IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population
Identifieur interne : 005347 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 005346; suivant : 005348IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population
Auteurs : Andreas Feloutzis ; Niklaus P. Lang ; Maurizio S. Tonetti ; Walter Bürgin ; Urs Br Gger ; Daniel Buser ; Gordon W. Duff ; Kenneth S. KornmanSource :
- Clinical Oral Implants Research [ 0905-7161 ] ; 2003-02.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Absolute bone level difference, Absolute bone loss, Adult periodontitis, Allele, Allelic variants, Annual bone loss, Annual bone loss rate, Berne, Bone gain, Bone levels, Bone loss, Bone loss table, Buser, Chronic periodontitis, Cigarette smoking, Clin, Clinical parameters, Clinical periodontology, Cohort, Composite genotype, Constant band, Current smokers, Dental implants, Dentistry research, Duff, Early failures, Entire observation period, Entre, European journal, Feloutzis, Former smokers, Full mouth, Fumadores, Fumadores intensos, Gene cluster, Gene polymorphism, Gene polymorphisms, Genotype, Genotype groups, Genotype patient groups, Genotype status, Gingival crevicular, Gros fumeurs, Groupe positif, Heavy smokers, Impl, Implant, Implant failure, Implant failures, Implant loss, Implant shoulder, Implants research, Inclusion criteria, International journal, Interquartile ranges, Intraexaminer reproducibility, Itia, Kornman, Lang, Linkage disequilibrium, Maxillofacial, Maxillofacial implants, Median, Median values, Moderate smokers, Negative bone loss values, Negative patients, Occlusal overload, Oral impl, Oral implants, Osseointegrated, Osseointegrated implants, Osseointegrated itia, Other subgroups, Para, Periodontal, Periodontal disease, Periodontal research, Periodontitis, Periodontology, Perte osseuse, Polymorphism, Positiven gruppe, Present patient cohort, Present study, Prospective study, Prosthetic, Prosthetic loading, Radiograph, Radiographic bone loss, Restriction control site, Risk factor, Risk factors, Single fragment, Smoker, Smoking, Smoking habits, Smoking status, Smoking subgroups, Starken rauchern, Tissue destruction, Tonetti, Visible contact, Wilson nunn.
- Teeft :
- Absolute bone level difference, Absolute bone loss, Adult periodontitis, Allele, Allelic variants, Annual bone loss, Annual bone loss rate, Berne, Bone gain, Bone levels, Bone loss, Bone loss table, Buser, Chronic periodontitis, Cigarette smoking, Clin, Clinical parameters, Clinical periodontology, Cohort, Composite genotype, Constant band, Current smokers, Dental implants, Dentistry research, Duff, Early failures, Entire observation period, Entre, European journal, Feloutzis, Former smokers, Full mouth, Fumadores, Fumadores intensos, Gene cluster, Gene polymorphism, Gene polymorphisms, Genotype, Genotype groups, Genotype patient groups, Genotype status, Gingival crevicular, Gros fumeurs, Groupe positif, Heavy smokers, Impl, Implant, Implant failure, Implant failures, Implant loss, Implant shoulder, Implants research, Inclusion criteria, International journal, Interquartile ranges, Intraexaminer reproducibility, Itia, Kornman, Lang, Linkage disequilibrium, Maxillofacial, Maxillofacial implants, Median, Median values, Moderate smokers, Negative bone loss values, Negative patients, Occlusal overload, Oral impl, Oral implants, Osseointegrated, Osseointegrated implants, Osseointegrated itia, Other subgroups, Para, Periodontal, Periodontal disease, Periodontal research, Periodontitis, Periodontology, Perte osseuse, Polymorphism, Positiven gruppe, Present patient cohort, Present study, Prospective study, Prosthetic, Prosthetic loading, Radiograph, Radiographic bone loss, Restriction control site, Risk factor, Risk factors, Single fragment, Smoker, Smoking, Smoking habits, Smoking status, Smoking subgroups, Starken rauchern, Tissue destruction, Tonetti, Visible contact, Wilson nunn.
