Serveur d'exploration sur le patient édenté

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships

Identifieur interne : 005652 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 005651; suivant : 005653

Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships

Auteurs : Michael S. Y. Lee

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF

English descriptors

Abstract

Abstract: The affinities of three problematic groups of elongate, burrowing reptiles (amphisbaenians, dibamids and snakes) are reassessed through a phylogenetic analysis of all the major groups of squamates, including the important fossil taxaSineoamphisbaena, mosasauroids andPachyrhachis; 230 phylogenetically informative osteological characters were evaluated in 22 taxa. Snakes (includingPachyrhachis) are anguimorphs, being related firstly to large marine mosasauroids, and secondly to monitor lizards (varanids). Scincids and cordylids are not related to lacertiforms as previously thought, but to anguimorphs. Amphisbaenians and dibamids are closely related, andSineoamphisbaenais the sister group to this clade. The amphisbaenian–dibamid–Sineoamphisbaenaclade, in turn, is related to gekkotans and xantusiids. When the fossil taxa are ignored, snakes, amphisbaenians and dibamids form an apparently well-corroborated clade nested within anguimorphs. However, nearly all of the characters supporting this arrangement are correlated with head-first burrowing (miniaturization, cranial consolidation, body elongation, limb reduction), and invariably co-occur in other tetrapods with similar habits. These characters are potentially very misleading because of their sheer number and because they largely represent reductions or losses. It takes very drastic downweighting of these linked characters to alter tree topology: if fossils are excluded from the analysis, a (probably spurious) clade consisting of elongate, fossorial taxa almost always results. These results underscore the importance of including all relevant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Inferring squamate phylogeny depends critically on the inclusion of certain (fossil) taxa with combinations of character states that demonstrate convergent evolution of the elongate, fossorial ecomorph in amphisbaenians and dibamids, and in snakes. In the all-taxon analysis, the position of snakes within anguimorphs is more strongly-corroborated than the association of amphisbaenians and dibamids with gekkotans. When the critical fossil taxa are deleted, snakes «attract» the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade on the basis of a suite of correlated characters. While snakes remain anchored in anguimorphs, the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade moves away from gekkotans to join them. Regardless of the varying positions of the three elongate burrowing taxa, the interrelationships between the remaining limbed squamates («lizards») are constant; thus, the heterodox affinities of scincids, cordylids, and xantusiids identified in this analysis appear to be robust. Finally, the position ofPachyrhachisas a basal snake rather than (as recently suggested) a derived snake is supported on both phylogenetic and evolutionary grounds.

Url:
DOI: 10.1006/bijl.1998.0256

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, Michael S Y" sort="Lee, Michael S Y" uniqKey="Lee M" first="Michael S. Y." last="Lee">Michael S. Y. Lee</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, VIC, AustraliaDepartment of Zoology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF</idno>
<date when="1998" year="1998">1998</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1006/bijl.1998.0256</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF/fulltext/pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">005652</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">005652</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, Michael S Y" sort="Lee, Michael S Y" uniqKey="Lee M" first="Michael S. Y." last="Lee">Michael S. Y. Lee</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, VIC, AustraliaDepartment of Zoology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series>
<title level="j">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">YBIJL</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0024-4066</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<date type="published" when="1998">1998</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">65</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="369">369</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="453">453</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0024-4066</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt>
<idno type="ISSN">0024-4066</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acrodont</term>
<term>Acrodonta</term>
<term>Adaptive</term>
<term>Adductor</term>
<term>Agamid</term>
<term>Agamidae</term>
<term>Alar</term>
<term>Alar process</term>
<term>Alethinophidians</term>
<term>Amnh</term>
<term>Amphisbaenia</term>
<term>Amphisbaenian</term>
<term>Amphisbaenians</term>
<term>Ange</term>
<term>Anges</term>
<term>Anguidae</term>
<term>Anguids</term>
<term>Anguimorpha</term>
<term>Anguimorphs</term>
<term>Annulata</term>
<term>Anterior process</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anterolateral</term>
<term>Anterolateral process</term>
<term>Anteromedial</term>
<term>Anteroventral</term>
<term>Anteroventrally</term>
<term>Articular</term>
<term>Articulates</term>
<term>Autarchoglossa</term>
<term>Autotomy</term>
<term>Barbadillo</term>
<term>Basal</term>
<term>Basal forms</term>
<term>Basisphenoid</term>
<term>Bellairs</term>
<term>Benton</term>
<term>Bmnh</term>
<term>Bogert</term>
<term>Bootstrapping</term>
<term>Braincase</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Centrum</term>
<term>Cervical</term>
<term>Chamaeleo</term>
<term>Chamaeleon</term>
<term>Chamaeleonidae</term>
<term>Character correlation</term>
<term>Character states</term>
<term>Clade</term>
<term>Cladistic</term>
<term>Cladistic analysis</term>
<term>Cladistics</term>
<term>Cladogram</term>
<term>Clavicle</term>
<term>Clear morphocline</term>
<term>Comm</term>
<term>Condyle</term>
<term>Convergence</term>
<term>Convergent</term>
<term>Convergent evolution</term>
<term>Coracoid</term>
<term>Cordylidae</term>
<term>Cordylids</term>
<term>Coronoid</term>
<term>Coronoid process</term>
<term>Correlated</term>
<term>Correlated characters</term>
<term>Cranial</term>
<term>Cultriform</term>
<term>Cundall</term>
<term>Data matrix</term>
<term>Dentary</term>
<term>Dibamid</term>
<term>Dibamidae</term>
<term>Dibamids</term>
<term>Dibamus</term>
<term>Dinilysia</term>
<term>Diploglossa</term>
<term>Distinct characters</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsal surface</term>
<term>Dorsal view</term>
<term>Dorsally</term>
<term>Downgrowths</term>
<term>Ecomorph</term>
<term>Ectopterygoid</term>
<term>Emargination</term>
<term>Estes</term>
<term>Etheridge</term>
<term>Evans barbadillo</term>
<term>Exhibit state</term>
<term>Femur</term>
<term>Fenestra</term>
<term>Foramen</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil taxa</term>
<term>Fossorial</term>
<term>Fossorial ecomorph</term>
<term>Fraser</term>
<term>Frontoparietal</term>
<term>Frontoparietal suture</term>
<term>Frost etheridge</term>
<term>Gans</term>
<term>Gauthier</term>
<term>Gekkonidae</term>
<term>Gekkonids</term>
<term>Gekkota</term>
<term>Gekkotans</term>
<term>Gymnophthalmidae</term>
<term>Gymnophthalmids</term>
<term>Hallermann</term>
<term>Heloderma</term>
<term>Hindlimb</term>
<term>Homology</term>
<term>Iguania</term>
<term>Iguanid</term>
<term>Iguanidae</term>
<term>Ingroup</term>
<term>Intercentra</term>
<term>Interclavicle</term>
<term>Jugal</term>
<term>Kluge</term>
<term>Kuehneosauridae</term>
