</term>
<term>Nonaudit</term>
<term>Nonaudit services</term>
<term>November</term>
<term>Objectivity</term>
<term>October</term>
<term>Ongoing</term>
<term>Ongoing case</term>
<term>Ongoing clients</term>
<term>Ongoing relationships</term>
<term>Opportunity costs</term>
<term>Other clients</term>
<term>Other companies</term>
<term>Other conflicts</term>
<term>Other developments</term>
<term>Other fiduciaries</term>
<term>Other firms</term>
<term>Other hand</term>
<term>Other institutions</term>
<term>Other lawyers</term>
<term>Other parties</term>
<term>Other professions</term>
<term>Other respondents</term>
<term>Other services</term>
<term>Other side</term>
<term>Other sources</term>
<term>Other states</term>
<term>Others note</term>
<term>Oversight</term>
<term>Ownership interest</term>
<term>Oxford university press</term>
<term>Paper records</term>
<term>Paralegal</term>
<term>Particular client</term>
<term>Peer review</term>
<term>Peer reviewers</term>
<term>Personal relationships</term>
<term>Pharmaceutical</term>
<term>Pharmaceutical companies</term>
<term>Pilot interviews</term>
<term>Piper</term>
<term>Placebo</term>
<term>Positional</term>
<term>Positional conflicts</term>
<term>Potential conflict</term>
<term>Potential conflicts</term>
<term>Powerful clients</term>
<term>Powerful incentive</term>
<term>Practice groups</term>
<term>Practice section</term>
<term>Practitioner</term>
<term>Private insurance companies</term>
<term>Private organizations</term>
<term>Private practice</term>
<term>Private practitioners</term>
<term>Private sector</term>
<term>Professional conduct</term>
<term>Professional ethics</term>
<term>Professional liability insurers</term>
<term>Professional responsibility</term>
<term>Professional responsibility committees</term>
<term>Prophylactic</term>
<term>Prophylactic device</term>
<term>Proprietary</term>
<term>Proprietary information</term>
<term>Prospective business</term>
<term>Prospective client</term>
<term>Prospective clients</term>
<term>Prospective engagement</term>
<term>Prospective matter</term>
<term>Prospective matters</term>
<term>Psychotherapist</term>
<term>Public accountant</term>
<term>Public accountants</term>
<term>Public colleges</term>
<term>Public companies</term>
<term>Public interest</term>
<term>Public officials</term>
<term>Public oversight board</term>
<term>Public trust</term>
<term>Random sample</term>
<term>Rare occasions</term>
<term>Recent years</term>
<term>Referral fees</term>
<term>Regulator</term>
<term>Regulatory</term>
<term>Regulatory attention</term>
<term>Regulatory process</term>
<term>Reputational</term>
<term>Research design</term>
<term>Research findings</term>
<term>Research hats</term>
<term>Research relationships</term>
<term>Research sponsors</term>
<term>Research subjects</term>
<term>Research universities</term>
<term>Researcher</term>
<term>Respondent</term>
<term>Restaurant reviewers</term>
<term>Reviewer</term>
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<term>Risky practices</term>
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<term>Same time</term>
<term>Scenario</term>
<term>Scholarly literature</term>
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<term>Scientific research</term>
<term>Screening</term>
<term>Screening devices</term>
<term>Securities markets</term>
<term>Senior partners</term>
<term>Service firms</term>
<term>Several respondents</term>
<term>Shapiro</term>
<term>Shimm</term>
<term>Side effects</term>
<term>Significant conflicts</term>
<term>Significant role</term>
<term>Single lawyer</term>
<term>Small number</term>
<term>Small town</term>
<term>Small towns</term>
<term>Smaller firms</term>
<term>Smaller ones</term>
<term>Social change</term>
<term>Social control</term>
<term>Social inquiry</term>
<term>Social networks</term>
<term>Social organization</term>
<term>Social ties</term>
<term>Software</term>
<term>Spece</term>
<term>Specialized expertise</term>
<term>Sports teams</term>
<term>Spouse</term>
<term>States securities</term>
<term>Steady stream</term>
<term>Stock options</term>
<term>Substantial number</term>
<term>Synergy</term>
<term>Tangled loyalties</term>
<term>Tenured</term>
<term>Third parties</term>
<term>Third party</term>
<term>Tort</term>
<term>Treatment decisions</term>
<term>Triangular relationships</term>
<term>Twentieth century fund</term>
<term>Typhoid marys</term>
<term>University professors</term>
<term>University research</term>
<term>University technology managers</term>
<term>Waiver</term>
<term>Weimar republic</term>
<term>Welfel</term>
<term>York state</term>
