The use of titanium implants and prosthodontic techniques in the preparation of non-human primates for long-term neuronal recording studies
Identifieur interne : 004810 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 004809; suivant : 004811The use of titanium implants and prosthodontic techniques in the preparation of non-human primates for long-term neuronal recording studies
Auteurs : K. F. Betelak ; E. A. Margiotti ; M. E. Wohlford ; D. A. SuzukiSource :
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods [ 0165-0270 ] ; 2001.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Abutment, Acrylic resin, Albrektsson, Anchor screws, Ange, Ange surface, Behavioral paradigms, Betelak, Bone biology, Bone growth, Bone tissue, Branemark, Branemark zarb, Brous, Brous tissue, Brous tissue layer, Clinical dentistry, Delrin plug, Dental laboratory procedures, Dental lathe, Dentistry, Dentsply, Denture, Direct contact, Endosseous, Endosseous implant, External threads, Functional anchor points, Head implant, Head implant failures, Head implant integrity, Head implants, Healing period, Implant, Implantation, Impression material, Infectious organisms, Lamellar bone, Load duration, Macaque, Macaque skull, Model stone, Nemestrina, Neuronal, Neuronal recording, Neuroscience, Neuroscience methods, Nobel biocare, Non-human primate, Osseointegrated, Osseointegrated implants, Osseointegration, Osteogenic tissue, Pilot hole, Primate, Primate skull, Primates, Quintessence, Quintessence publishing, Recording chamber, Rudd, Skull, Skull impression, Skull stone, Skull surface, Skull-anchored implant, Soft tissue, Soft tissues, Stable head implants, Stereotaxic, Stereotaxic frame, Sterile saline, Surgical, Surgical preparation, Titanium, Titanium endosseous implants, Titanium implant, Titanium implants, Tjellstrom, Training period, Transverse cylinders, Xture, Xture holes, Xture site, Xtures, Zarb.
- Teeft :
- Abutment, Acrylic resin, Albrektsson, Anchor screws, Ange, Ange surface, Behavioral paradigms, Betelak, Bone growth, Bone tissue, Branemark, Branemark zarb, Brous, Brous tissue, Brous tissue layer, Clinical dentistry, Delrin plug, Dental laboratory procedures, Dental lathe, Dentistry, Dentsply, Denture, Direct contact, Endosseous, Endosseous implant, External threads, Functional anchor points, Head implant, Head implant failures, Head implant integrity, Head implants, Healing period, Implant, Implantation, Impression material, Infectious organisms, Lamellar bone, Load duration, Macaque, Macaque skull, Model stone, Nemestrina, Neuronal, Neuronal recording, Neuroscience, Neuroscience methods, Nobel biocare, Osseointegrated, Osseointegrated implants, Osseointegration, Osteogenic tissue, Pilot hole, Primate, Primate skull, Primates, Quintessence, Quintessence publishing, Recording chamber, Rudd, Skull, Skull impression, Skull stone, Skull surface, Soft tissue, Soft tissues, Stable head implants, Stereotaxic, Stereotaxic frame, Sterile saline, Surgical, Surgical preparation, Titanium, Titanium endosseous implants, Titanium implants, Tjellstrom, Training period, Transverse cylinders, Xture, Xture holes, Xture site, Xtures, Zarb.