<term>Kuehneosaurs</term>
<term>Lacertid</term>
<term>Lacertidae</term>
<term>Lacertiformes</term>
<term>Lacertiforms</term>
<term>Lacrimal</term>
<term>Lanthanotus</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral processes</term>
<term>Lateral surface</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Limbed</term>
<term>Limbless</term>
<term>Linnean</term>
<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Lizard</term>
<term>Macey</term>
<term>Mandible</term>
<term>Marmoretta</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Maxillary</term>
<term>Mcdowell</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medial surface</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Median premaxillary tooth</term>
<term>Metataxa</term>
<term>Midline</term>
<term>Modern snakes</term>
<term>Monophyletic</term>
<term>Monophyly</term>
<term>Morphocline</term>
<term>Mosasauroidea</term>
<term>Mosasauroids</term>
<term>Multistate</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Next character</term>
<term>Ontogeny</term>
<term>Opisthotic</term>
<term>Orbital margin</term>
<term>Orbitosphenoid</term>
<term>Ossicle</term>
<term>Osteoderms</term>
<term>Osteological</term>
<term>Osteological characters</term>
<term>Other characters</term>
<term>Other squamates</term>
<term>Outgroups</term>
<term>Pachyrhachis</term>
<term>Palatal</term>
<term>Palatine</term>
<term>Parabasisphenoid</term>
<term>Paraphyletic</term>
<term>Parietal</term>
<term>Parietal downgrowths</term>
<term>Parietal table</term>
<term>Paup</term>
<term>Pers</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogenetic analysis</term>
<term>Phylogenetic relationships</term>
<term>Phylogenetically</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Pineal</term>
<term>Pineal foramen</term>
<term>Polymorphic</term>
<term>Polymorphism</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Posterodorsal</term>
<term>Postfrontal</term>
<term>Postorbital</term>
<term>Prearticular</term>
<term>Prefrontal</term>
<term>Pregill</term>
<term>Premaxilla</term>
<term>Premaxillary</term>
<term>Presacral</term>
<term>Presch</term>
<term>Previous analyses</term>
<term>Previous character</term>
<term>Primitive state</term>
<term>Primitively</term>
<term>Prootic</term>
<term>Pseudotuberculum</term>
<term>Pterygoid</term>
<term>Pterygoid teeth</term>
<term>Pubis</term>
<term>Putative</term>
<term>Pygopodidae</term>
<term>Pygopodids</term>
<term>Pythonomorpha</term>
<term>Quadrate</term>
<term>Queiroz</term>
<term>Ramus</term>
<term>Recoding</term>
<term>Reptile</term>
<term>Reptilia</term>
<term>Resorption</term>
<term>Retroarticular</term>
<term>Retroarticular process</term>
<term>Reynoso</term>
<term>Rhynchocephalia</term>
<term>Rhynchocephalians</term>
<term>Rib</term>
<term>Rieppel</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Rugosities</term>
<term>Sauria</term>
<term>Scanlon</term>
<term>Scapulocoracoid</term>
<term>Schwenk</term>
<term>Scincid</term>
<term>Scincidae</term>
<term>Scleral</term>
<term>Scleral ossicles</term>
<term>Scleroglossa</term>
<term>Scolecophidians</term>
<term>Septomaxilla</term>
<term>Serpentes</term>
<term>Sineoamphisbaena</term>
<term>Sister group</term>
<term>Skull</term>
<term>Splenial</term>
<term>Squamata</term>
<term>Squamate</term>
<term>Squamate relationships</term>
<term>Squamate taxonomy</term>
<term>Squamates</term>
<term>Squamosal</term>
<term>Stapes</term>
<term>Subdental</term>
<term>Subdivided</term>
<term>Suborbital</term>
<term>Such characters</term>
<term>Support index</term>
<term>Supraoccipital</term>
<term>Supratemporal</term>
<term>Surangular</term>
<term>Suspensorial</term>
<term>Sutural</term>
<term>Suture</term>
<term>Sutured</term>
<term>Symphysial</term>
<term>Synapomorphies</term>
<term>Synapomorphy</term>
<term>Systematics</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Taxon names</term>
<term>Taxonomy</term>
<term>Teiid</term>
<term>Teiidae</term>
<term>Terminal taxa</term>
<term>Terminal taxon</term>
<term>Topology</term>
<term>Tubera</term>
<term>Tubercle</term>
<term>Tympanic</term>
<term>Tympanic crest</term>
<term>Unordered</term>
<term>Usnm</term>
<term>Varanidae</term>
<term>Varanoidea</term>
<term>Varanoids</term>
<term>Varanus</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventral surface</term>
<term>Ventral view</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Vomer</term>
<term>Weighting</term>
<term>Xantusiidae</term>
<term>Xantusiids</term>
<term>Xenosauridae</term>
<term>Xenosaurids</term>
<term>Zaher</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
<term>Zoology</term>
<term>Zygosphenes</term>
<term>phylogenetics – cladistics – fossils – Amphisbaenia – Dibamidae – Serpentes – snakes.</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acrodont</term>
<term>Acrodonta</term>
<term>Adaptive</term>
<term>Adductor</term>
<term>Agamid</term>
<term>Agamidae</term>
<term>Alar</term>
<term>Alar process</term>
<term>Alethinophidians</term>
<term>Amnh</term>
<term>Amphisbaenia</term>
<term>Amphisbaenian</term>
<term>Amphisbaenians</term>
<term>Ange</term>
<term>Anges</term>
<term>Anguidae</term>
<term>Anguids</term>
<term>Anguimorpha</term>
<term>Anguimorphs</term>
<term>Annulata</term>
<term>Anterior process</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anterolateral</term>
<term>Anterolateral process</term>
<term>Anteromedial</term>
<term>Anteroventral</term>
<term>Anteroventrally</term>
<term>Articular</term>
<term>Articulates</term>
<term>Autarchoglossa</term>
<term>Autotomy</term>
<term>Barbadillo</term>
<term>Basal</term>
<term>Basal forms</term>
<term>Basisphenoid</term>
<term>Bellairs</term>
<term>Benton</term>
<term>Bmnh</term>
<term>Bogert</term>
<term>Bootstrapping</term>
<term>Braincase</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Centrum</term>
<term>Cervical</term>
<term>Chamaeleo</term>
<term>Chamaeleon</term>
<term>Chamaeleonidae</term>
<term>Character correlation</term>
<term>Character states</term>
<term>Clade</term>
<term>Cladistic</term>
<term>Cladistic analysis</term>
<term>Cladistics</term>
<term>Cladogram</term>
<term>Clavicle</term>
<term>Clear morphocline</term>
<term>Comm</term>
<term>Condyle</term>
<term>Convergence</term>
<term>Convergent</term>
<term>Convergent evolution</term>
<term>Coracoid</term>
<term>Cordylidae</term>
<term>Cordylids</term>
<term>Coronoid</term>
<term>Coronoid process</term>
<term>Correlated</term>
<term>Correlated characters</term>
<term>Cranial</term>
<term>Cultriform</term>
<term>Cundall</term>
<term>Data matrix</term>
<term>Dentary</term>
<term>Dibamid</term>
<term>Dibamidae</term>
<term>Dibamids</term>
<term>Dibamus</term>
<term>Dinilysia</term>
<term>Diploglossa</term>
<term>Distinct characters</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsal surface</term>
<term>Dorsal view</term>
<term>Dorsally</term>
<term>Downgrowths</term>
<term>Ecomorph</term>
<term>Ectopterygoid</term>
<term>Emargination</term>
<term>Estes</term>
<term>Etheridge</term>
<term>Evans barbadillo</term>
<term>Exhibit state</term>
<term>Femur</term>
<term>Fenestra</term>
<term>Foramen</term>
<term>Fossa</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Fossil taxa</term>
<term>Fossorial</term>
<term>Fossorial ecomorph</term>
<term>Fraser</term>
<term>Frontoparietal</term>
<term>Frontoparietal suture</term>
<term>Frost etheridge</term>
<term>Gans</term>
<term>Gauthier</term>
<term>Gekkonidae</term>
<term>Gekkonids</term>
<term>Gekkota</term>
<term>Gekkotans</term>
<term>Gymnophthalmidae</term>
<term>Gymnophthalmids</term>
<term>Hallermann</term>
<term>Heloderma</term>
<term>Hindlimb</term>
<term>Homology</term>
<term>Iguania</term>
<term>Iguanid</term>
<term>Iguanidae</term>
<term>Ingroup</term>
<term>Intercentra</term>
<term>Interclavicle</term>
<term>Jugal</term>
<term>Kluge</term>
<term>Kuehneosauridae</term>
<term>Kuehneosaurs</term>
<term>Lacertid</term>