Abstract
Abstract: The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the relation between specific interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene polymorphisms and peri‐implant bone loss at osseointegrated ITI® dental implants and (ii) to explore the association between these allelic variants of the IL‐1 gene complex and peri‐implant mucosal inflammation, in both smoking and non‐smoking individuals. A sample of 90 consecutive Caucasian patients (aged 33–88 years), treated with at least one ITI‐implant participated in this retrospective investigation. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken after prosthetic rehabilitation (133.6 days, SD 136.9 days) and at the time of the re‐examination, on average 5.6 years (SD 2.5 years) thereafter. The radiographs were analyzed by a calibrated examiner for changes in peri‐implant bone levels. The examiner was blind with respect to clinical parameters and IL‐1 status. The distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐implant contact (DIB) at the respective time points were measured using a computerized method. The absolute bone level difference during the years of service (ABL) and the annual bone loss (ΔBL/year) were calculated for all the implants. Percentages of full mouth bleeding on probing (BOP), as well as of BOP calculated separately for teeth and implants, were determined for all visits and averaged for the entire observation period. Out of the total patient sample, there were 14 heavy smokers (= 20 cigarettes/day), 14 moderate smokers (5–19 cigarettes/day), 23 previous smokers (smoking cessation > 5 years) and 39 non‐smokers. Twenty‐eight (31.11%) patients were IL‐1 genotype positive. Upon stratification for smoking status, significant differences were found for the variables ABL (P < 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P < 0.04, U‐test) between non‐smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group but not for the IL‐1 genotype negative group. Moreover, significant differences in ABL (P < 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P < 0.04, U‐test) were identified between former smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group. The differences in inflammatory parameters (BOP) did not reach statistical significance.
Url:
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140102.x
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population</title><author><name sortKey="Feloutzis, Andreas" sort="Feloutzis, Andreas" uniqKey="Feloutzis A" first="Andreas" last="Feloutzis">Andreas Feloutzis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, Niklaus P" sort="Lang, Niklaus P" uniqKey="Lang N" first="Niklaus P." last="Lang">Niklaus P. Lang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonetti, Maurizio S" sort="Tonetti, Maurizio S" uniqKey="Tonetti M" first="Maurizio S." last="Tonetti">Maurizio S. Tonetti</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burgin, Walter" sort="Burgin, Walter" uniqKey="Burgin W" first="Walter" last="Bürgin">Walter Bürgin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Br Gger, Urs" sort="Br Gger, Urs" uniqKey="Br Gger U" first="Urs" last="Br Gger">Urs Br Gger</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buser, Daniel" sort="Buser, Daniel" uniqKey="Buser D" first="Daniel" last="Buser">Daniel Buser</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duff, Gordon W" sort="Duff, Gordon W" uniqKey="Duff G" first="Gordon W." last="Duff">Gordon W. Duff</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kornman, Kenneth S" sort="Kornman, Kenneth S" uniqKey="Kornman K" first="Kenneth S." last="Kornman">Kenneth S. Kornman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:A6A1DF5059B6725BF84877380EEE059CFCB44A06</idno><date when="2003" year="2003">2003</date><idno type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140102.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/A6A1DF5059B6725BF84877380EEE059CFCB44A06/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">005347</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">005347</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population</title><author><name sortKey="Feloutzis, Andreas" sort="Feloutzis, Andreas" uniqKey="Feloutzis A" first="Andreas" last="Feloutzis">Andreas Feloutzis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, Niklaus P" sort="Lang, Niklaus P" uniqKey="Lang N" first="Niklaus P." last="Lang">Niklaus P. Lang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tonetti, Maurizio S" sort="Tonetti, Maurizio S" uniqKey="Tonetti M" first="Maurizio S." last="Tonetti">Maurizio S. Tonetti</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burgin, Walter" sort="Burgin, Walter" uniqKey="Burgin W" first="Walter" last="Bürgin">Walter Bürgin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Br Gger, Urs" sort="Br Gger, Urs" uniqKey="Br Gger U" first="Urs" last="Br Gger">Urs Br Gger</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buser, Daniel" sort="Buser, Daniel" uniqKey="Buser D" first="Daniel" last="Buser">Daniel Buser</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duff, Gordon W" sort="Duff, Gordon W" uniqKey="Duff G" first="Gordon W." last="Duff">Gordon W. Duff</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kornman, Kenneth S" sort="Kornman, Kenneth S" uniqKey="Kornman K" first="Kenneth S." last="Kornman">Kenneth S. Kornman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Clinical Oral Implants Research</title><title level="j" type="alt">CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH</title><idno type="ISSN">0905-7161</idno><idno type="eISSN">1600-0501</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">14</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="10">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="17">17</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><publisher>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-02">2003-02</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0905-7161</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0905-7161</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Absolute bone level difference</term><term>Absolute bone loss</term><term>Adult periodontitis</term><term>Allele</term><term>Allelic variants</term><term>Annual