Prey transport in “palatine‐erecting” elapid snakes
Identifieur interne : 005023 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 005022; suivant : 005024Prey transport in “palatine‐erecting” elapid snakes
Auteurs : Alexandra Deufel ; David CundallSource :
- Journal of Morphology [ 0362-2525 ] ; 2003-12.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adductor, Adductor externus, Adductor externus medius, Adductor mandibulae externus, Anterior, Aspidelaps, Bers, Bogert, Braincase, Choanal, Choanal passage, Choanal process, Cundall, Dendroaspis, Dendroaspis polylepis, Depressor mandibulae, Deufel, Dorsal, Dorsal portion, Dorsal surface, Dorsolateral, Ectopterygoid, Elapid, Elapid snakes, Erectors, Exion, Externus, Fang, Functional unit, Gans, Haas, Hypochoanal cartilage, Kardong, Lateral, Lateral view, Laterally, Levator, Levator pterygoideus, Long axis, Mandible, Mandibulae, Maxilla, Maxillary, Maxillary process, Maxillary rotation, Mcdowell, Medial, Micrurus, Micrurus frontalis, Mouth opening, Naja, Naja pallida, Natural history, Ophiophagus, Ophiophagus hannah, Other colubroids, Palatine, Palatine bone, Palatine erection, Palatine erectors, Palatine process, Palatine rotation, Palatine tooth, Pallida, Phisalix, Polylepis, Prefrontal, Prey, Prey transport, Protr, Protr ptery, Protraction, Protractor, Protractor pterygoideus, Protractor quadratus, Ptery, Pterygoid, Pterygoideus, Quadrate, Quadratus, Retr ptery, Retractor, Retractor pterygoideus, Retractor vomeris, Right palatine, Schwenk, Snout, Snout rotation, Tendon, Venom, Venom gland, Ventral, Ventral portion, Ventral view, Video records, Viper, Vomer, Vomeris, Zool.
- Teeft :
- Adductor, Adductor externus, Adductor externus medius, Adductor mandibulae externus, Anterior, Aspidelaps, Bers, Bogert, Braincase, Choanal, Choanal passage, Choanal process, Cundall, Dendroaspis, Dendroaspis polylepis, Depressor mandibulae, Deufel, Dorsal, Dorsal portion, Dorsal surface, Dorsolateral, Ectopterygoid, Elapid, Elapid snakes, Erectors, Exion, Externus, Fang, Functional unit, Gans, Haas, Hypochoanal cartilage, Kardong, Lateral, Lateral view, Laterally, Levator, Levator pterygoideus, Long axis, Mandible, Mandibulae, Maxilla, Maxillary, Maxillary process, Maxillary rotation, Mcdowell, Medial, Micrurus, Micrurus frontalis, Mouth opening, Naja, Naja pallida, Natural history, Ophiophagus, Ophiophagus hannah, Other colubroids, Palatine, Palatine bone, Palatine erection, Palatine erectors, Palatine process, Palatine rotation, Palatine tooth, Pallida, Phisalix, Polylepis, Prefrontal, Prey, Prey transport, Protr, Protr ptery, Protraction, Protractor, Protractor pterygoideus, Protractor quadratus, Ptery, Pterygoid, Pterygoideus, Quadrate, Quadratus, Retr ptery, Retractor, Retractor pterygoideus, Retractor vomeris, Right palatine, Schwenk, Snout, Snout rotation, Tendon, Venom, Venom gland, Ventral, Ventral portion, Ventral view, Video records, Viper, Vomer, Vomeris, Zool.
