EdenteV2, Istex, Corpus, bibRecord, 004182

Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females

Identifieur interne : 004182 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 004181; suivant : 004183

Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females

Auteurs : Anders Berglund ; Gunilla Rosenqvist

Source :

Behavioral Ecology [ 1045-2249 ] ; 2001-07.

RBID : ISTEX:848CE6AC64DDA7ADE118030ED403544E3F7F7F6C

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Anim behav berglund, Aquarium, Attraction display, Attraction displays, Attractive displays, Behav, Behav ecol sociobiol berglund, Behavioral ecology, Berglund, Bernet, Brood pouch, Brown females, Brown males, Choice index, Competition duration, Competitive ability, Competitive displays, Competitive interactions, Cowbird song, Dancing duration, Direct observations, Dominant females, Dominant males, Ecol, Female choice, Female ornaments, Female pair, Green females, High quality females, Indirect mate choice, Intense competition, Linear regression line, Male choice, Male competition, Male mate choice, Males mating, Maria sandvik, Mate choice, Mate choice experiment, Mating competition, Opaque divider, Ornament, Ornament display, Ornament display duration, Other females, Risky behaviors, Rosenqvist, Same result, Same signal, Sexual selection, Shorter time, Sociobiol, Syngnathus typhle, Temporary ornament, Total time, Typhle, Wilcoxon test, mate choice, mate competition, ornament, pipefish, sexual selection, signal honesty.
Teeft :
- Anim behav berglund, Aquarium, Attraction display, Attraction displays, Attractive displays, Behav, Behav ecol sociobiol berglund, Behavioral ecology, Berglund, Bernet, Brood pouch, Brown females, Brown males, Choice index, Competition duration, Competitive ability, Competitive displays, Competitive interactions, Cowbird song, Dancing duration, Direct observations, Dominant females, Dominant males, Ecol, Female choice, Female ornaments, Female pair, Green females, High quality females, Indirect mate choice, Intense competition, Linear regression line, Male choice, Male competition, Male mate choice, Males mating, Maria sandvik, Mate choice, Mate choice experiment, Mating competition, Opaque divider, Ornament, Ornament display, Ornament display duration, Other females, Risky behaviors, Rosenqvist, Same result, Same signal, Sexual selection, Shorter time, Sociobiol, Syngnathus typhle, Temporary ornament, Total time, Typhle, Wilcoxon test.

Abstract

Animals may obtain information guiding their choice between potential partners from observing competitive interactions and displays between them, or from displays directed at the choosing individual. In the sex-role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle females display a temporary ornament (a color pattern) to other females as well as to males. We have previously shown that display of female ornaments per se is attractive to males. Here we show that information from competitive displays can override such direct attraction displays as signals in the partner choice process. In a mate choice experiment, an enclosed male could choose between two females. On the first experimental day, females could interact freely, while on the second day they were isolated from each other. When female-female competition was allowed, the ornament display was directed more to the other female than to the male: Time competing, rather than time courting the male, correlated with ornament display duration. However, ornament display under competition and ornament display in the absence of competition did not correlate significantly. In fact, females competing more intensively on day one displayed the ornament less on day two. Furthermore, the ornament display during the first, but not the second, day predicted male mate choice on the second day. Thus, males remembered previous information from competitive displays and used it rather than immediate information from displays in the absence of female-female competition. We suggest that competitive displays more reliably signal female quality as compared to noncompetitive ones, and that males benefit from mating with dominant females.

Url:

https://api.istex.fr/document/848CE6AC64DDA7ADE118030ED403544E3F7F7F6C/fulltext/pdf

DOI: 10.1093/beheco/12.4.402

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:848CE6AC64DDA7ADE118030ED403544E3F7F7F6C