<term>Lacertidae</term>
<term>Lacertiformes</term>
<term>Lacertiforms</term>
<term>Lacrimal</term>
<term>Lanthanotus</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral processes</term>
<term>Lateral surface</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Limbed</term>
<term>Limbless</term>
<term>Linnean</term>
<term>Linnean society</term>
<term>Lizard</term>
<term>Macey</term>
<term>Mandible</term>
<term>Marmoretta</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Maxillary</term>
<term>Mcdowell</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Medial surface</term>
<term>Medially</term>
<term>Median premaxillary tooth</term>
<term>Metataxa</term>
<term>Midline</term>
<term>Modern snakes</term>
<term>Monophyletic</term>
<term>Monophyly</term>
<term>Morphocline</term>
<term>Mosasauroidea</term>
<term>Mosasauroids</term>
<term>Multistate</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Next character</term>
<term>Ontogeny</term>
<term>Opisthotic</term>
<term>Orbital margin</term>
<term>Orbitosphenoid</term>
<term>Ossicle</term>
<term>Osteoderms</term>
<term>Osteological</term>
<term>Osteological characters</term>
<term>Other characters</term>
<term>Other squamates</term>
<term>Outgroups</term>
<term>Pachyrhachis</term>
<term>Palatal</term>
<term>Palatine</term>
<term>Parabasisphenoid</term>
<term>Paraphyletic</term>
<term>Parietal</term>
<term>Parietal downgrowths</term>
<term>Parietal table</term>
<term>Paup</term>
<term>Pers</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogenetic analysis</term>
<term>Phylogenetic relationships</term>
<term>Phylogenetically</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Pineal</term>
<term>Pineal foramen</term>
<term>Polymorphic</term>
<term>Polymorphism</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Posterodorsal</term>
<term>Postfrontal</term>
<term>Postorbital</term>
<term>Prearticular</term>
<term>Prefrontal</term>
<term>Pregill</term>
<term>Premaxilla</term>
<term>Premaxillary</term>
<term>Presacral</term>
<term>Presch</term>
<term>Previous analyses</term>
<term>Previous character</term>
<term>Primitive state</term>
<term>Primitively</term>
<term>Prootic</term>
<term>Pseudotuberculum</term>
<term>Pterygoid</term>
<term>Pterygoid teeth</term>
<term>Pubis</term>
<term>Putative</term>
<term>Pygopodidae</term>
<term>Pygopodids</term>
<term>Pythonomorpha</term>
<term>Quadrate</term>
<term>Queiroz</term>
<term>Ramus</term>
<term>Recoding</term>
<term>Reptile</term>
<term>Reptilia</term>
<term>Resorption</term>
<term>Retroarticular</term>
<term>Retroarticular process</term>
<term>Reynoso</term>
<term>Rhynchocephalia</term>
<term>Rhynchocephalians</term>
<term>Rib</term>
<term>Rieppel</term>
<term>Robust</term>
<term>Rugosities</term>
<term>Sauria</term>
<term>Scanlon</term>
<term>Scapulocoracoid</term>
<term>Schwenk</term>
<term>Scincid</term>
<term>Scincidae</term>
<term>Scleral</term>
<term>Scleral ossicles</term>
<term>Scleroglossa</term>
<term>Scolecophidians</term>
<term>Septomaxilla</term>
<term>Serpentes</term>
<term>Sineoamphisbaena</term>
<term>Sister group</term>
<term>Skull</term>
<term>Splenial</term>
<term>Squamata</term>
<term>Squamate</term>
<term>Squamate relationships</term>
<term>Squamate taxonomy</term>
<term>Squamates</term>
<term>Squamosal</term>
<term>Stapes</term>
<term>Subdental</term>
<term>Subdivided</term>
<term>Suborbital</term>
<term>Such characters</term>
<term>Support index</term>
<term>Supraoccipital</term>
<term>Supratemporal</term>
<term>Surangular</term>
<term>Suspensorial</term>
<term>Sutural</term>
<term>Suture</term>
<term>Sutured</term>
<term>Symphysial</term>
<term>Synapomorphies</term>
<term>Synapomorphy</term>
<term>Systematics</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Taxon names</term>
<term>Taxonomy</term>
<term>Teiid</term>
<term>Teiidae</term>
<term>Terminal taxa</term>
<term>Terminal taxon</term>
<term>Topology</term>
<term>Tubera</term>
<term>Tubercle</term>
<term>Tympanic</term>
<term>Tympanic crest</term>
<term>Unordered</term>
<term>Usnm</term>
<term>Varanidae</term>
<term>Varanoidea</term>
<term>Varanoids</term>
<term>Varanus</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventral surface</term>
<term>Ventral view</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Vomer</term>
<term>Weighting</term>
<term>Xantusiidae</term>
<term>Xantusiids</term>
<term>Xenosauridae</term>
<term>Xenosaurids</term>
<term>Zaher</term>
<term>Zoological</term>
<term>Zoological journal</term>
<term>Zoology</term>
<term>Zygosphenes</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: The affinities of three problematic groups of elongate, burrowing reptiles (amphisbaenians, dibamids and snakes) are reassessed through a phylogenetic analysis of all the major groups of squamates, including the important fossil taxaSineoamphisbaena, mosasauroids andPachyrhachis; 230 phylogenetically informative osteological characters were evaluated in 22 taxa. Snakes (includingPachyrhachis) are anguimorphs, being related firstly to large marine mosasauroids, and secondly to monitor lizards (varanids). Scincids and cordylids are not related to lacertiforms as previously thought, but to anguimorphs. Amphisbaenians and dibamids are closely related, andSineoamphisbaenais the sister group to this clade. The amphisbaenian–dibamid–Sineoamphisbaenaclade, in turn, is related to gekkotans and xantusiids. When the fossil taxa are ignored, snakes, amphisbaenians and dibamids form an apparently well-corroborated clade nested within anguimorphs. However, nearly all of the characters supporting this arrangement are correlated with head-first burrowing (miniaturization, cranial consolidation, body elongation, limb reduction), and invariably co-occur in other tetrapods with similar habits. These characters are potentially very misleading because of their sheer number and because they largely represent reductions or losses. It takes very drastic downweighting of these linked characters to alter tree topology: if fossils are excluded from the analysis, a (probably spurious) clade consisting of elongate, fossorial taxa almost always results. These results underscore the importance of including all relevant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Inferring squamate phylogeny depends critically on the inclusion of certain (fossil) taxa with combinations of character states that demonstrate convergent evolution of the elongate, fossorial ecomorph in amphisbaenians and dibamids, and in snakes. In the all-taxon analysis, the position of snakes within anguimorphs is more strongly-corroborated than the association of amphisbaenians and dibamids with gekkotans. When the critical fossil taxa are deleted, snakes «attract» the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade on the basis of a suite of correlated characters. While snakes remain anchored in anguimorphs, the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade moves away from gekkotans to join them. Regardless of the varying positions of the three elongate burrowing taxa, the interrelationships between the remaining limbed squamates («lizards») are constant; thus, the heterodox affinities of scincids, cordylids, and xantusiids identified in this analysis appear to be robust. Finally, the position ofPachyrhachisas a basal snake rather than (as recently suggested) a derived snake is supported on both phylogenetic and evolutionary grounds.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<istex>
<corpusName>elsevier</corpusName>
<keywords>
<teeft>
<json:string>taxon</json:string>
<json:string>clade</json:string>
<json:string>amphisbaenians</json:string>
<json:string>dibamids</json:string>
<json:string>bmnh</json:string>
<json:string>estes</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic</json:string>
<json:string>parietal</json:string>
<json:string>fossil</json:string>