bone loss</term><term>Annual bone loss rate</term><term>Berne</term><term>Bone gain</term><term>Bone levels</term><term>Bone loss</term><term>Bone loss table</term><term>Buser</term><term>Chronic periodontitis</term><term>Cigarette smoking</term><term>Clin</term><term>Clinical parameters</term><term>Clinical periodontology</term><term>Cohort</term><term>Composite genotype</term><term>Constant band</term><term>Current smokers</term><term>Dental implants</term><term>Dentistry research</term><term>Duff</term><term>Early failures</term><term>Entire observation period</term><term>Entre</term><term>European journal</term><term>Feloutzis</term><term>Former smokers</term><term>Full mouth</term><term>Fumadores</term><term>Fumadores intensos</term><term>Gene cluster</term><term>Gene polymorphism</term><term>Gene polymorphisms</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Genotype groups</term><term>Genotype patient groups</term><term>Genotype status</term><term>Gingival crevicular</term><term>Gros fumeurs</term><term>Groupe positif</term><term>Heavy smokers</term><term>Impl</term><term>Implant</term><term>Implant failure</term><term>Implant failures</term><term>Implant loss</term><term>Implant shoulder</term><term>Implants research</term><term>Inclusion criteria</term><term>International journal</term><term>Interquartile ranges</term><term>Intraexaminer reproducibility</term><term>Itia</term><term>Kornman</term><term>Lang</term><term>Linkage disequilibrium</term><term>Maxillofacial</term><term>Maxillofacial implants</term><term>Median</term><term>Median values</term><term>Moderate smokers</term><term>Negative bone loss values</term><term>Negative patients</term><term>Occlusal overload</term><term>Oral impl</term><term>Oral implants</term><term>Osseointegrated</term><term>Osseointegrated implants</term><term>Osseointegrated itia</term><term>Other subgroups</term><term>Para</term><term>Periodontal</term><term>Periodontal disease</term><term>Periodontal research</term><term>Periodontitis</term><term>Periodontology</term><term>Perte osseuse</term><term>Polymorphism</term><term>Positiven gruppe</term><term>Present patient cohort</term><term>Present study</term><term>Prospective study</term><term>Prosthetic</term><term>Prosthetic loading</term><term>Radiograph</term><term>Radiographic bone loss</term><term>Restriction control site</term><term>Risk factor</term><term>Risk factors</term><term>Single fragment</term><term>Smoker</term><term>Smoking</term><term>Smoking habits</term><term>Smoking status</term><term>Smoking subgroups</term><term>Starken rauchern</term><term>Tissue destruction</term><term>Tonetti</term><term>Visible contact</term><term>Wilson nunn</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Absolute bone level difference</term><term>Absolute bone loss</term><term>Adult periodontitis</term><term>Allele</term><term>Allelic variants</term><term>Annual bone loss</term><term>Annual bone loss rate</term><term>Berne</term><term>Bone gain</term><term>Bone levels</term><term>Bone loss</term><term>Bone loss table</term><term>Buser</term><term>Chronic periodontitis</term><term>Cigarette smoking</term><term>Clin</term><term>Clinical parameters</term><term>Clinical periodontology</term><term>Cohort</term><term>Composite genotype</term><term>Constant band</term><term>Current smokers</term><term>Dental implants</term><term>Dentistry research</term><term>Duff</term><term>Early failures</term><term>Entire observation period</term><term>Entre</term><term>European journal</term><term>Feloutzis</term><term>Former smokers</term><term>Full mouth</term><term>Fumadores</term><term>Fumadores intensos</term><term>Gene cluster</term><term>Gene polymorphism</term><term>Gene polymorphisms</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Genotype groups</term><term>Genotype patient groups</term><term>Genotype status</term><term>Gingival crevicular</term><term>Gros fumeurs</term><term>Groupe positif</term><term>Heavy smokers</term><term>Impl</term><term>Implant</term><term>Implant failure</term><term>Implant failures</term><term>Implant loss</term><term>Implant shoulder</term><term>Implants research</term><term>Inclusion criteria</term><term>International journal</term><term>Interquartile ranges</term><term>Intraexaminer reproducibility</term><term>Itia</term><term>Kornman</term><term>Lang</term><term>Linkage disequilibrium</term><term>Maxillofacial</term><term>Maxillofacial implants</term><term>Median</term><term>Median values</term><term>Moderate smokers</term><term>Negative bone loss values</term><term>Negative patients</term><term>Occlusal overload</term><term>Oral impl</term><term>Oral implants</term><term>Osseointegrated</term><term>Osseointegrated implants</term><term>Osseointegrated itia</term><term>Other subgroups</term><term>Para</term><term>Periodontal</term><term>Periodontal disease</term><term>Periodontal research</term><term>Periodontitis</term><term>Periodontology</term><term>Perte osseuse</term><term>Polymorphism</term><term>Positiven gruppe</term><term>Present patient cohort</term><term>Present study</term><term>Prospective study</term><term>Prosthetic</term><term>Prosthetic loading</term><term>Radiograph</term><term>Radiographic bone loss</term><term>Restriction control site</term><term>Risk factor</term><term>Risk factors</term><term>Single fragment</term><term>Smoker</term><term>Smoking</term><term>Smoking habits</term><term>Smoking status</term><term>Smoking subgroups</term><term>Starken rauchern</term><term>Tissue destruction</term><term>Tonetti</term><term>Visible contact</term><term>Wilson nunn</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Abstract: The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the relation between specific interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene polymorphisms and peri‐implant bone loss at osseointegrated ITI® dental implants and (ii) to explore the association between these allelic variants of the IL‐1 gene complex and peri‐implant mucosal inflammation, in both smoking and non‐smoking individuals. A sample of 90 consecutive Caucasian patients (aged 33–88 years), treated with at least one ITI‐implant participated in this retrospective investigation. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken after prosthetic rehabilitation (133.6 days, SD 136.9 days) and at the time of the re‐examination, on average 5.6 years (SD 2.5 years) thereafter. The radiographs were analyzed by a calibrated examiner for changes in peri‐implant bone levels. The examiner was blind with respect to clinical parameters and IL‐1 status. The distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐implant contact (DIB) at the respective time points were measured using a computerized method. The absolute bone level difference during the years of service (ABL) and the annual bone loss (ΔBL/year) were calculated for all the implants. Percentages of full mouth bleeding on probing (BOP), as well as of BOP calculated separately for teeth and implants, were determined for all visits and averaged for the entire observation period. Out of the total patient sample, there were 14 heavy smokers (= 20 cigarettes/day), 14 moderate smokers (5–19 cigarettes/day), 23 previous smokers (smoking cessation > 5 years) and 39 non‐smokers. Twenty‐eight (31.11%) patients were IL‐1 genotype positive. Upon stratification for smoking status, significant differences were found for the variables ABL (P < 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P < 0.04, U‐test) between non‐smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group but not for the IL‐1 genotype negative group. Moreover, significant differences in ABL (P < 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P < 0.04, U‐test) were identified between former smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group. The differences in inflammatory parameters (BOP) did not reach statistical significance.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>implant</json:string><json:string>genotype</json:string><json:string>polymorphism</json:string><json:string>smoker</json:string><json:string>periodontology</json:string><json:string>bone loss</json:string><json:string>kornman</json:string><json:string>para</json:string><json:string>periodontal</json:string><json:string>periodontitis</json:string><json:string>feloutzis</json:string><json:string>gene polymorphism</json:string><json:string>cohort</json:string><json:string>tonetti</json:string><json:string>entre</json:string><json:string>osseointegrated</json:string><json:string>fumadores</json:string><json:string>radiograph</json:string><json:string>duff</json:string><json:string>heavy smokers</json:string><json:string>maxillofacial implants</json:string><json:string>maxillofacial</json:string><json:string>oral impl</json:string><json:string>allele</json:string><json:string>impl</json:string><json:string>clin</json:string><json:string>lang</json:string><json:string>implants research</json:string><json:string>smoking status</json:string><json:string>buser</json:string><json:string>prosthetic</json:string><json:string>itia</json:string><json:string>present study</json:string><json:string>international journal</json:string><json:string>full mouth</json:string><json:string>risk factors</json:string><json:string>gene polymorphisms</json:string><json:string>former smokers</json:string><json:string>genotype status</json:string><json:string>bone gain</json:string><json:string>clinical periodontology</json:string><json:string>negative bone loss values</json:string><json:string>median</json:string><json:string>berne</json:string><json:string>osseointegrated implants</json:string><json:string>prosthetic loading</json:string><json:string>implant failure</json:string><json:string>composite genotype</json:string><json:string>gros fumeurs</json:string><json:string>implant failures</json:string><json:string>annual bone loss</json:string><json:string>genotype patient groups</json:string><json:string>bone levels</json:string><json:string>risk factor</json:string><json:string>clinical parameters</json:string><json:string>chronic periodontitis</json:string><json:string>implant loss</json:string><json:string>implant shoulder</json:string><json:string>allelic variants</json:string><json:string>moderate smokers</json:string><json:string>dentistry research</json:string><json:string>absolute bone loss</json:string><json:string>interquartile ranges</json:string><json:string>median values</json:string><json:string>wilson nunn</json:string><json:string>osseointegrated itia</json:string><json:string>smoking</json:string><json:string>perte osseuse</json:string><json:string>annual bone loss rate</json:string><json:string>restriction control site</json:string><json:string>constant band</json:string><json:string>single fragment</json:string><json:string>smoking subgroups</json:string><json:string>other subgroups</json:string><json:string>present patient cohort</json:string><json:string>linkage disequilibrium</json:string><json:string>current smokers</json:string><json:string>bone loss table</json:string><json:string>negative patients</json:string><json:string>smoking habits</json:string><json:string>dental implants</json:string><json:string>early failures</json:string><json:string>gene cluster</json:string><json:string>fumadores intensos</json:string><json:string>gingival crevicular</json:string><json:string>genotype groups</json:string><json:string>oral implants</json:string><json:string>groupe positif</json:string><json:string>starken rauchern</json:string><json:string>positiven gruppe</json:string><json:string>entire observation period</json:string><json:string>absolute bone level difference</json:string><json:string>visible contact</json:string><json:string>cigarette smoking</json:string><json:string>tissue destruction</json:string><json:string>periodontal research</json:string><json:string>radiographic bone loss</json:string><json:string>prospective study</json:string><json:string>intraexaminer reproducibility</json:string><json:string>periodontal disease</json:string><json:string>european journal</json:string><json:string>adult periodontitis</json:string><json:string>occlusal overload</json:string><json:string>inclusion criteria</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Andreas Feloutzis</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Niklaus P. Lang</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Maurizio S. Tonetti</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Walter Bürgin</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Urs