<term>York times</term>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A long‐standing scholarly tradition regards professions, in general, and ethics rules, in particular, as “projects” of market control. It is no surprise, critics charge, that in the latest assault on the monopoly of the American legal profession–waged by multidisciplinary professional service firms–lawyers are hiding behind their ethics rules to protect their turf. In this article, I report on an extensive empirical study of conflict of interest in private legal practice and look comparatively at other fiduciaries, among them, accountants, psychotherapists, physicians, journalists, and academics. I investigate the role of ethics rules that seek to insure fiduciary loyalty in structuring the delivery of services. How does social and institutional change, roiling the fiduciary world, threaten disinterestedness and loyalty and how, if at all, do fiduciaries respond? How is the regulation of conflict of interest accomplished? Where are the conflicts rules most likely to be honored or ignored? What incentive structures encourage compliance? What are the costs and unexpected consequences of compliance? What is foregone? And is it all worth it? In what might come as a surprise to many, I find that the legal profession takes conflict of interest more seriously than many of the rest of us. As the title implies, legal practitioners largely travel alone, bushwhacking through the underbrush snarling the ethical high road. As critical scholarship predicted, lawyers do enjoy a monopoly at the end of the road. But this monopoly is achieved, not by restraint of trade or some other artifice or stratagem of market control, but by lack of competition. It seems that no one else is trudging alongside the lawyers. Lawyers are not necessarily more ethical than the others; they just behave more ethically–at least with respect to conflict of interest. The question is why. And what difference does it make?</div>
</front>
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<json:string>Senior research fellow, American Bar Foundation, Chicago. This research was supported by the American Bar Foundation and National Science Foundation grant SES‐9223615. Special thanks to Benjamin Casper, LKesha Threats, Bryant Garth, Mary Rose, Carole Silver, Ann Southworth, Jack Heinz, M. Peter Moser, and to the lawyers who generously shared their time and experience with thoughtful reflection, colorful detail, and unusual candor. Some material presented in this article is drawn from my book Tangled Loyalties: Conflict of Interest in Legal Practice, published by the University of Michigan Press (Shapiro 2002).</json:string>
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<abstract>A long‐standing scholarly tradition regards professions, in general, and ethics rules, in particular, as “projects” of market control. It is no surprise, critics charge, that in the latest assault on the monopoly of the American legal profession–waged by multidisciplinary professional service firms–lawyers are hiding behind their ethics rules to protect their turf. In this article, I report on an extensive empirical study of conflict of interest in private legal practice and look comparatively at other fiduciaries, among them, accountants, psychotherapists, physicians, journalists, and academics. I investigate the role of ethics rules that seek to insure fiduciary loyalty in structuring the delivery of services. How does social and institutional change, roiling the fiduciary world, threaten disinterestedness and loyalty and how, if at all, do fiduciaries respond? How is the regulation of conflict of interest accomplished? Where are the conflicts rules most likely to be honored or ignored? What incentive structures encourage compliance? What are the costs and unexpected consequences of compliance? What is foregone? And is it all worth it? In what might come as a surprise to many, I find that the legal profession takes conflict of interest more seriously than many of the rest of us. As the title implies, legal practitioners largely travel alone, bushwhacking through the underbrush snarling the ethical high road. As critical scholarship predicted, lawyers do enjoy a monopoly at the end of the road. But this monopoly is achieved, not by restraint of trade or some other artifice or stratagem of market control, but by lack of competition. It seems that no one else is trudging alongside the lawyers. Lawyers are not necessarily more ethical than the others; they just behave more ethically–at least with respect to conflict of interest. The question is why. And what difference does it make?</abstract>
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<p>In what might come as a surprise to many, I find that the legal profession takes conflict of interest more seriously than many of the rest of us. As the title implies, legal practitioners largely travel alone, bushwhacking through the underbrush snarling the ethical high road. As critical scholarship predicted, lawyers do enjoy a monopoly at the end of the road. But this monopoly is achieved, not by restraint of trade or some other artifice or stratagem of market control, but by lack of competition. It seems that no one else is trudging alongside the lawyers. Lawyers are not necessarily more ethical than the others; they just behave more ethically–at least with respect to conflict of interest. The question is why. And what difference does it make?</p>
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