<json:string>basal</json:string>
<json:string>squamate</json:string>
<json:string>pachyrhachis</json:string>
<json:string>sineoamphisbaena</json:string>
<json:string>foramen</json:string>
<json:string>dorsal</json:string>
<json:string>scincid</json:string>
<json:string>ventral</json:string>
<json:string>squamates</json:string>
<json:string>rieppel</json:string>
<json:string>dentary</json:string>
<json:string>morphocline</json:string>
<json:string>coronoid</json:string>
<json:string>varanus</json:string>
<json:string>squamate relationships</json:string>
<json:string>mosasauroids</json:string>
<json:string>anguimorphs</json:string>
<json:string>medial</json:string>
<json:string>kluge</json:string>
<json:string>character correlation</json:string>
<json:string>maxilla</json:string>
<json:string>phylogeny</json:string>
<json:string>gekkotans</json:string>
<json:string>xantusiids</json:string>
<json:string>fenestra</json:string>
<json:string>pygopodids</json:string>
<json:string>lizard</json:string>
<json:string>reynoso</json:string>
<json:string>postorbital</json:string>
<json:string>iguanid</json:string>
<json:string>centrum</json:string>
<json:string>presch</json:string>
<json:string>cordylids</json:string>
<json:string>condyle</json:string>
<json:string>vertebra</json:string>
<json:string>rhynchocephalians</json:string>
<json:string>posteriorly</json:string>
<json:string>gekkonids</json:string>
<json:string>palatine</json:string>
<json:string>heloderma</json:string>
<json:string>osteological</json:string>
<json:string>modern snakes</json:string>
<json:string>pterygoid</json:string>
<json:string>lanthanotus</json:string>
<json:string>amnh</json:string>
<json:string>vomer</json:string>
<json:string>caudal</json:string>
<json:string>downgrowths</json:string>
<json:string>teiid</json:string>
<json:string>braincase</json:string>
<json:string>squamata</json:string>
<json:string>fossorial</json:string>
<json:string>supratemporal</json:string>
<json:string>jugal</json:string>
<json:string>lateral</json:string>
<json:string>cladistic</json:string>
<json:string>etheridge</json:string>
<json:string>prootic</json:string>
<json:string>agamid</json:string>
<json:string>chamaeleon</json:string>
<json:string>cranial</json:string>
<json:string>gauthier</json:string>
<json:string>postfrontal</json:string>
<json:string>suture</json:string>
<json:string>dorsally</json:string>
<json:string>polymorphic</json:string>
<json:string>monophyly</json:string>
<json:string>usnm</json:string>
<json:string>medial surface</json:string>
<json:string>orbitosphenoid</json:string>
<json:string>retroarticular</json:string>
<json:string>varanoids</json:string>
<json:string>premaxillary</json:string>
<json:string>linnean society</json:string>
<json:string>linnean</json:string>
<json:string>sister group</json:string>
<json:string>reptile</json:string>
<json:string>outgroups</json:string>
<json:string>varanoidea</json:string>
<json:string>gekkota</json:string>
<json:string>quadrate</json:string>
<json:string>reptilia</json:string>
<json:string>ingroup</json:string>
<json:string>gymnophthalmids</json:string>
<json:string>osteoderms</json:string>
<json:string>fossil taxa</json:string>
<json:string>prearticular</json:string>
<json:string>splenial</json:string>
<json:string>surangular</json:string>
<json:string>barbadillo</json:string>
<json:string>limbless</json:string>
<json:string>scleroglossa</json:string>
<json:string>unordered</json:string>
<json:string>synapomorphies</json:string>
<json:string>correlated characters</json:string>
<json:string>sutured</json:string>
<json:string>cervical</json:string>
<json:string>supraoccipital</json:string>
<json:string>anteriorly</json:string>
<json:string>gekkonidae</json:string>
<json:string>convergent</json:string>
<json:string>anguids</json:string>
<json:string>coronoid process</json:string>
<json:string>zaher</json:string>
<json:string>amphisbaenia</json:string>
<json:string>prefrontal</json:string>
<json:string>chamaeleonidae</json:string>
<json:string>ecomorph</json:string>
<json:string>queiroz</json:string>
<json:string>mcdowell</json:string>
<json:string>zoological</json:string>
<json:string>taxonomy</json:string>
<json:string>previous analyses</json:string>
<json:string>terminal taxon</json:string>
<json:string>dorsal surface</json:string>
<json:string>topology</json:string>
<json:string>marmoretta</json:string>
<json:string>laterally</json:string>
<json:string>agamidae</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic analysis</json:string>
<json:string>retroarticular process</json:string>
<json:string>xenosaurids</json:string>
<json:string>squamosal</json:string>
<json:string>articular</json:string>
<json:string>basal forms</json:string>
<json:string>natural history</json:string>
<json:string>zoological journal</json:string>
<json:string>lacrimal</json:string>
<json:string>lateral view</json:string>
<json:string>serpentes</json:string>
<json:string>dibamidae</json:string>
<json:string>septomaxilla</json:string>
<json:string>ossicle</json:string>
<json:string>pygopodidae</json:string>
<json:string>character states</json:string>
<json:string>anterolateral</json:string>
<json:string>hallermann</json:string>
<json:string>iguanidae</json:string>
<json:string>evans barbadillo</json:string>
<json:string>parietal downgrowths</json:string>
<json:string>amphisbaenian</json:string>
<json:string>paup</json:string>
<json:string>schwenk</json:string>
<json:string>systematics</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic relationships</json:string>
<json:string>monophyletic</json:string>
<json:string>dinilysia</json:string>
<json:string>gans</json:string>
<json:string>scolecophidians</json:string>
<json:string>teiidae</json:string>
<json:string>previous character</json:string>
<json:string>primitively</json:string>
<json:string>lacertid</json:string>
<json:string>osteological characters</json:string>
<json:string>lateral surface</json:string>
<json:string>adductor</json:string>
<json:string>lacertiforms</json:string>
<json:string>scleral ossicles</json:string>
<json:string>lacertidae</json:string>
<json:string>scleral</json:string>
<json:string>xantusiidae</json:string>
<json:string>clavicle</json:string>
<json:string>cladistics</json:string>
<json:string>terminal taxa</json:string>
<json:string>hindlimb</json:string>
<json:string>multistate</json:string>
<json:string>premaxilla</json:string>
<json:string>cladogram</json:string>
<json:string>scincidae</json:string>
<json:string>macey</json:string>
<json:string>mosasauroidea</json:string>
<json:string>frontoparietal</json:string>
<json:string>primitive state</json:string>
<json:string>rib</json:string>
<json:string>chamaeleo</json:string>
<json:string>gymnophthalmidae</json:string>
<json:string>anges</json:string>
<json:string>cordylidae</json:string>
<json:string>tympanic</json:string>
<json:string>anguidae</json:string>
<json:string>xenosauridae</json:string>
<json:string>interclavicle</json:string>
<json:string>ramus</json:string>
<json:string>opisthotic</json:string>
<json:string>anterolateral process</json:string>
<json:string>polymorphism</json:string>
<json:string>maxillary</json:string>
<json:string>pregill</json:string>
<json:string>frost etheridge</json:string>
<json:string>adaptive</json:string>
<json:string>ventral surface</json:string>
<json:string>ange</json:string>
<json:string>stapes</json:string>
<json:string>frontoparietal suture</json:string>
<json:string>emargination</json:string>
<json:string>pers</json:string>
<json:string>data matrix</json:string>
<json:string>other squamates</json:string>
<json:string>anterior process</json:string>
<json:string>intercentra</json:string>
<json:string>convergence</json:string>
<json:string>posterodorsal</json:string>
<json:string>mandible</json:string>
<json:string>synapomorphy</json:string>
<json:string>parietal table</json:string>