Abstract
Abstract: Investigators that require the chronic implantation of hardware on the non-human primate skull are often challenged with the possible failure of head implants. To improve the success rate of our head implants, titanium anchor screws, referred to as titanium endosseous implants, were implanted in the skulls of six macaques. Techniques adapted from the processing of dentures were utilized to pre-fabricate an acrylic ‘skull cap’, which provided the mechanical support structure for our study-specific hardware. A two-stage procedure adapted from dentistry (Brånemark et al., 1977) was employed for the placement of titanium endosseous implants in the skull. This two-stage technique incorporates the principles of osseointegration and a healing period. Of the six skull-anchored implants prepared implementing the methods described in this paper, we have not experienced any failures. Additionally, all of the titanium endosseous implants examined post mortem were functionally successful (n=30). Histology results confirmed that there was healthy bone in direct contact with the titanium endosseous implants. The dense cortical bone of the macaque skull is ideal for the implantation of titanium endosseous implants. Titanium endosseous implants have provided secure, functional anchor points for the attachment of hardware to the macaque skull and have resulted in healthy, stable head implants that can remain on the skull for extended periods of time.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00442-3
Links to Exploration step
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Investigators that require the chronic implantation of hardware on the non-human primate skull are often challenged with the possible failure of head implants. To improve the success rate of our head implants, titanium anchor screws, referred to as titanium endosseous implants, were implanted in the skulls of six macaques. Techniques adapted from the processing of dentures were utilized to pre-fabricate an acrylic ‘skull cap’, which provided the mechanical support structure for our study-specific hardware. A two-stage procedure adapted from dentistry (Brånemark et al., 1977) was employed for the placement of titanium endosseous implants in the skull. This two-stage technique incorporates the principles of osseointegration and a healing period. Of the six skull-anchored implants prepared implementing the methods described in this paper, we have not experienced any failures. Additionally, all of the titanium endosseous implants examined post mortem were functionally successful (n=30). Histology results confirmed that there was healthy bone in direct contact with the titanium endosseous implants. The dense cortical bone of the macaque skull is ideal for the implantation of titanium endosseous implants. Titanium endosseous implants have provided secure, functional anchor points for the attachment of hardware to the macaque skull and have resulted in healthy, stable head implants that can remain on the skull for extended periods of time.</div>
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<abstract>Abstract: Investigators that require the chronic implantation of hardware on the non-human primate skull are often challenged with the possible failure of head implants. To improve the success rate of our head implants, titanium anchor screws, referred to as titanium endosseous implants, were implanted in the skulls of six macaques. Techniques adapted from the processing of dentures were utilized to pre-fabricate an acrylic ‘skull cap’, which provided the mechanical support structure for our study-specific hardware. A two-stage procedure adapted from dentistry (Brånemark et al., 1977) was employed for the placement of titanium endosseous implants in the skull. This two-stage technique incorporates the principles of osseointegration and a healing period. Of the six skull-anchored implants prepared implementing the methods described in this paper, we have not experienced any failures. Additionally, all of the titanium endosseous implants examined post mortem were functionally successful (n=30). Histology results confirmed that there was healthy bone in direct contact with the titanium endosseous implants. The dense cortical bone of the macaque skull is ideal for the implantation of titanium endosseous implants. Titanium endosseous implants have provided secure, functional anchor points for the attachment of hardware to the macaque skull and have resulted in healthy, stable head implants that can remain on the skull for extended periods of time.</abstract>