Abstract
Cobras and mambas are members of a group of elapid snakes supposedly united by the morphology and inferred behavior of their palatine bone during prey transport (palatine erectors). The palatine erectors investigated (Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erection can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato‐pterygoid bar with a movable palato‐pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally proposed to cause palatine erection are not required to produce the behavior and actually impede it in Naja pallida. Palatine‐erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato‐maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally integrated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate character sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358–375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10164
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:A03E934FC1D06A83740432E6F635EDEB5F30995BLe document en format XML
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process</term><term>Cundall</term><term>Dendroaspis</term><term>Dendroaspis polylepis</term><term>Depressor mandibulae</term><term>Deufel</term><term>Dorsal</term><term>Dorsal portion</term><term>Dorsal surface</term><term>Dorsolateral</term><term>Ectopterygoid</term><term>Elapid</term><term>Elapid snakes</term><term>Erectors</term><term>Exion</term><term>Externus</term><term>Fang</term><term>Functional unit</term><term>Gans</term><term>Haas</term><term>Hypochoanal cartilage</term><term>Kardong</term><term>Lateral</term><term>Lateral view</term><term>Laterally</term><term>Levator</term><term>Levator pterygoideus</term><term>Long axis</term><term>Mandible</term><term>Mandibulae</term><term>Maxilla</term><term>Maxillary</term><term>Maxillary process</term><term>Maxillary rotation</term><term>Mcdowell</term><term>Medial</term><term>Micrurus</term><term>Micrurus frontalis</term><term>Mouth opening</term><term>Naja</term><term>Naja pallida</term><term>Natural history</term><term>Ophiophagus</term><term>Ophiophagus hannah</term><term>Other colubroids</term><term>Palatine</term><term>Palatine bone</term><term>Palatine erection</term><term>Palatine erectors</term><term>Palatine process</term><term>Palatine rotation</term><term>Palatine tooth</term><term>Pallida</term><term>Phisalix</term><term>Polylepis</term><term>Prefrontal</term><term>Prey</term><term>Prey transport</term><term>Protr</term><term>Protr ptery</term><term>Protraction</term><term>Protractor</term><term>Protractor pterygoideus</term><term>Protractor quadratus</term><term>Ptery</term><term>Pterygoid</term><term>Pterygoideus</term><term>Quadrate</term><term>Quadratus</term><term>Retr ptery</term><term>Retractor</term><term>Retractor pterygoideus</term><term>Retractor vomeris</term><term>Right palatine</term><term>Schwenk</term><term>Snout</term><term>Snout rotation</term><term>Tendon</term><term>Venom</term><term>Venom gland</term><term>Ventral</term><term>Ventral portion</term><term>Ventral view</term><term>Video records</term><term>Viper</term><term>Vomer</term><term>Vomeris</term><term>Zool</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Adductor</term><term>Adductor externus</term><term>Adductor externus medius</term><term>Adductor mandibulae externus</term><term>Anterior</term><term>Aspidelaps</term><term>Bers</term><term>Bogert</term><term>Braincase</term><term>Choanal</term><term>Choanal passage</term><term>Choanal process</term><term>Cundall</term><term>Dendroaspis</term><term>Dendroaspis polylepis</term><term>Depressor mandibulae</term><term>Deufel</term><term>Dorsal</term><term>Dorsal portion</term><term>Dorsal surface</term><term>Dorsolateral</term><term>Ectopterygoid</term><term>Elapid</term><term>Elapid snakes</term><term>Erectors</term><term>Exion</term><term>Externus</term><term>Fang</term><term>Functional unit</term><term>Gans</term><term>Haas</term><term>Hypochoanal cartilage</term><term>Kardong</term><term>Lateral</term><term>Lateral view</term><term>Laterally</term><term>Levator</term><term>Levator pterygoideus</term><term>Long axis</term><term>Mandible</term><term>Mandibulae</term><term>Maxilla</term><term>Maxillary</term><term>Maxillary process</term><term>Maxillary rotation</term><term>Mcdowell</term><term>Medial</term><term>Micrurus</term><term>Micrurus frontalis</term><term>Mouth opening</term><term>Naja</term><term>Naja pallida</term><term>Natural history</term><term>Ophiophagus</term><term>Ophiophagus hannah</term><term>Other colubroids</term><term>Palatine</term><term>Palatine bone</term><term>Palatine erection</term><term>Palatine erectors</term><term>Palatine process</term><term>Palatine rotation</term><term>Palatine tooth</term><term>Pallida</term><term>Phisalix</term><term>Polylepis</term><term>Prefrontal</term><term>Prey</term><term>Prey transport</term><term>Protr</term><term>Protr ptery</term><term>Protraction</term><term>Protractor</term><term>Protractor pterygoideus</term><term>Protractor quadratus</term><term>Ptery</term><term>Pterygoid</term><term>Pterygoideus</term><term>Quadrate</term><term>Quadratus</term><term>Retr ptery</term><term>Retractor</term><term>Retractor pterygoideus</term><term>Retractor vomeris</term><term>Right palatine</term><term>Schwenk</term><term>Snout</term><term>Snout