<json:string>robust</json:string>
<json:string>recoding</json:string>
<json:string>ventral view</json:string>
<json:string>limbed</json:string>
<json:string>kuehneosaurs</json:string>
<json:string>convergent evolution</json:string>
<json:string>iguania</json:string>
<json:string>scapulocoracoid</json:string>
<json:string>palatal</json:string>
<json:string>acrodonta</json:string>
<json:string>clear morphocline</json:string>
<json:string>bootstrapping</json:string>
<json:string>basisphenoid</json:string>
<json:string>anteromedial</json:string>
<json:string>skull</json:string>
<json:string>fossa</json:string>
<json:string>metataxa</json:string>
<json:string>rugosities</json:string>
<json:string>orbital margin</json:string>
<json:string>tympanic crest</json:string>
<json:string>fraser</json:string>
<json:string>anteroventrally</json:string>
<json:string>dibamid</json:string>
<json:string>taxon names</json:string>
<json:string>homology</json:string>
<json:string>kuehneosauridae</json:string>
<json:string>midline</json:string>
<json:string>rhynchocephalia</json:string>
<json:string>diploglossa</json:string>
<json:string>autotomy</json:string>
<json:string>acrodont</json:string>
<json:string>ontogeny</json:string>
<json:string>paraphyletic</json:string>
<json:string>fossorial ecomorph</json:string>
<json:string>dibamus</json:string>
<json:string>pineal foramen</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetically</json:string>
<json:string>pineal</json:string>
<json:string>putative</json:string>
<json:string>pythonomorpha</json:string>
<json:string>pubis</json:string>
<json:string>median premaxillary tooth</json:string>
<json:string>alethinophidians</json:string>
<json:string>bellairs</json:string>
<json:string>other characters</json:string>
<json:string>medially</json:string>
<json:string>pseudotuberculum</json:string>
<json:string>zoology</json:string>
<json:string>correlated</json:string>
<json:string>weighting</json:string>
<json:string>suspensorial</json:string>
<json:string>cladistic analysis</json:string>
<json:string>distinct characters</json:string>
<json:string>sutural</json:string>
<json:string>anguimorpha</json:string>
<json:string>suborbital</json:string>
<json:string>ectopterygoid</json:string>
<json:string>anteroventral</json:string>
<json:string>parabasisphenoid</json:string>
<json:string>lateral processes</json:string>
<json:string>symphysial</json:string>
<json:string>comm</json:string>
<json:string>bogert</json:string>
<json:string>subdivided</json:string>
<json:string>lacertiformes</json:string>
<json:string>cultriform</json:string>
<json:string>subdental</json:string>
<json:string>alar</json:string>
<json:string>varanidae</json:string>
<json:string>femur</json:string>
<json:string>alar process</json:string>
<json:string>next character</json:string>
<json:string>scanlon</json:string>
<json:string>benton</json:string>
<json:string>cundall</json:string>
<json:string>resorption</json:string>
<json:string>squamate taxonomy</json:string>
<json:string>support index</json:string>
<json:string>tubercle</json:string>
<json:string>pterygoid teeth</json:string>
<json:string>tubera</json:string>
<json:string>such characters</json:string>
<json:string>zygosphenes</json:string>
<json:string>exhibit state</json:string>
<json:string>presacral</json:string>
<json:string>dorsal view</json:string>
<json:string>coracoid</json:string>
<json:string>articulates</json:string>
<json:string>annulata</json:string>
<json:string>autarchoglossa</json:string>
<json:string>sauria</json:string>
<json:string>septum</json:string>
<json:string>herpetology</json:string>
<json:string>suborbital fenestra</json:string>
<json:string>marginal teeth</json:string>
<json:string>philosophical transactions</json:string>
<json:string>stanford university press</json:string>
<json:string>premaxillary teeth</json:string>
<json:string>squamate phylogeny</json:string>
<json:string>lizard families essays</json:string>
<json:string>maxillary teeth</json:string>
<json:string>limb reduction</json:string>
<json:string>many characters</json:string>
<json:string>ingroup taxa</json:string>
<json:string>lateral margin</json:string>
<json:string>neural spines</json:string>
<json:string>academic press</json:string>
<json:string>basal position</json:string>
<json:string>systematic biology</json:string>
<json:string>iguanidae agamidae chamaeleonidae xantusiidae gekkonidae pygopodidae sineoamphisbaena dibamidae amphisbaenia lacertidae teiidae gymnophthalmidae cordylidae scincidae anguidae xenosauridae heloderma lanthanotus varanus mosasauroidea pachyrhachis serpentes</json:string>
<json:string>subdental shelf</json:string>
<json:string>discrete element</json:string>
<json:string>tree topology</json:string>
<json:string>kuehneosauridae marmoretta rhynchocephalia ancestor taxon</json:string>
<json:string>articulates dorsally</json:string>
<json:string>ventral margin</json:string>
<json:string>basal rhynchocephalians</json:string>
<json:string>frontal</json:string>
<json:string>stanford</json:string>
<json:string>matrix</json:string>
<json:string>anterior</json:string>
<json:string>tab</json:string>
<json:string>distally</json:string>
<json:string>median</json:string>
<json:string>medial view</json:string>
<json:string>interpterygoid vacuity</json:string>
<json:string>separable cranial osteoderms</json:string>
<json:string>caudal autotomy septa</json:string>
<json:string>sutural contact</json:string>
<json:string>vidian canal</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic analyses</json:string>
<json:string>ingroup taxon</json:string>
<json:string>dorsal vertebrae</json:string>
<json:string>basal tubera</json:string>
<json:string>crista prootica</json:string>
<json:string>parsimonious trees</json:string>
<json:string>paroccipital process</json:string>
<json:string>skull roof</json:string>
<json:string>suspensorial ramus</json:string>
<json:string>limbless taxa</json:string>
<json:string>cervical intercentra</json:string>
<json:string>basal snake</json:string>
<json:string>palatine teeth</json:string>
<json:string>mcdowell bogert</json:string>
<json:string>royal society</json:string>
<json:string>osteological data</json:string>
<json:string>dorsal process</json:string>
<json:string>character weighting</json:string>
<json:string>american museum</json:string>
<json:string>external surface</json:string>
<json:string>unnamed clade</json:string>
<json:string>primitive condition</json:string>
<json:string>evolutionary biology</json:string>
<json:string>diagnostic characters</json:string>
<json:string>replacement teeth</json:string>
<json:string>sternal ribs</json:string>
<json:string>posterior margin</json:string>
<json:string>morphology</json:string>
<json:string>genus</json:string>
<json:string>wilkinson</json:string>
<json:string>lang</json:string>
<json:string>cretaceous</json:string>
<json:string>sternal</json:string>
<json:string>posttemporal fenestra</json:string>
<json:string>cervical vertebrae</json:string>
<json:string>support indices</json:string>
<json:string>nely subdivided version</json:string>
<json:string>bootstrapping frequency</json:string>
<json:string>harvard university</json:string>
<json:string>cultriform process</json:string>
<json:string>cranial osteoderms</json:string>
<json:string>trigeminal foramen</json:string>
<json:string>limbless clade</json:string>
<json:string>adductor fossa</json:string>
<json:string>transverse processes</json:string>
<json:string>other elements</json:string>
<json:string>previous studies</json:string>
<json:string>cranial consolidation</json:string>
<json:string>character state</json:string>
<json:string>braincase elements</json:string>
<json:string>fenestra ovalis</json:string>
<json:string>resorption pits</json:string>
<json:string>phylogenetic systematics</json:string>
<json:string>external naris</json:string>
<json:string>pelvic elements</json:string>