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<notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Diagrammatic representation of a non-human primate (Macaca mulatta) supporting skull-anchored hardware. To prepare an animal for long-term studies, three phases were developed: Phase I, Phase II and Phase III. In Phase I, six to eight anchor screws (i.e. flange fixtures) were implanted in the skull and an impression of the skull was made. An acrylic resin skull cap was fabricated (Phase IIa) while the flange fixtures osseointegrated during the healing period. During Phase IIb, cover screws (not shown) were replaced with abutments. The fixture–abutment anchor points and a thin layer of acrylic resin permanently secured the skull cap to the skull (Phase IIb). A delrin plug was placed in the machined hole (Phase IIb) and later replaced with a recording chamber (Phase III).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 2: Steps for Phase I, Implantation of Flange Fixtures. (A) Drill bits needed for preliminary site preparation: 3.0 mm fixed depth drill (Entific, #SEIB 042), 4.0 mm fixed depth drill (Entific, #SEIB 042), long shaft drill (Nobel Biocare, #25028), twist drill (Nobel Biocare, #25028), and guide drill (Nobel Biocare, #25028). (B) The fixture site hole was tapped using the 3.0 mm screw tap (Entific, #SEI 014, 4.0 mm screw tap shown). The connection-to-handpiece (Entific, #DIA 073) facilitated the tapping process. (C) The fixture mount (Entific, #EIB 029), the open-end wrench (Entific, #DIC 010), and the long screwdriver (Entific, #DIB 029) were attached to the flange fixture (Entific, #SEC 001) in preparation for placement in the skull. These instruments were also used to remove the fixture mount from the flange fixture after implantation. (D) Placement of the flange fixture in the prepared bone site. (E) A hex screwdriver (Entific, #DIB 097) was used to insert a cover screw (Entific, #SEC 005) in the implanted flange fixture. (F) In Phase IIb, the cover screws were replaced with abutments of assorted heights (Entific, # SEC 010, SEC 008, SEC 007). Drawings not to scale. Permission granted to use drawings, copyright Entific Medical Systems and Nobel Biocare.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 3: Macroscopic examination of flange fixtures during Phase IIb surgery. (A) Bone growth into the flange fixture holes after a healing period of 118 days (Macaque Y, R4). (B) A flange fixture from the same animal (Macaque Y, R3), also indicating bone growth into the flange holes. This was of particular interest since this fixture was loose after implantation (Phase I surgery).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 4: Cross-section of a titanium flange fixture and abutment in a non-human primate skull (Macaque P, R1). The head implant was stable and healthy at the time of euthanasia and carried a load for 28.7 months. Both photographs show a high quality load-bearing lamellar bone. (A) Bright-field microscopy (12.5×) shows bone in direct contact with the flange fixture; there was no evidence of fibrous tissue at the bone–fixture interface. The amount of bone in contact with the fixture was greater than 60%. Note, the pilot hole drilled during fixture site preparation was replaced with lamellar bone. Also, the thickness of the cortical bone was greater than 3.0 mm so the underlying dura was not damaged. (B) High magnification of a section of the same flange fixture. Area of magnification indicated by box in (A).</note>
<note type="content">Table 1: Data from six non-human primates surgically prepared for long-term neuronal recording</note>
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<abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Investigators that require the chronic implantation of hardware on the non-human primate skull are often challenged with the possible failure of head implants. To improve the success rate of our head implants, titanium anchor screws, referred to as titanium endosseous implants, were implanted in the skulls of six macaques. Techniques adapted from the processing of dentures were utilized to pre-fabricate an acrylic ‘skull cap’, which provided the mechanical support structure for our study-specific hardware. A two-stage procedure adapted from dentistry (Brånemark et al., 1977) was employed for the placement of titanium endosseous implants in the skull. This two-stage technique incorporates the principles of osseointegration and a healing period. Of the six skull-anchored implants prepared implementing the methods described in this paper, we have not experienced any failures. Additionally, all of the titanium endosseous implants examined post mortem were functionally successful (n=30). Histology results confirmed that there was healthy bone in direct contact with the titanium endosseous implants. The dense cortical bone of the macaque skull is ideal for the implantation of titanium endosseous implants. Titanium endosseous implants have provided secure, functional anchor points for the attachment of hardware to the macaque skull and have resulted in healthy, stable head implants that can remain on the skull for extended periods of time.</p>
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<item><term>Osseointegration</term>
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<ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Investigators that require the chronic implantation of hardware on the non-human primate skull are often challenged with the possible failure of head implants. To improve the success rate of our head implants, titanium anchor screws, referred to as titanium endosseous implants, were implanted in the skulls of six macaques. Techniques adapted from the processing of dentures were utilized to pre-fabricate an acrylic ‘skull cap’, which provided the mechanical support structure for our study-specific hardware. A two-stage procedure adapted from dentistry (<ce:cross-ref refid="BIB7">Brånemark et al., 1977</ce:cross-ref>