rotation</term><term>Tendon</term><term>Venom</term><term>Venom gland</term><term>Ventral</term><term>Ventral portion</term><term>Ventral view</term><term>Video records</term><term>Viper</term><term>Vomer</term><term>Vomeris</term><term>Zool</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Cobras and mambas are members of a group of elapid snakes supposedly united by the morphology and inferred behavior of their palatine bone during prey transport (palatine erectors). The palatine erectors investigated (Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erection can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato‐pterygoid bar with a movable palato‐pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally proposed to cause palatine erection are not required to produce the behavior and actually impede it in Naja pallida. Palatine‐erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato‐maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally integrated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate character sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358–375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>palatine</json:string><json:string>maxilla</json:string><json:string>pallida</json:string><json:string>pterygoideus</json:string><json:string>polylepis</json:string><json:string>dendroaspis</json:string><json:string>naja</json:string><json:string>pterygoid</json:string><json:string>elapid</json:string><json:string>naja pallida</json:string><json:string>prey transport</json:string><json:string>dendroaspis polylepis</json:string><json:string>dorsal</json:string><json:string>adductor</json:string><json:string>choanal</json:string><json:string>cundall</json:string><json:string>protractor</json:string><json:string>maxillary</json:string><json:string>retractor</json:string><json:string>protraction</json:string><json:string>choanal 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pterygoideus</json:string><json:string>vomeris</json:string><json:string>schwenk</json:string><json:string>aspidelaps</json:string><json:string>phisalix</json:string><json:string>lateral</json:string><json:string>adductor externus</json:string><json:string>dorsal portion</json:string><json:string>gans</json:string><json:string>protractor quadratus</json:string><json:string>protr</json:string><json:string>micrurus</json:string><json:string>deufel</json:string><json:string>retractor vomeris</json:string><json:string>erectors</json:string><json:string>tendon</json:string><json:string>bogert</json:string><json:string>kardong</json:string><json:string>ophiophagus hannah</json:string><json:string>maxillary process</json:string><json:string>maxillary rotation</json:string><json:string>long axis</json:string><json:string>ventral portion</json:string><json:string>dorsal surface</json:string><json:string>quadrate</json:string><json:string>lateral view</json:string><json:string>exion</json:string><json:string>vomer</json:string><json:string>dorsolateral</json:string><json:string>snout rotation</json:string><json:string>adductor mandibulae externus</json:string><json:string>laterally</json:string><json:string>viper</json:string><json:string>functional unit</json:string><json:string>hypochoanal cartilage</json:string><json:string>palatine rotation</json:string><json:string>elapid snakes</json:string><json:string>palatine tooth</json:string><json:string>natural history</json:string><json:string>choanal passage</json:string><json:string>palatine erectors</json:string><json:string>anterior</json:string><json:string>venom</json:string><json:string>adductor externus medius</json:string><json:string>right palatine</json:string><json:string>video records</json:string><json:string>retr ptery</json:string><json:string>ventral view</json:string><json:string>mouth opening</json:string><json:string>protr ptery</json:string><json:string>palatine process</json:string><json:string>depressor mandibulae</json:string><json:string>palatine bone</json:string><json:string>micrurus frontalis</json:string><json:string>other colubroids</json:string><json:string>prey</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Alexandra Deufel</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015</json:string><json:string>Current Address: Department of Biology, Minot State University, 500 University Avenue West, Minot, ND 58707</json:string><json:string>E-mail: adeufel@minotstateu.edu</json:string><json:string>Correspondence address: Department of Biology, Minot State University, 500 University Avenue West, Minot, ND 58707</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>David Cundall</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Elapidae</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>feeding</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>functional integration</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Dendroaspis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Naja</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Ophiophagus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Aspidelaps</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>JMOR10164</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-R1SX3VSR-G</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Cobras and mambas are members of a group of elapid snakes supposedly united by the morphology