Le document en format XML

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<surname>Rosenqvist</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation>Department of Zoology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway</affiliation>
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<monogr><title level="j">Behavioral Ecology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">Behavioral Ecology</title>
<idno type="pISSN">1045-2249</idno>
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<abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Animals may obtain information guiding their choice between potential partners from observing competitive interactions and displays between them, or from displays directed at the choosing individual. In the sex-role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle females display a temporary ornament (a color pattern) to other females as well as to males. We have previously shown that display of female ornaments per se is attractive to males. Here we show that information from competitive displays can override such direct attraction displays as signals in the partner choice process. In a mate choice experiment, an enclosed male could choose between two females. On the first experimental day, females could interact freely, while on the second day they were isolated from each other. When female-female competition was allowed, the ornament display was directed more to the other female than to the male: Time competing, rather than time courting the male, correlated with ornament display duration. However, ornament display under competition and ornament display in the absence of competition did not correlate significantly. In fact, females competing more intensively on day one displayed the ornament less on day two. Furthermore, the ornament display during the first, but not the second, day predicted male mate choice on the second day. Thus, males remembered previous information from competitive displays and used it rather than immediate information from displays in the absence of female-female competition. We suggest that competitive displays more reliably signal female quality as compared to noncompetitive ones, and that males benefit from mating with dominant females.</p>
</abstract>
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</item>
<item><term>ornament</term>
</item>
<item><term>pipefish</term>
</item>
<item><term>sexual selection</term>
</item>
<item><term>signal honesty</term>
</item>
<item><term>Syngnathus typhle</term>
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<istex:document><article xml:lang="en" article-type="research-article">

  <front>

    <journal-meta>

      <journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">beheco</journal-id>

      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Behav Ecol</journal-id>

<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">beheco</journal-id>

      <journal-title>Behavioral Ecology</journal-title>

      <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Behavioral Ecology</abbrev-journal-title>

      <issn pub-type="ppub">1045-2249</issn>

      <issn pub-type="epub">1465-7279</issn>

      <publisher>

        <publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>

      </publisher>

    </journal-meta>

    <article-meta>

<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/beheco/12.4.402</article-id>

      <article-id pub-id-type="other">0120402</article-id>

      <article-id pub-id-type="pii">1465-7279</article-id>

      <article-categories>

        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">

          <subject>Article</subject>

        </subj-group>

      </article-categories>

      <title-group>

        <article-title>Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females</article-title>

      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>

        <contrib contrib-type="author">

          <name>

            <surname>Berglund</surname>

            <given-names>Anders</given-names>

          </name>

          <xref rid="AFF1">

            <sup>a</sup>

          </xref>

        </contrib>

        <contrib contrib-type="author">

          <name>

            <surname>Rosenqvist</surname>

            <given-names>Gunilla</given-names>

          </name>

          <xref rid="AFF2">

            <sup>b</sup>

          </xref>

        </contrib>

        <aff id="AFF1"><label><sup>a</sup>
</label> 

Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University,

 

Norbyvägen 18d, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</aff>

        <aff id="AFF2"><label><sup>b</sup>
</label> 

Department of Zoology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491

 

Trondheim, Norway</aff>

      </contrib-group>

      <author-notes>

        <corresp> 

Address correspondence to A. Berglund. E-mail:

 

<ext-link xlink:href="anders.berglund@ebc.uu.se" ext-link-type="email">anders.berglund@ebc.uu.se</ext-link>

 

.</corresp>

      </author-notes>

      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">

        <month>7</month>

        <year>2001</year>

      </pub-date>

      <volume>12</volume>

      <issue>4</issue>

      <fpage>402</fpage>

      <lpage>406</lpage>

      <history>

        <date date-type="accepted">

          <day>7</day>

          <month>9</month>

          <year>2000</year>

        </date>

        <date date-type="received">

          <day>14</day>

          <month>4</month>

          <year>2000</year>

        </date>

        <date date-type="rev-recd">

          <day>1</day>

          <month>9</month>

          <year>2000</year>

        </date>

      </history>

      <permissions>

        <copyright-statement>International Society of Behavioral

 

Ecology</copyright-statement>

        <copyright-year>2001</copyright-year>

      </permissions>

      <abstract xml:lang="en">

        <p>Animals may obtain information guiding their choice between potential

 

partners from observing competitive interactions and displays between them, or

 

from displays directed at the choosing individual. In the sex-role reversed

 

pipefish <italic>Syngnathus typhle</italic> females display a temporary ornament (a