<json:string>least half</json:string>
<json:string>orbital bone</json:string>
<json:string>clark hernandez</json:string>
<json:string>third world congress</json:string>
<json:string>recent studies</json:string>
<json:string>miscellaneous publications</json:string>
<json:string>occipital condyle</json:string>
<json:string>body elongation</json:string>
<json:string>second epibranchials</json:string>
<json:string>upper cretaceous</json:string>
<json:string>anterior portion</json:string>
<json:string>optic foramina</json:string>
<json:string>posterior edge</json:string>
<json:string>vertebrate paleontology</json:string>
<json:string>lacrimal foramen</json:string>
<json:string>parsimonious</json:string>
<json:string>reeder</json:string>
<json:string>posterior</json:string>
</teeft>
</keywords>
<author>
<json:item>
<name>MICHAEL S.Y. LEE</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, VIC, AustraliaDepartment of Zoology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
</author>
<subject>
<json:item>
<lang>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</lang>
<value>phylogenetics – cladistics – fossils – Amphisbaenia – Dibamidae – Serpentes – snakes.</value>
</json:item>
</subject>
<arkIstex>ark:/67375/6H6-WB3M1BN0-8</arkIstex>
<language>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</language>
<originalGenre>
<json:string>Full-length article</json:string>
</originalGenre>
<abstract>Abstract: The affinities of three problematic groups of elongate, burrowing reptiles (amphisbaenians, dibamids and snakes) are reassessed through a phylogenetic analysis of all the major groups of squamates, including the important fossil taxaSineoamphisbaena, mosasauroids andPachyrhachis; 230 phylogenetically informative osteological characters were evaluated in 22 taxa. Snakes (includingPachyrhachis) are anguimorphs, being related firstly to large marine mosasauroids, and secondly to monitor lizards (varanids). Scincids and cordylids are not related to lacertiforms as previously thought, but to anguimorphs. Amphisbaenians and dibamids are closely related, andSineoamphisbaenais the sister group to this clade. The amphisbaenian–dibamid–Sineoamphisbaenaclade, in turn, is related to gekkotans and xantusiids. When the fossil taxa are ignored, snakes, amphisbaenians and dibamids form an apparently well-corroborated clade nested within anguimorphs. However, nearly all of the characters supporting this arrangement are correlated with head-first burrowing (miniaturization, cranial consolidation, body elongation, limb reduction), and invariably co-occur in other tetrapods with similar habits. These characters are potentially very misleading because of their sheer number and because they largely represent reductions or losses. It takes very drastic downweighting of these linked characters to alter tree topology: if fossils are excluded from the analysis, a (probably spurious) clade consisting of elongate, fossorial taxa almost always results. These results underscore the importance of including all relevant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Inferring squamate phylogeny depends critically on the inclusion of certain (fossil) taxa with combinations of character states that demonstrate convergent evolution of the elongate, fossorial ecomorph in amphisbaenians and dibamids, and in snakes. In the all-taxon analysis, the position of snakes within anguimorphs is more strongly-corroborated than the association of amphisbaenians and dibamids with gekkotans. When the critical fossil taxa are deleted, snakes «attract» the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade on the basis of a suite of correlated characters. While snakes remain anchored in anguimorphs, the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade moves away from gekkotans to join them. Regardless of the varying positions of the three elongate burrowing taxa, the interrelationships between the remaining limbed squamates («lizards») are constant; thus, the heterodox affinities of scincids, cordylids, and xantusiids identified in this analysis appear to be robust. Finally, the position ofPachyrhachisas a basal snake rather than (as recently suggested) a derived snake is supported on both phylogenetic and evolutionary grounds.</abstract>
<qualityIndicators>
<score>10</score>
<pdfWordCount>37564</pdfWordCount>
<pdfCharCount>241526</pdfCharCount>
<pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion>
<pdfPageCount>85</pdfPageCount>
<pdfPageSize>595 x 842 pts (A4)</pdfPageSize>
<refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative>
<abstractWordCount>364</abstractWordCount>
<abstractCharCount>2777</abstractCharCount>
<keywordCount>1</keywordCount>
</qualityIndicators>
<title>Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</title>
<pii>
<json:string>S0024-4066(98)90256-5</json:string>
</pii>
<genre>
<json:string>research-article</json:string>
</genre>
<host>
<title>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</title>
<language>
<json:string>unknown</json:string>
</language>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
<issn>
<json:string>0024-4066</json:string>
</issn>
<pii>
<json:string>S0024-4066(00)X0029-6</json:string>
</pii>
<volume>65</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<pages>
<first>369</first>
<last>453</last>
</pages>
<genre>
<json:string>journal</json:string>
</genre>
</host>
<namedEntities>
<unitex>
<date>
<json:string>1998</json:string>
</date>
<geogName></geogName>
<orgName>
<json:string>Australia and Department of Zoology, The University of Queensland, St</json:string>
<json:string>Australia Received</json:string>
</orgName>
<orgName_funder></orgName_funder>
<orgName_provider></orgName_provider>
<persName></persName>
<placeName></placeName>
<ref_url></ref_url>
<ref_bibl></ref_bibl>
<bibl></bibl>
</unitex>
</namedEntities>
<ark>
<json:string>ark:/67375/6H6-WB3M1BN0-8</json:string>
</ark>
<categories>
<wos>
<json:string>1 - science</json:string>
<json:string>2 - evolutionary biology</json:string>
</wos>
<scienceMetrix>
<json:string>1 - natural sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - biology</json:string>
<json:string>3 - evolutionary biology</json:string>
</scienceMetrix>
<scopus>
<json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string>
<json:string>3 - Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics</json:string>
</scopus>
<inist>
<json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string>
<json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string>
<json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string>
<json:string>4 - genetique des eucaryotes. evolution biologique et moleculaire</json:string>
</inist>
</categories>
<publicationDate>1998</publicationDate>
<copyrightDate>1998</copyrightDate>
<doi>
<json:string>10.1006/bijl.1998.0256</json:string>
</doi>
<id>AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF</id>
<score>1</score>
<fulltext>
<json:item>
<extension>pdf</extension>
<original>true</original>
<mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF/fulltext/pdf</uri>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<extension>zip</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/zip</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF/fulltext/zip</uri>
</json:item>
<istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF/fulltext/tei">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</title>
<respStmt>
<resp>Références bibliographiques récupérées via GROBID</resp>
<name resp="ISTEX-API">ISTEX-API (INIST-CNRS)</name>
</respStmt>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>ISTEX</authority>
<publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<availability>
<p>©1998 The Linnean Society of London</p>
</availability>
<date>1998</date>
</publicationStmt>
<notesStmt>
<note type="content">Section title: Regular Article</note>
</notesStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct type="inbook">
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</title>
<author xml:id="author-0000">
<persName>
<forename type="first">MICHAEL S.Y.</forename>
<surname>LEE</surname>
</persName>
<note type="biography">Email: mlee@zoology.uq.edu.au</note>
<affiliation>Email: mlee@zoology.uq.edu.au</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, VIC, AustraliaDepartment of Zoology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia</affiliation>
</author>
<idno type="istex">AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1006/bijl.1998.0256</idno>
<idno type="PII">S0024-4066(98)90256-5</idno>
</analytic>
<monogr>
<title level="j">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">YBIJL</title>
<idno type="pISSN">0024-4066</idno>
<idno type="PII">S0024-4066(00)X0029-6</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<date type="published" when="1998"></date>
<biblScope unit="volume">65</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="369">369</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="453">453</biblScope>
</imprint>
</monogr>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<creation>
<date>1998</date>
</creation>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
<abstract xml:lang="en">
<p>The affinities of three problematic groups of elongate, burrowing reptiles (amphisbaenians, dibamids and snakes) are reassessed through a phylogenetic analysis of all the major groups of squamates, including the important fossil taxaSineoamphisbaena, mosasauroids andPachyrhachis; 230 phylogenetically informative osteological characters were evaluated in 22 taxa. Snakes (includingPachyrhachis) are anguimorphs, being related firstly to large marine mosasauroids, and secondly to monitor lizards (varanids). Scincids and cordylids are not related to lacertiforms as previously thought, but to anguimorphs. Amphisbaenians and dibamids are closely related, andSineoamphisbaenais the sister group to this clade. The amphisbaenian–dibamid–Sineoamphisbaenaclade, in turn, is related to gekkotans and xantusiids. When the fossil taxa are ignored, snakes, amphisbaenians and dibamids form an apparently well-corroborated clade nested within anguimorphs. However, nearly all of the characters supporting this arrangement are correlated with head-first burrowing (miniaturization, cranial consolidation, body elongation, limb reduction), and invariably co-occur in other tetrapods with similar habits. These characters are potentially very misleading because of their sheer number and because they largely represent reductions or losses. It takes very drastic downweighting of these linked characters to alter tree topology: if fossils are excluded from the analysis, a (probably spurious) clade consisting of elongate, fossorial taxa almost always results. These results underscore the importance of including all relevant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Inferring squamate phylogeny depends critically on the inclusion of certain (fossil) taxa with combinations of character states that demonstrate convergent evolution of the elongate, fossorial ecomorph in amphisbaenians and dibamids, and in snakes. In the all-taxon analysis, the position of snakes within anguimorphs is more strongly-corroborated than the association of amphisbaenians and dibamids with gekkotans. When the critical fossil taxa are deleted, snakes «attract» the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade on the basis of a suite of correlated characters. While snakes remain anchored in anguimorphs, the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade moves away from gekkotans to join them. Regardless of the varying positions of the three elongate burrowing taxa, the interrelationships between the remaining limbed squamates («lizards») are constant; thus, the heterodox affinities of scincids, cordylids, and xantusiids identified in this analysis appear to be robust. Finally, the position ofPachyrhachisas a basal snake rather than (as recently suggested) a derived snake is supported on both phylogenetic and evolutionary grounds.</p>
</abstract>
<textClass xml:lang="en">
<keywords scheme="keyword">
<list>
<head>Keywords</head>
<item>
<term>phylogenetics – cladistics – fossils – Amphisbaenia – Dibamidae – Serpentes – snakes.</term>
</item>
</list>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<change when="1998">Published</change>
<change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2017-09-30">References added</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
</istex:fulltextTEI>
<json:item>
<extension>txt</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>text/plain</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF/fulltext/txt</uri>
</json:item>
</fulltext>
<metadata>
<istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier converted-article found">
<istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration>
<istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType>
<istex:document>
<converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en">
<item-info>
<jid>YBIJL</jid>
<aid>90256</aid>
<ce:pii>S0024-4066(98)90256-5</ce:pii>
<ce:doi>10.1006/bijl.1998.0256</ce:doi>
<ce:copyright type="society" year="1998">The Linnean Society of London</ce:copyright>
</item-info>
<head>
<ce:dochead>
<ce:textfn>Regular Article</ce:textfn>
</ce:dochead>
<ce:title>Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</ce:title>
<ce:author-group>
<ce:author>
<ce:given-name>MICHAEL S.Y.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>LEE</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="BJ980256FN1">
<ce:sup>f1</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:affiliation>
<ce:textfn>Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:affiliation>
<ce:textfn>Department of Zoology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:footnote id="BJ980256FN1">
<ce:label>f1</ce:label>
<ce:note-para>Email: mlee@zoology.uq.edu.au</ce:note-para>
</ce:footnote>
</ce:author-group>
<ce:date-received day="24" month="11" year="1997"></ce:date-received>
<ce:date-accepted day="20" month="6" year="1998"></ce:date-accepted>
<ce:abstract>
<ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title>
<ce:abstract-sec>
<ce:simple-para>The affinities of three problematic groups of elongate, burrowing reptiles (amphisbaenians, dibamids and snakes) are reassessed through a phylogenetic analysis of all the major groups of squamates, including the important fossil taxa
<ce:italic>Sineoamphisbaena</ce:italic>
, mosasauroids and
<ce:italic>Pachyrhachis</ce:italic>
; 230 phylogenetically informative osteological characters were evaluated in 22 taxa. Snakes (including
<ce:italic>Pachyrhachis</ce:italic>
) are anguimorphs, being related firstly to large marine mosasauroids, and secondly to monitor lizards (varanids). Scincids and cordylids are not related to lacertiforms as previously thought, but to anguimorphs. Amphisbaenians and dibamids are closely related, and
<ce:italic>Sineoamphisbaena</ce:italic>
is the sister group to this clade. The amphisbaenian–dibamid–
<ce:italic>Sineoamphisbaena</ce:italic>