and inferred behavior of their palatine bone during prey transport (palatine erectors). The palatine erectors investigated (Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erection can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato‐pterygoid bar with a movable palato‐pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally proposed to cause palatine erection are not required to produce the behavior and actually impede it in Naja pallida. Palatine‐erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato‐maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally integrated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate character sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358–375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.4</score><pdfWordCount>8851</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>55730</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>18</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>612 x 810 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>200</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1396</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>7</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Prey transport in “palatine‐erecting” elapid snakes</title><pmid><json:string>14584037</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Journal of Morphology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4687</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0362-2525</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1097-4687</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>JMOR</json:string></publisherId><volume>258</volume><issue>3</issue><pages><first>358</first><last>375</last><total>18</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Article</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2003</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>National Museum Kenya</json:string><json:string>Cornell University</json:string><json:string>Cambridge University</json:string><json:string>Windows</json:string><json:string>Wiley-Liss, Inc</json:string><json:string>Department of Biology, Minot State University</json:string><json:string>National Museum of Natural History</json:string><json:string>LISS, INC.</json:string><json:string>University of California Press</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Darrel Frost</json:string><json:string>Wulf Haacke</json:string><json:string>Linda Ford</json:string><json:string>John Nyby</json:string><json:string>Alan Savitzky</json:string><json:string>Nat Zool</json:string><json:string>Ann Sci</json:string><json:string>Lynne Cassimeris</json:string><json:string>Greene</json:string><json:string>W. Ronald</json:string><json:string>Alexandra Deufel</json:string><json:string>Howard Hunt</json:string><json:string>C.J. Cole</json:string><json:string>John Cadle</json:string><json:string>Bruce Young</json:string><json:string>Harold Voris</json:string><json:string>Aspidelaps</json:string><json:string>Paul Cooper</json:string><json:string>Alan Resetar</json:string><json:string>Nat Hist</json:string><json:string>Jim Hanken</json:string><json:string>Mark Hutchinson</json:string><json:string>Damaris Rotich</json:string><json:string>Jeanette Covacevich</json:string><json:string>Linn Soc</json:string><json:string>Colin McCarthy</json:string><json:string>J. Morphol</json:string></persName><placeName><json:string>Leipzig</json:string><json:string>IL</json:string><json:string>San Diego</json:string><json:string>UK</json:string><json:string>Atlanta</json:string><json:string>Berkeley</json:string><json:string>Chicago</json:string><json:string>York</json:string><json:string>Cambridge</json:string></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>Phisalix (1922)</json:string><json:string>Lauder, 1996</json:string><json:string>Dullemeijer and Povel, 1972</json:string><json:string>McDowell, 1968</json:string><json:string>McKay, 1889</json:string><json:string>Cundall and Gans, 1979</json:string><json:string>Zaher, 1994</json:string><json:string>McCarthy, 1985</json:string><json:string>Lauder, 1995</json:string><json:string>Fairley, 1929</json:string><json:string>Keogh, 1998</json:string><json:string>Phisalix, 1914</json:string><json:string>Greene, 1997</json:string><json:string>Cundall and Shardo, 1995</json:string><json:string>Slowinski et al., 1997</json:string><json:string>Kardong et al., 1986</json:string><json:string>Parker and Grandison, 1977</json:string><json:string>Cundall, 2002</json:string><json:string>Albright and Nelson, 1959</json:string><json:string>Radovanovic, 1967</json:string><json:string>Cundall, 1983</json:string><json:string>McDowell (1970)</json:string><json:string>Phisalix, 1912, 1914, 1922</json:string><json:string>Pough et al., 2001</json:string><json:string>Slowinski and Keogh, 2000</json:string><json:string>Kardong, 1974</json:string><json:string>Haas, 1930</json:string><json:string>Albright and Nelson, 1959b</json:string><json:string>Kamal et al., 1970</json:string><json:string>Wagner and Schwenk, 2000</json:string><json:string>Phisalix, 1912, 1914</json:string><json:string>Kardong, 1973</json:string><json:string>Schwenk and Wagner, 2001</json:string><json:string>Bogert, 1943</json:string><json:string>sensu Spawls and Branch, 1995</json:string><json:string>Haas, 