 

color pattern) to other females as well as to males. We have previously shown

 

that display of female ornaments per se is attractive to males. Here we show

 

that information from competitive displays can override such direct attraction

 

displays as signals in the partner choice process. In a mate choice

 

experiment, an enclosed male could choose between two females. On the first

 

experimental day, females could interact freely, while on the second day they

 

were isolated from each other. When female-female competition was allowed, the

 

ornament display was directed more to the other female than to the male: Time

 

competing, rather than time courting the male, correlated with ornament

 

display duration. However, ornament display under competition and ornament

 

display in the absence of competition did not correlate significantly. In

 

fact, females competing more intensively on day one displayed the ornament

 

less on day two. Furthermore, the ornament display during the first, but not

 

the second, day predicted male mate choice on the second day. Thus, males

 

remembered previous information from competitive displays and used it rather

 

than immediate information from displays in the absence of female-female

 

competition. We suggest that competitive displays more reliably signal female

 

quality as compared to noncompetitive ones, and that males benefit from mating

 

with dominant females.</p>

      </abstract>

      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="KWD" xml:lang="en">

        <kwd>mate choice</kwd>

        <kwd>mate competition</kwd>

        <kwd>ornament</kwd>

        <kwd>pipefish</kwd>

        <kwd>sexual selection</kwd>

        <kwd>signal honesty</kwd>

        <kwd>

          <italic>Syngnathus typhle</italic>

        </kwd>

      </kwd-group>

      <custom-meta-wrap>

        <custom-meta>

          <meta-name>hwp-legacy-fpage</meta-name>

          <meta-value>402</meta-value>

        </custom-meta>

        <custom-meta>

          <meta-name>hwp-legacy-dochead</meta-name>

          <meta-value>Article</meta-value>

        </custom-meta>

      </custom-meta-wrap>

    </article-meta>

  </front>

  <body>

    <sec>

      <title></title>

      <p>A sexually selected signal usually serves both as an armament (a weapon or

 

a status badge) and as an ornament (a mate attractant;

 

<xref rid="REF6">Berglund et al., 1996</xref>).

 

However, this may not be invariably true for all sexually selected signals

 

(<xref rid="REF20">Forsgren, 1997</xref>;

 

<xref rid="REF26">Moore and Moore, 1999</xref>;

 

<xref rid="REF27">Qvarnström

 

and Forsgren, 1998</xref>), because messages like “high fighting

 

ability” and “tender parental care” may be difficult to

 

communicate convincingly through the same signal (Zahavi A, personal

 

communication). Nevertheless, in a majority of cases the same signal has been

 

found to function in both contexts

 

(<xref rid="REF6">Berglund et al., 1996</xref>; Mateos

 

and Carranza, <xref rid="REF24">1997</xref>,

 

<xref rid="REF25">1999</xref>). Furthermore, signals of

 

competitive ability can be expected to be attractive in themselves. Given that

 

such information is used in mate choice, will a direct observation of

 

competitive interactions/displays be more important to a choosing individual

 

than observations of some ornamental display meant to attract the chooser?

 

Since not necessarily all individuals signal their quality honestly, we expect

 

direct observations of competitive displays to yield more reliable information

 

about the condition of the potential partner than do purely attractive

 

displays. This is because condition is immediately put to trial in a contest

 

situation (through potentially costly fights), whereas the punishment for

 

discovery of a faked signal of attraction is much less severe (a lost mating

 

opportunity; see e.g., <xref rid="REF6">Berglund et al.,

 

1996</xref>
; <xref rid="REF32">West and King,

 

1980</xref>
; <xref rid="REF33">West et al.,

 

1981</xref>). Because a low frequency of dishonest signals of attraction

 

may be evolutionarily stable (<xref rid="REF23">Kokko,

 

1997</xref>
; <xref rid="REF29">Viljugrein,

 

1997</xref>), a preference for sources of information that have passed a

 

test may be common in animals. This is further corroborated by the frequent

 

observation that competitive encounters in many species seem to be staged or

 

incited by the choosing sex (Bisazza et al.,

 

<xref rid="REF14">1989a</xref>
,<xref rid="REF15">b</xref>;

 

<xref rid="REF16">Borgia, 1981</xref>;

 

<xref rid="REF17">Cox and LeBoeuf, 1977</xref>;

 

<xref rid="REF18">Farr and Travis, 1986</xref>;