Brägger</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Daniel Buser</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gordon W. Duff</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Kenneth S. Kornman</name><affiliations><json:string>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>bleeding on probing</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>IL‐1 gene polymorphism</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>implant failure</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>peri‐implant infection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>radiographic bone loss</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>smoking</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>120889</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-6PGHPJZN-6</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the relation between specific interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene polymorphisms and peri‐implant bone loss at osseointegrated ITI® dental implants and (ii) to explore the association between these allelic variants of the IL‐1 gene complex and peri‐implant mucosal inflammation, in both smoking and non‐smoking individuals. A sample of 90 consecutive Caucasian patients (aged 33–88 years), treated with at least one ITI‐implant participated in this retrospective investigation. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken after prosthetic rehabilitation (133.6 days, SD 136.9 days) and at the time of the re‐examination, on average 5.6 years (SD 2.5 years) thereafter. The radiographs were analyzed by a calibrated examiner for changes in peri‐implant bone levels. The examiner was blind with respect to clinical parameters and IL‐1 status. The distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐implant contact (DIB) at the respective time points were measured using a computerized method. The absolute bone level difference during the years of service (ABL) and the annual bone loss (ΔBL/year) were calculated for all the implants. Percentages of full mouth bleeding on probing (BOP), as well as of BOP calculated separately for teeth and implants, were determined for all visits and averaged for the entire observation period. Out of the total patient sample, there were 14 heavy smokers (= 20 cigarettes/day), 14 moderate smokers (5–19 cigarettes/day), 23 previous smokers (smoking cessation > 5 years) and 39 non‐smokers. Twenty‐eight (31.11%) patients were IL‐1 genotype positive. Upon stratification for smoking status, significant differences were found for the variables ABL (P > 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P > 0.04, U‐test) between non‐smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group but not for the IL‐1 genotype negative group. Moreover, significant differences in ABL (P > 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P > 0.04, U‐test) were identified between former smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group. The differences in inflammatory parameters (BOP) did not reach statistical significance.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>6258</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>40901</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595 x 782 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>307</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>2199</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>6</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population</title><pmid><json:string>12562360</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Clinical Oral Implants Research</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0501</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0905-7161</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1600-0501</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>CLR</json:string></publisherId><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>10</first><last>17</last><total>8</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2003</json:string><json:string>30s</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics</json:string><json:string>Matrox Electronic Systems</json:string><json:string>Medical Science Systems</json:string><json:string>Switzerland Andreas Feloutzis, Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics</json:string><json:string>SAS Institute Inc</json:string><json:string>University of Berne</json:string><json:string>XCP Instruments</json:string><json:string>University of Berne, Switzerland</json:string><json:string>Berne Switzerland Tel</json:string><json:string>University of Shef</json:string><json:string>Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UK Daniel Buser, Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, Switzerland Gordon W</json:string><json:string>Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland Maurizio S</json:string><json:string>Rinn Corporation</json:string><json:string>Feloutzis University</json:string><json:string>Kornman Interleukin Genetics, Inc.</json:string><json:string>UK Kenneth S</json:string><json:string>Division of Genomic Medicine</json:string><json:string>Ethical Board of the Medical Faculty, University of Berne</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Andreas Feloutzis</json:string><json:string>Whitney Utest</json:string><json:string>In</json:string><json:string>Clinic</json:string><json:string>Niklaus P. Lang</json:string><json:string>Walter Bürgin</json:string><json:string>Recent</json:string></persName><placeName><json:string>Canada</json:string><json:string>USA</json:string><json:string>Japan</json:string><json:string>Tokyo</json:string><json:string>MA</json:string></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>Armitage et al. 2000</json:string><json:string>BirkedalHansen 1993</json:string><json:string>Bain 1996</json:string><json:string>Kornman et al. 1997</json:string><json:string>Salcetti et al. 1997</json:string><json:string>Kao et al. 1995</json:string><json:string>Buser et al. 1997</json:string><json:string>Lindhe et al. 1992</json:string><json:string>Bain & Moy 1993</json:string><json:string>Engebretson et al. 1999</json:string><json:string>Miyata et al. 2000</json:string><json:string>Adell et al. 1990</json:string><json:string>Gemmell et al. 1997</json:string><json:string>Pociot et al. 1992</json:string><json:string>Isidor 1996, 1997</json:string><json:string>Weyant & Burt 1993</json:string><json:string>Tonetti 1998b</json:string><json:string>Stashenko et al. 1987</json:string><json:string>Qwarnstrom et al. 1989</json:string><json:string>Gore et al. 1998</json:string><json:string>Wilson & Nunn 1999</json:string><json:string>Cullinan et al. 2001</json:string><json:string>Kornman et al. 1997b</json:string><json:string>Buser et al. 1990</json:string><json:string>Tonetti 1998</json:string><json:string>A. 