1962</json:string><json:string>McDowell, 1970</json:string><json:string>Gans, 1983</json:string><json:string>pterygoid walk; Boltt and Ewer, 1964</json:string><json:string>Haas, 1930, 1931a</json:string><json:string>Boltt and Ewer, 1964</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-R1SX3VSR-G</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - 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The palatine erectors investigated (<hi rend="italic">Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus</hi>) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erection can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato‐pterygoid bar with a movable palato‐pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally proposed to cause palatine erection are not required to produce the behavior and actually impede it in <hi rend="italic">Naja pallida</hi>. Palatine‐erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato‐maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally integrated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate character sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358–375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="kwd1">Elapidae</term><term xml:id="kwd2">feeding</term><term xml:id="kwd3">functional integration</term><term xml:id="kwd4"><hi rend="italic">Dendroaspis</hi></term><term xml:id="kwd5"><hi rend="italic">Naja</hi></term><term xml:id="kwd6"><hi rend="italic">Ophiophagus</hi></term><term xml:id="kwd7"><hi rend="italic">Aspidelaps</hi></term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Article</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Articles</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/A03E934FC1D06A83740432E6F635EDEB5F30995B/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisherName><publisherLoc>Hoboken</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4687</doi><issn type="print">0362-2525</issn><issn type="electronic">1097-4687</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JMOR"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY">Journal of Morphology</title><title type="short">J. 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The palatine erectors investigated (<i>Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus</i>) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erection can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato‐pterygoid bar with a movable palato‐pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally proposed to cause palatine erection are not required to produce the behavior and actually impede it in <i>Naja pallida</i>. Palatine‐erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato‐maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally integrated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate character sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358–375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Prey transport in “palatine‐erecting” elapid snakes</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Prey Transport in Elapids</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Prey transport in “palatine‐erecting” elapid snakes</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alexandra</namePart><namePart type="family">Deufel</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015</affiliation><affiliation>Current Address: Department of Biology, Minot State University, 500 University Avenue West, Minot, ND 58707</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: adeufel@minotstateu.edu</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence address: Department of Biology, Minot State University, 500 University Avenue West, Minot, ND 58707</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Cundall</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2003-12</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2003</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">14</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent><extent unit="references">48</extent><extent unit="words">10261</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Cobras and mambas are members of a group of elapid snakes supposedly united by the morphology and inferred behavior of their palatine bone during prey transport (palatine erectors). The palatine erectors investigated (Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erection can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato‐pterygoid bar with a movable palato‐pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally proposed to cause palatine erection are not required to produce the behavior and actually impede it in Naja pallida. Palatine‐erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato‐maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally integrated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate character sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358–375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Elapidae</topic><topic>feeding</topic><topic>functional integration</topic><topic>Dendroaspis</topic><topic>Naja</topic><topic>Ophiophagus</topic><topic>Aspidelaps</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Morphology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. 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