clade, in turn, is related to gekkotans and xantusiids. When the fossil taxa are ignored, snakes, amphisbaenians and dibamids form an apparently well-corroborated clade nested within anguimorphs. However, nearly all of the characters supporting this arrangement are correlated with head-first burrowing (miniaturization, cranial consolidation, body elongation, limb reduction), and invariably co-occur in other tetrapods with similar habits. These characters are potentially very misleading because of their sheer number and because they largely represent reductions or losses. It takes very drastic downweighting of these linked characters to alter tree topology: if fossils are excluded from the analysis, a (probably spurious) clade consisting of elongate, fossorial taxa almost always results. These results underscore the importance of including all relevant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Inferring squamate phylogeny depends critically on the inclusion of certain (fossil) taxa with combinations of character states that demonstrate convergent evolution of the elongate, fossorial ecomorph in amphisbaenians and dibamids, and in snakes. In the all-taxon analysis, the position of snakes within anguimorphs is more strongly-corroborated than the association of amphisbaenians and dibamids with gekkotans. When the critical fossil taxa are deleted, snakes «attract» the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade on the basis of a suite of correlated characters. While snakes remain anchored in anguimorphs, the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade moves away from gekkotans to join them. Regardless of the varying positions of the three elongate burrowing taxa, the interrelationships between the remaining limbed squamates («lizards») are constant; thus, the heterodox affinities of scincids, cordylids, and xantusiids identified in this analysis appear to be robust. Finally, the position of
<ce:italic>Pachyrhachis</ce:italic>
as a basal snake rather than (as recently suggested) a derived snake is supported on both phylogenetic and evolutionary grounds.</ce:simple-para>
</ce:abstract-sec>
</ce:abstract>
<ce:keywords>
<ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title>
<ce:keyword>
<ce:text>phylogenetics – cladistics – fossils – Amphisbaenia – Dibamidae – Serpentes – snakes.</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keywords>
</head>
</converted-article>
</istex:document>
</istex:metadataXml>
<mods version="3.6">
<titleInfo lang="en">
<title>Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA">
<title>Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">MICHAEL S.Y.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">LEE</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3168, VIC, AustraliaDepartment of Zoology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia</affiliation>
<description>Email: mlee@zoology.uq.edu.au</description>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
<genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre>
<originInfo>
<publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1998</dateIssued>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1998</copyrightDate>
</originInfo>
<language>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm>
</language>
<abstract lang="en">Abstract: The affinities of three problematic groups of elongate, burrowing reptiles (amphisbaenians, dibamids and snakes) are reassessed through a phylogenetic analysis of all the major groups of squamates, including the important fossil taxaSineoamphisbaena, mosasauroids andPachyrhachis; 230 phylogenetically informative osteological characters were evaluated in 22 taxa. Snakes (includingPachyrhachis) are anguimorphs, being related firstly to large marine mosasauroids, and secondly to monitor lizards (varanids). Scincids and cordylids are not related to lacertiforms as previously thought, but to anguimorphs. Amphisbaenians and dibamids are closely related, andSineoamphisbaenais the sister group to this clade. The amphisbaenian–dibamid–Sineoamphisbaenaclade, in turn, is related to gekkotans and xantusiids. When the fossil taxa are ignored, snakes, amphisbaenians and dibamids form an apparently well-corroborated clade nested within anguimorphs. However, nearly all of the characters supporting this arrangement are correlated with head-first burrowing (miniaturization, cranial consolidation, body elongation, limb reduction), and invariably co-occur in other tetrapods with similar habits. These characters are potentially very misleading because of their sheer number and because they largely represent reductions or losses. It takes very drastic downweighting of these linked characters to alter tree topology: if fossils are excluded from the analysis, a (probably spurious) clade consisting of elongate, fossorial taxa almost always results. These results underscore the importance of including all relevant taxa in phylogenetic analyses. Inferring squamate phylogeny depends critically on the inclusion of certain (fossil) taxa with combinations of character states that demonstrate convergent evolution of the elongate, fossorial ecomorph in amphisbaenians and dibamids, and in snakes. In the all-taxon analysis, the position of snakes within anguimorphs is more strongly-corroborated than the association of amphisbaenians and dibamids with gekkotans. When the critical fossil taxa are deleted, snakes «attract» the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade on the basis of a suite of correlated characters. While snakes remain anchored in anguimorphs, the amphisbaenian–dibamid clade moves away from gekkotans to join them. Regardless of the varying positions of the three elongate burrowing taxa, the interrelationships between the remaining limbed squamates («lizards») are constant; thus, the heterodox affinities of scincids, cordylids, and xantusiids identified in this analysis appear to be robust. Finally, the position ofPachyrhachisas a basal snake rather than (as recently suggested) a derived snake is supported on both phylogenetic and evolutionary grounds.</abstract>
<note type="content">Section title: Regular Article</note>
<subject lang="en">
<genre>Keywords</genre>
<topic>phylogenetics – cladistics – fossils – Amphisbaenia – Dibamidae – Serpentes – snakes.</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host">
<titleInfo>
<title>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="abbreviated">
<title>YBIJL</title>
</titleInfo>
<genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre>
<originInfo>
<publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">199812</dateIssued>
</originInfo>
<identifier type="ISSN">0024-4066</identifier>
<identifier type="PII">S0024-4066(00)X0029-6</identifier>
<part>
<date>199812</date>
<detail type="volume">
<number>65</number>
<caption>vol.</caption>
</detail>
<detail type="issue">
<number>4</number>
<caption>no.</caption>
</detail>
<extent unit="issue-pages">
<start>369</start>
<end>516</end>
</extent>
<extent unit="pages">
<start>369</start>
<end>453</end>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
<identifier type="istex">AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF</identifier>
<identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6H6-WB3M1BN0-8</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1006/bijl.1998.0256</identifier>
<identifier type="PII">S0024-4066(98)90256-5</identifier>
<accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©1998 The Linnean Society of London</accessCondition>
<recordInfo>
<recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-HKKZVM7B-M">elsevier</recordContentSource>
<recordOrigin>The Linnean Society of London, ©1998</recordOrigin>
</recordInfo>
</mods>
<json:item>
<extension>json</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/json</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF/metadata/json</uri>
</json:item>
</metadata>
<serie></serie>
</istex>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 005652 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 005652 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Santé
   |area=    EdenteV2
   |flux=    Istex
   |étape=   Corpus
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     ISTEX:AD93A0715AEB52A4F2F9BA02463F09A65AF84FAF
   |texte=   Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships
}}

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32.
Data generation: Thu Nov 30 15:26:48 2017. Site generation: Tue Mar 8 16:36:20 2022