 

<xref rid="REF28">Thornhill, 1988</xref>
).</p>

      <p>In this article we show that in a sex-role reversed species, the pipefish

 

<italic>Syngnathus typhle</italic> L., a male's mate choice is influenced more by a

 

female's competitive display than by her attraction display. We also show that

 

males are able to remember and utilize earlier information about competitive

 

ability in preference to more recent information from attraction display in

 

their choice of mates, indicating the overriding value of information from

 

competitive interactions for mate choice in this species.</p>

      <sec>

        <title>The pipefish</title>

        <p>A lengthy and ritualized mutual dance precedes copulation in all pipefish.

 

In <italic>S. typhle</italic>, females transfer eggs to a brood pouch under the male's

 

tail, where he then fertilizes them. Subsequently, embryos are nourished and

 

oxygenated in the pouch until birth several weeks later (Berglund et al.,

 

<xref rid="REF11">1986a</xref>
,<xref rid="REF12">b</xref>).

 

Males consequently enjoy a paternity confidence of exactly 100%, as confirmed

 

by a recent microsatellite analysis of maternity and paternity in this species

 

(<xref rid="REF22">Jones et al., 1999</xref>). From

 

many laboratory experiments and field observations we already know that <italic>S.

 

typhle</italic> is sex-role reversed: males are typically more choosy and females

 

compete more intensely than males for access to mates (Berglund,

 

<xref rid="REF4">1999</xref>,

 

<xref rid="REF5">2000</xref>; Berglund and Rosenqvist,

 

<xref rid="REF7">1990</xref>,

 

<xref rid="REF8">1993</xref>; Berglund et al.,

 

<xref rid="REF11">1986a</xref>
,<xref rid="REF12">b</xref>;

 

Vincent et al., <xref rid="REF30">1994</xref>,

 

<xref rid="REF31">1995</xref>). Fecundity increases

 

with body size in both males and females, and given a choice both prefer to

 

mate with larger partners (<xref rid="REF11">Berglund et

 

al., 1986a</xref>
).</p>

      </sec>

      <sec>

        <title>The ornament</title>

        <p>Female <italic>S. typhle</italic> display a temporary ornament when interacting

 

either with other females or with males. The ornament is a striped contrasting

 

dark color pattern resembling a row of capital B's along the female's side

 

(<xref rid="REF19">Fiedler, 1954</xref>). Ornament

 

appearance is rapid, occurring within a minute, and the display may also

 

vanish just as fast. Both males and females are normally extremely cryptic

 

because their color, shape, and movements look like eelgrass (<italic>Zostera

 

marina</italic> L.; Vincent et al.,

 

<xref rid="REF30">1994</xref>,

 

<xref rid="REF31">1995</xref>). Therefore, the ornament

 

display decreases crypsis in females, which consequently are reluctant to

 

display under perceived predation threat

 

(<xref rid="REF13">Bernet et al., 1998</xref>
).</p>

        <p>We have previously shown that females who spontaneously display the

 

ornament for a longer time enjoy a higher mating success than females giving

 

briefer display (<xref rid="REF13">Bernet et al.,

 

1998</xref>). Furthermore, when kept with a male, females are more likely

 

to display the ornament under female-female competition than in the absence of

 

competition (<xref rid="REF13">Bernet et al.,

 

1998</xref>). Moreover, females displaying more are also more fecund than

 

similar-sized females displaying less

 

(<xref rid="REF10">Berglund et al., 1997</xref>). In

 

addition, males have been found to prefer ornamented females over

 

nonornamented ones: an experiment where females were manipulated (painted) to

 

differ in ornamentation but not in behavior (females were sedated and

 

mechanically moved up and down by a motor) confirmed that males pay attention

 

to the ornament even when female behavior was kept constant

 

(<xref rid="REF9">Berglund and Rosenqvist,

 

2001</xref>
).</p>

      </sec>

      <sec>

        <title>Pipefish mating competition</title>

        <p>Overt aggression is less apparent in these slow-moving, joint-jawed, and

 

toothless fishes. Female <italic>S. typhle</italic> compete for males indirectly

 

through dominance hierarchies, and large females may interfere with and

 

substantially decrease reproduction in small ones

 