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Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Niklaus P.</forename><surname>Lang</surname></persName><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Maurizio S.</forename><surname>Tonetti</surname></persName><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Walter</forename><surname>Bürgin</surname></persName><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Urs</forename><surname>Brägger</surname></persName><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">Daniel</forename><surname>Buser</surname></persName><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Gordon W.</forename><surname>Duff</surname></persName><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">Kenneth S.</forename><surname>Kornman</surname></persName><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">A6A1DF5059B6725BF84877380EEE059CFCB44A06</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-6PGHPJZN-6</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140102.x</idno><idno type="supplier">120889</idno><idno type="unit">CLR140102</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:CLR.CLR140102.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Clinical Oral Implants Research</title><title level="j" type="alt">CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH</title><idno type="pISSN">0905-7161</idno><idno type="eISSN">1600-0501</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0501</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1111/clr.2003.14.issue-1</idno><idno type="product">CLR</idno><idno type="publisherDivision">ST</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">14</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="10">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="17">17</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><publisher>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-02"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><p><hi rend="bold">Abstract:</hi> The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the relation between specific interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene polymorphisms and peri‐implant bone loss at osseointegrated ITI<hi rend="superscript">®</hi> dental implants and (ii) to explore the association between these allelic variants of the IL‐1 gene complex and peri‐implant mucosal inflammation, in both smoking and non‐smoking individuals. A sample of 90 consecutive Caucasian patients (aged 33–88 years), treated with at least one ITI‐implant participated in this retrospective investigation. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken after prosthetic rehabilitation (133.6 days, SD 136.9 days) and at the time of the re‐examination, on average 5.6 years (SD 2.5 years) thereafter. The radiographs were analyzed by a calibrated examiner for changes in peri‐implant bone levels. The examiner was blind with respect to clinical parameters and IL‐1 status. The distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐implant contact (DIB) at the respective time points were measured using a computerized method. The absolute bone level difference during the years of service (ABL) and the annual bone loss (ΔBL/year) were calculated for all the implants. Percentages of full mouth bleeding on probing (BOP), as well as of BOP calculated separately for teeth and implants, were determined for all visits and averaged for the entire observation period. Out of the total patient sample, there were 14 heavy smokers (= 20 cigarettes/day), 14 moderate smokers (5–19 cigarettes/day), 23 previous smokers (smoking cessation > 5 years) and 39 non‐smokers. Twenty‐eight (31.11%) patients were IL‐1 genotype positive. Upon stratification for smoking status, significant differences were found for the variables ABL (<hi rend="italic">P</hi> < 0.04, <hi rend="italic">U</hi>‐test) and ΔBL/year (<hi rend="italic">P</hi> < 0.04, <hi rend="italic">U</hi>‐test) between non‐smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group but not for the IL‐1 genotype negative group. Moreover, significant differences in ABL (<hi rend="italic">P</hi> < 0.04, <hi rend="italic">U</hi>‐test) and ΔBL/year (<hi rend="italic">P</hi> < 0.04, <hi rend="italic">U</hi>‐test) were identified between former smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group. The differences in inflammatory parameters (BOP) did not reach statistical significance.</p><p>This study suggests that in heavy cigarette smokers, carriage of a functionally significant IL‐1 gene complex polymorphism is associated with an increased risk for peri‐implant bone loss following prosthetic reconstruction and during the supportive periodontal care phase of the treatment.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="k1">bleeding on probing</term><term xml:id="k2">IL‐1 gene polymorphism</term><term xml:id="k3">implant failure</term><term xml:id="k4">peri‐implant infection</term><term xml:id="k5">radiographic bone loss</term><term xml:id="k6">smoking </term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Original Articles</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/A6A1DF5059B6725BF84877380EEE059CFCB44A06/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0501</doi><issn type="print">0905-7161</issn><issn type="electronic">1600-0501</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="CLR"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH">Clinical Oral Implants Research</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="02001"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/clr.2003.14.issue-1</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="14">14</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="1">1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2003-02">February 2003</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="0001000" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140102.x</doi><idGroup><id type="supplier" value="120889"></id><id type="unit" value="CLR140102"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Original Articles</title></titleGroup><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2003-01-31"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2003-01-31"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-03-12"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-12"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-16"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="10">10</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="17">17</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>