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<abstract lang="en">Abstract: Investigators that require the chronic implantation of hardware on the non-human primate skull are often challenged with the possible failure of head implants. To improve the success rate of our head implants, titanium anchor screws, referred to as titanium endosseous implants, were implanted in the skulls of six macaques. Techniques adapted from the processing of dentures were utilized to pre-fabricate an acrylic ‘skull cap’, which provided the mechanical support structure for our study-specific hardware. A two-stage procedure adapted from dentistry (Brånemark et al., 1977) was employed for the placement of titanium endosseous implants in the skull. This two-stage technique incorporates the principles of osseointegration and a healing period. Of the six skull-anchored implants prepared implementing the methods described in this paper, we have not experienced any failures. Additionally, all of the titanium endosseous implants examined post mortem were functionally successful (n=30). Histology results confirmed that there was healthy bone in direct contact with the titanium endosseous implants. The dense cortical bone of the macaque skull is ideal for the implantation of titanium endosseous implants. Titanium endosseous implants have provided secure, functional anchor points for the attachment of hardware to the macaque skull and have resulted in healthy, stable head implants that can remain on the skull for extended periods of time.</abstract>
<note type="content">Fig. 1: Diagrammatic representation of a non-human primate (Macaca mulatta) supporting skull-anchored hardware. To prepare an animal for long-term studies, three phases were developed: Phase I, Phase II and Phase III. In Phase I, six to eight anchor screws (i.e. flange fixtures) were implanted in the skull and an impression of the skull was made. An acrylic resin skull cap was fabricated (Phase IIa) while the flange fixtures osseointegrated during the healing period. During Phase IIb, cover screws (not shown) were replaced with abutments. The fixture–abutment anchor points and a thin layer of acrylic resin permanently secured the skull cap to the skull (Phase IIb). A delrin plug was placed in the machined hole (Phase IIb) and later replaced with a recording chamber (Phase III).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 2: Steps for Phase I, Implantation of Flange Fixtures. (A) Drill bits needed for preliminary site preparation: 3.0 mm fixed depth drill (Entific, #SEIB 042), 4.0 mm fixed depth drill (Entific, #SEIB 042), long shaft drill (Nobel Biocare, #25028), twist drill (Nobel Biocare, #25028), and guide drill (Nobel Biocare, #25028). (B) The fixture site hole was tapped using the 3.0 mm screw tap (Entific, #SEI 014, 4.0 mm screw tap shown). The connection-to-handpiece (Entific, #DIA 073) facilitated the tapping process. (C) The fixture mount (Entific, #EIB 029), the open-end wrench (Entific, #DIC 010), and the long screwdriver (Entific, #DIB 029) were attached to the flange fixture (Entific, #SEC 001) in preparation for placement in the skull. These instruments were also used to remove the fixture mount from the flange fixture after implantation. (D) Placement of the flange fixture in the prepared bone site. (E) A hex screwdriver (Entific, #DIB 097) was used to insert a cover screw (Entific, #SEC 005) in the implanted flange fixture. (F) In Phase IIb, the cover screws were replaced with abutments of assorted heights (Entific, # SEC 010, SEC 008, SEC 007). Drawings not to scale. Permission granted to use drawings, copyright Entific Medical Systems and Nobel Biocare.</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 3: Macroscopic examination of flange fixtures during Phase IIb surgery. (A) Bone growth into the flange fixture holes after a healing period of 118 days (Macaque Y, R4). (B) A flange fixture from the same animal (Macaque Y, R3), also indicating bone growth into the flange holes. This was of particular interest since this fixture was loose after implantation (Phase I surgery).</note>
<note type="content">Fig. 4: Cross-section of a titanium flange fixture and abutment in a non-human primate skull (Macaque P, R1). The head implant was stable and healthy at the time of euthanasia and carried a load for 28.7 months. Both photographs show a high quality load-bearing lamellar bone. (A) Bright-field microscopy (12.5×) shows bone in direct contact with the flange fixture; there was no evidence of fibrous tissue at the bone–fixture interface. The amount of bone in contact with the fixture was greater than 60%. Note, the pilot hole drilled during fixture site preparation was replaced with lamellar bone. Also, the thickness of the cortical bone was greater than 3.0 mm so the underlying dura was not damaged. (B) High magnification of a section of the same flange fixture. Area of magnification indicated by box in (A).</note>
<note type="content">Table 1: Data from six non-human primates surgically prepared for long-term neuronal recording</note>
<subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre>
<topic>Skull-anchored implant</topic>
<topic>Endosseous implant</topic>
<topic>Titanium implant</topic>
<topic>Osseointegration</topic>
<topic>Bone biology</topic>
<topic>Non-human primate</topic>
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