(<xref rid="REF1">Berglund, 1991</xref>). Competition

 

may, however, also be overt. In nature male <italic>S. typhle</italic> actively search

 

for, choose among, and reject some females, while females vigorously display,

 

often in temporary groups in a lek-like fashion. Males typically swim

 

cryptically within the eelgrass in search of females. Females display by

 

swimming up and down and in and out of the eelgrass, with their ornaments in

 

full bloom. Once such a displaying group of females is encountered by a male,

 

he may start dancing and mating with one of them, usually a large individual

 

(Vincent et al., <xref rid="REF30">1994</xref>,

 

<xref rid="REF31">1995</xref>). Females actively

 

compete among themselves for matings during such group displays, and may try

 

to herd other females away from the male

 

(<xref rid="REF31">Vincent et al., 1995</xref>). When

 

this happens, mating is interrupted, and indeed attempts to copulate can be

 

thwarted for a long time by interference from other females (Berglund A and

 

Rosenqvist G, own field and aquaria observations, unpublished data).</p>

        <p>Displaying, dancing, and mating are risky behaviors in the otherwise

 

reticent life of pipefish (<xref rid="REF2">Berglund,

 

1993</xref>
; <xref rid="REF13">Bernet et al.,

 

1998</xref>
; <xref rid="REF21">Fuller and Berglund,

 

1996</xref>). Therefore, it may well pay males to select dominant

 

females, which are able to discourage other females from courtship

 

interference, as this will reduce the time spent on potentially risky

 

behaviors. Moreover, males do not have to worry about the potential conflict

 

between female signals of dominance and signals of caring ability, as females

 

contribute no care, only eggs. Moreover, we have never observed female

 

aggression towards males. Thus, our prediction is that males should treasure

 

dominance and competitive ability highly in females, and that direct

 

observations by males of such abilities in females may be more important than

 

attraction displays in the male's mate choice process. Indeed, any female can

 

display her ornament, but females having done so under actual female-female

 

competition have demonstrated their power and competitive ability in a

 

potentially costly situation. Therefore, males mating with such evidently

 

dominant females can expect a smooth courtship and copulation process, gaining

 

direct benefits for themselves in terms of reduced risk, as well as possible

 

direct and/or genetic benefits for their offspring from mating with high

 

quality females.</p>

      </sec>

    </sec>

    <sec>

      <title>METHODS</title>

      <p>We caught the pipefish in shallow eelgrass meadows in the Gullmar Fjord on

 

the Swedish west coast during the latter half of May 1997, before the breeding

 

season commenced. We kept sexually mature males and females in separate

 

aquaria to assure that individuals would be reproductively active. Stock

 

aquaria contained plastic plants and continuously renewed sea water (natural

 

temperature, salinity, and light regime). Fishes were fed brine shrimps

 

(<italic>Artemia</italic>
), small, wild-caught crustaceans, and frozen mysids <italic>ad

 

lib</italic>
.</p>

      <p>To explore the importance of competitive versus purely attractive displays

 

we ran a mate choice experiment 28 May-20 June. Each of 24 trials was run for

 

2 days, with one male choosing between two females. The females came from

 

different stock aquaria. The male was separated from the females by a

 

transparent plastic divider. During the first day females could interact

 

freely with one another, but during the second day they were separated from

 

one another by an opaque divider (<xref rid="FIG1">Figure

 

1</xref>). Separated females could not see or smell each other, but the

 

male could see and smell both females both days as water flowed from the

 

female compartment(s) into the male's and then out of the aquarium. Thus,

 

males could observe and dance with females on the first day, and females could

 

compete, dance and display their ornament on that day. On day one, we placed

 

the females in the rear compartment and the male in the front compartment

 