Dr. med. dent. A. Feloutzis
University of Berne
School of Dental Medicine
Freiburgstrasse 7
CH‐3010 Berne
Switzerland
Tel.: + 41 031 632 2589, Fax: + 41 031 632 4915
e‐mail: <email>perio@zmk.unibe.ch</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:CLR.CLR140102.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Accepted 12 August 2002</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="1"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="3"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="46"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="4203"></count><count type="linksPubMed" number="37"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="0"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population</title><title type="shortAuthors">A. Feloutzis et al</title><title type="short">IL‐1 gene polymorphism, smoking, BOP and peri‐implant bone loss</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Andreas</givenNames><familyName>Feloutzis</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Niklaus P.</givenNames><familyName>Lang</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Maurizio S.</givenNames><familyName>Tonetti</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Walter</givenNames><familyName>Bürgin</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Urs</givenNames><familyName>Brägger</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr6" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Daniel</givenNames><familyName>Buser</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr7" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Gordon W.</givenNames><familyName>Duff</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr8" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Kenneth S.</givenNames><familyName>Kornman</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="aff-1-1" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation><b>Authors' affiliations:</b><i>Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,</i>Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, Switzerland<i>Andreas Feloutzis,</i>Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland<i>Maurizio S. Tonetti,</i>Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UK<i>Daniel Buser,</i>Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, Switzerland<i>Gordon W. Duff,</i>Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UK<i>Kenneth S. Kornman</i>Interleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">bleeding on probing</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">IL‐1 gene polymorphism</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">implant failure</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">peri‐implant infection</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">radiographic bone loss</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">smoking </keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Abstract:</b> The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the relation between specific interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene polymorphisms and peri‐implant bone loss at osseointegrated ITI<sup>®</sup> dental implants and (ii) to explore the association between these allelic variants of the IL‐1 gene complex and peri‐implant mucosal inflammation, in both smoking and non‐smoking individuals. A sample of 90 consecutive Caucasian patients (aged 33–88 years), treated with at least one ITI‐implant participated in this retrospective investigation. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken after prosthetic rehabilitation (133.6 days, SD 136.9 days) and at the time of the re‐examination, on average 5.6 years (SD 2.5 years) thereafter. The radiographs were analyzed by a calibrated examiner for changes in peri‐implant bone levels. The examiner was blind with respect to clinical parameters and IL‐1 status. The distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐implant contact (DIB) at the respective time points were measured using a computerized method. The absolute bone level difference during the years of service (ABL) and the annual bone loss (ΔBL/year) were calculated for all the implants. Percentages of full mouth bleeding on probing (BOP), as well as of BOP calculated separately for teeth and implants, were determined for all visits and averaged for the entire observation period. Out of the total patient sample, there were 14 heavy smokers (= 20 cigarettes/day), 14 moderate smokers (5–19 cigarettes/day), 23 previous smokers (smoking cessation > 5 years) and 39 non‐smokers. Twenty‐eight (31.11%) patients were IL‐1 genotype positive. Upon stratification for smoking status, significant differences were found for the variables ABL (<i>P</i> < 0.04, <i>U</i>‐test) and ΔBL/year (<i>P</i> < 0.04, <i>U</i>‐test) between non‐smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group but not for the IL‐1 genotype negative group. Moreover, significant differences in ABL (<i>P</i> < 0.04, <i>U</i>‐test) and ΔBL/year (<i>P</i> < 0.04, <i>U</i>‐test) were identified between former smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group. The differences in inflammatory parameters (BOP) did not reach statistical significance.