(<xref rid="FIG1">Figure 1</xref>), and videotaped them

 

for 10 h. On this day, we measured the time each fish spent dancing, how long

 

females displayed their ornaments and whether females competed or not. A male

 

and a female were defined as dancing when they simultaneously bobbed up and

 

down in close proximity while facing one another. We considered females to be

 

competing when they pursued each other round in the aquarium for more than a

 

minute.</p>

      <p>

        <fig id="FIG1" position="float">

          <label>

            <bold>Figure 1</bold>

          </label>

          <caption>

            <p>The experimental design on day two. A male with his brood pouch is seen in

 

the foreground, and two enclosed females in the back. On day one the opaque

 

partitioning between the females was absent.</p>

          </caption>

          <graphic xlink:href="bhec-12-04-06-f01"></graphic>

        </fig>

      </p>

      <p>On the second day, we measured male choice of a female in the absence of

 

female-female competition by placing the opaque divider between the females

 

and filming for another 10 h. Females were allocated to either chamber

 

randomly. After that males and females were released back into the wild. No

 

mortality occurred during trials. We measured the duration of female resting,

 

swimming, dancing, and ornament display, and the duration of male resting,

 

swimming, and dancing before either female. The female with which the male

 

spent the longest time was considered as the chosen one (a longer time with

 

the female has earlier been shown to accurately predict mate choice;

 

<xref rid="REF3">Berglund, 1994</xref>
).</p>

      <p>We filmed two trials simultaneously in 125 1 aquaria (45 × 50 ×

 

60 [height] cm). The aquaria were continuously provided with surface sea

 

water. Temperature and light conditions followed natural conditions. We

 

planted fresh eelgrass in beach sand in the aquaria for shelter. Fish were not

 

fed during trials. We selected females of similar standard length (within 10

 

mm of each other) and of the same contrast score (the vaguely striped basic

 

pattern from which the ornament is formed, as estimated by eye on a five-grade

 

scale; see <xref rid="REF13">Bernet et al., 1998</xref>

 

for details), but individually recognizable by color (estimated by eye). New

 

males and females were used in each trial. Males were smaller than females

 

(males 177 ± 21 mm, <italic>n</italic> = 24, females 226 ± 27 mm,

 

<italic>n</italic>
 = 48, <italic>t</italic>
<sub>70</sub>
 = 8.00, <italic>p</italic> <.001), as in

 

the natural situation (in our 1997 field samples males were on average 161

 ±

 28 mm, females 191 ± 38 mm).</p>

      <p>Videotaping was done with Hitachi Hi-8 WM-H80E video cameras connected to

 

Panasonic AG-6730 time-lapse super-VHS video recorders equipped with AG-IA670

 

time code generators/computer interfaces, using the 24 h time-lapse mode

 

(which employs 1/8 normal speed). Intense light (a 100W spot and a 20W

 

luminescent lamp placed 1/2 m above each aquarium) was used during filming, in

 

addition to natural light from windows. Videotapes were analyzed using the

 

Observer 3.0 VTA software, and persons scoring videos were unaware of the

 

objective of the study. The Observer software kept track of duration and

 

latency of behaviors with a precision of less than a second, which is an

 

accuracy far more than enough for these slow-moving fishes.</p>

      <p>Statistical probabilities reported from these experiments are two-tailed.

 

Nonparametric tests were used whenever the assumptions of parametric tests

 

were not met. Experiments were performed under a license from the Swedish

 

ethical board.</p>

    </sec>

    <sec>

      <title>RESULTS</title>

      <p>We classified the two females in a pair as “the one displaying the

 

ornament for a longer time” and “the one displaying for a shorter

 

time,” respectively, during day one. We found no significant differences

 

between these two female categories in standard body length (long displaying

 

females were on average 228 ± SD 29 mm, short displaying 221 ±

 

26 mm, paired <italic>t</italic>
 test, <italic>t</italic>
<sub>19</sub>
 = 1.42, <italic>p</italic> =.2)

 

or contrast (mean 3.10 ± 2.00 for both groups of females, Wilcoxon

 

matched-pairs test, <italic>T</italic>
 = 6, <italic>n</italic>
 = 20 pairs, <italic>p</italic> = 1). In

 

four trials both females either constantly displayed the ornament or did not

 

display it at all; these females were discounted. When females instead were

 

categorized as being “chosen” or “rejected,” that is,

 

which female the male spent most or least time with on day 2, again female

 

lengths did not differ (chosen females 229 ± 27 mm, rejected 224

 ±

 26 mm, <italic>t</italic>
<sub>23</sub>
 = 1.25, <italic>p</italic> =.2), nor did

 

contrast (3.08 ± 0.4 in both groups, <italic>T</italic>
 = 85, <italic>n</italic> = 24

 

pairs, <italic>p</italic> = 1). Thus, our experiment included closely matching pairs

 

of females.</p>

      <p>Female color did not significantly influence male choice (females broadly

 

categorized as brown or green, 17 brown and seven green females were chosen,

 

binomial <italic>p</italic> =.152) or which female displayed the ornament for the

 

longest duration on day one (14 brown versus six green, binomial <italic>p</italic>

 

=.116). Pairing was not color-assortative: green males chose two green and six

 

brown females, and brown males chose four green and 10 brown females (Fisher's

 

Exact test <italic>p</italic> = 1). Similarly, females did not display their ornament

 

in a color-assortative fashion: green females displayed more to two green and

 

five brown males, and brown females more to five green and six brown males

 

(Fisher's Exact test <italic>p</italic>
 =.6).</p>

      <p>Females displaying the ornament for a longer time on day one were preferred

 

by males on the second day, compared to females displaying for a shorter time

 

(<xref rid="FIG2">Figure 2</xref>). Preference is here

 

estimated as the total time a male spent in front of a female, but if instead

 

the dancing duration with either female on day two is used as a choice index

 

the same result emerges (males danced with more ornamented females for 15.9

 ±

 15.4 min and with less ornamented for 6.2 ± 9.8 min;

 

<italic>T</italic>
 = 26, <italic>n</italic>
 = 20 pairs, <italic>p</italic> <.01). No choice for any

 

particular female was evident on day one (<italic>p</italic> >.3 for dancing

 

duration), but on that day dances were both infrequent and of short durations.

 

Females displaying their ornaments for longer on day two were, however, not

 

preferred by males as compared to females displaying for shorter on day two

 

(291.4 ± 144.0 versus 306.0 ± 143.4 min total time before the

 

respective females; <italic>T</italic>
 = 104, <italic>n</italic>
 = 20 pairs, <italic>p</italic> = 1).

 

If dancing duration day two is used instead of total time as a choice index,

 

the same result emerges (<italic>p</italic>
 =.5).</p>

      <p>

        <fig id="FIG2" position="float">

          <label>

            <bold>Figure 2</bold>

          </label>

          <caption>

            <p>The female displaying the ornament for longer on day one (with

 

female-female competition) was chosen by the male on day two (with females

 

separated), as compared to the female displaying for shorter (Wilcoxon

 

matched-pairs test, <italic>T</italic>
 = 32, <italic>p</italic>
 <.01, <italic>n</italic> = 24).

 

Mate choice is estimated in terms of the total time spent by a male in front

 

of either female on day two. Black squares are medians, boxes quartiles and

 

bars represent minimum and maximum values. Inserts show mate choice aquaria

 

from above on day one and two.</p>

          </caption>

          <graphic xlink:href="bhec-12-04-06-f02"></graphic>

        </fig>

      </p>

      <p>Similarly, females chosen on day two had displayed their ornaments for

 

longer on day one (chosen females for 233.2 ± 176.7 min, rejected for

 

130.3 ± 151.5 min; <italic>T</italic>
 = 40, <italic>n</italic>
 = 24 pairs, <italic>p</italic>

 

=.015) but not on day two (123.7 ± 171.8 and 99.7 ± 128.4 min,

 

respectively; <italic>T</italic>
 = 85, <italic>n</italic>
 = 24 pairs, <italic>p</italic>
 =.5).</p>

      <p>On day one, females could either display the ornament to each other, in

 

which case the duration of ornament display would correlate with the duration

 

of competitive interactions, or females could display the ornament to males,

 

in which case ornament display duration would correlate with the duration of

 

intersexual interactions (i.e., dancing duration). It turned out that ornament

 

display correlated significantly with competition duration, but not with

 

dancing duration (<xref rid="FIG3">Figure 3</xref>),

 

evidently because most females were busy competing and did not dance at all.