</p><p>This study suggests that in heavy cigarette smokers, carriage of a functionally significant IL‐1 gene complex polymorphism is associated with an increased risk for peri‐implant bone loss following prosthetic reconstruction and during the supportive periodontal care phase of the treatment.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>IL‐1 gene polymorphism, smoking, BOP and peri‐implant bone loss</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>IL‐1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri‐implant bone loss in a well‐maintained population</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Andreas</namePart><namePart type="family">Feloutzis</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Niklaus P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lang</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Maurizio S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Tonetti</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Walter</namePart><namePart type="family">Bürgin</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Urs</namePart><namePart type="family">Brägger</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Daniel</namePart><namePart type="family">Buser</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gordon W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Duff</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kenneth S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kornman</namePart><affiliation>Authors' affiliations: Andreas Feloutzis, Niklaus P. Lang, Walter Bürgin, Urs Brägger,Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Berne, SwitzerlandAndreas Feloutzis,Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Research, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandMaurizio S. Tonetti,Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UKDaniel Buser,Department of Oral Surgery, University of Berne, SwitzerlandGordon W. Duff,Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UKKenneth S. KornmanInterleukin Genetics, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2003-02</dateIssued><edition>Accepted 12 August 2002</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2003</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">1</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent><extent unit="formulas">0</extent><extent unit="references">46</extent><extent unit="linksCrossRef">0</extent><extent unit="words">4203</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Abstract: The aim of the present study was (i) to investigate the relation between specific interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene polymorphisms and peri‐implant bone loss at osseointegrated ITI® dental implants and (ii) to explore the association between these allelic variants of the IL‐1 gene complex and peri‐implant mucosal inflammation, in both smoking and non‐smoking individuals. A sample of 90 consecutive Caucasian patients (aged 33–88 years), treated with at least one ITI‐implant participated in this retrospective investigation. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken after prosthetic rehabilitation (133.6 days, SD 136.9 days) and at the time of the re‐examination, on average 5.6 years (SD 2.5 years) thereafter. The radiographs were analyzed by a calibrated examiner for changes in peri‐implant bone levels. The examiner was blind with respect to clinical parameters and IL‐1 status. The distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐implant contact (DIB) at the respective time points were measured using a computerized method. The absolute bone level difference during the years of service (ABL) and the annual bone loss (ΔBL/year) were calculated for all the implants. Percentages of full mouth bleeding on probing (BOP), as well as of BOP calculated separately for teeth and implants, were determined for all visits and averaged for the entire observation period. Out of the total patient sample, there were 14 heavy smokers (= 20 cigarettes/day), 14 moderate smokers (5–19 cigarettes/day), 23 previous smokers (smoking cessation > 5 years) and 39 non‐smokers. Twenty‐eight (31.11%) patients were IL‐1 genotype positive. Upon stratification for smoking status, significant differences were found for the variables ABL (P < 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P < 0.04, U‐test) between non‐smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group but not for the IL‐1 genotype negative group. Moreover, significant differences in ABL (P < 0.04, U‐test) and ΔBL/year (P < 0.04, U‐test) were identified between former smokers and heavy smokers for the IL‐1 genotype positive group. The differences in inflammatory parameters (BOP) did not reach statistical significance.</abstract><abstract>This study suggests that in heavy cigarette smokers, carriage of a functionally significant IL‐1 gene complex polymorphism is associated with an increased risk for peri‐implant bone loss following prosthetic reconstruction and during the supportive periodontal care phase of the treatment.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>bleeding on probing</topic><topic>IL‐1 gene polymorphism</topic><topic>implant failure</topic><topic>peri‐implant infection</topic><topic>radiographic bone loss</topic><topic>smoking</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Clinical Oral Implants Research</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0905-7161</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1600-0501</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0501</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">CLR</identifier><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>14</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>10</start><end>17</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">A6A1DF5059B6725BF84877380EEE059CFCB44A06</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-6PGHPJZN-6</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140102.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">120889</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-L0C46X92-X">wiley</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Munksgaard International Publishers</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/A6A1DF5059B6725BF84877380EEE059CFCB44A06/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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