 

As the competition duration by necessity was the same for both females in a

 

pair, competition duration was regressed on the average ornamentation duration

 

for each female pair. Similarly, the average dancing duration of each female

 

pair was regressed on competition duration to avoid pseudoreplication. This

 

result also emerges from a multiple correlation (regression summary

 

<italic>F</italic>
<sub>2,21</sub>
 = 9.61, <italic>p</italic> =.001) for the effects of

 

competition and dancing duration on ornament display duration:

 β

<sub>competition</sub>
 = 0.544 (<italic>p</italic> =.01) and

 β

<sub>dance</sub>
 = 0.215 (<italic>p</italic> =.28). Clearly competition more

 

accurately predicted ornamentation than did dancing, and, moreover, this

 

predominantly competition-induced ornamentation significantly predicted male

 

mate choice the next day.</p>

      <p>

        <fig id="FIG3" position="float">

          <label>

            <bold>Figure 3</bold>

          </label>

          <caption>

            <p>The duration of female ornament display on day one (with female-female

 

competition) correlated with (a) the duration of female-female competition

 

that day (Spearman <italic>R<sub>s</sub>
</italic>
 =.60, <italic>n</italic>
 = 24, <italic>p</italic>

 <.002, linear regression line showed in graph), but not with (b) the

 

dancing duration with the male (Spearman <italic>R<sub>s</sub>
</italic> = -.05,

 

<italic>n</italic>
 = 24, <italic>p</italic> =.8). The regression in (a) is significant even if

 

the extreme data point in the upper right corner is removed (Spearman

 

<italic>R<sub>s</sub>
</italic>
 =.55, <italic>n</italic>
 = 23, <italic>p</italic>
 <.01).</p>

          </caption>

          <graphic xlink:href="bhec-12-04-06-f03"></graphic>

        </fig>

      </p>

      <p>The more intensely females engaged in competition on day one, the less

 

likely they were to display the ornament on day two

 

(<xref rid="FIG4">Figure 4</xref>). Pseudoreplication

 

is compensated for by using average ornament display duration within each pair

 

on day two. Interestingly, this correlation is driven by the chosen females:

 

when analyzed separately, competition duration on day one for chosen females

 

correlated significantly with ornament display day two (<italic>R<sub>s</sub>
</italic>

 

= -.432, <italic>n</italic>
 = 24, <italic>p</italic> =.035), but not so for rejected females

 

(<italic>R<sub>s</sub>
</italic>
 = -.302, <italic>n</italic>
 = 24, <italic>p</italic>
 =.15).</p>

      <p>

        <fig id="FIG4" position="float">

          <label>

            <bold>Figure 4</bold>

          </label>

          <caption>

            <p>The more time females spent competing on day one, the less they displayed

 

their ornament on the subsequent day when female-female interactions were

 

prevented (Spearman <italic>R<sub>s</sub>
</italic>
 = -.42, <italic>n</italic>
 = 24, <italic>p</italic>

 <.05, linear regression line shown in graph).</p>

          </caption>

          <graphic xlink:href="bhec-12-04-06-f04"></graphic>

        </fig>

      </p>

    </sec>

    <sec>

      <title>DISCUSSION</title>

      <p>When female-female competition was allowed, females displayed the ornament

 

to one another more persistently than they did to the male. The female

 

displaying most intensely is likely to be the dominant one within a pair.

 

Clearly, a more intense ornament display (or other information from watching

 

competitive interactions) made this female attractive to the male, as males

 

used this information on the following day when females no longer were allowed

 

to compete: The male spent most time before the female that had displayed for

 

longer in the inter-female competitive situation. Indeed, this past

 

information of ornament or competitive displays completely overrode more

 

recently acquired information, and significantly influenced male mate choice.

 

Furthermore, ornament display under competition did not correlate

 

significantly with ornament display in the absence of competition.

 

Consequently, on the day of the male's choice, ornament display contained

 

little or no information regarding female dominance. Thus, male pipefish seem

 

to remember and make use of information regarding partner dominance,

 

presumably according to the reliability of that information. An alternative

 

explanation is that males are conservative and stick to a decision once made.

 

However, `conservatism' as a reason to why males should ignore recent display

 

information and instead prefer older information seems unlikely. Moreover, in

 

nature these fish do not form pair bonds or exhibit territoriality

 

(<xref rid="REF30">Vincent et al., 1994</xref>),

 

further making the “conservatism” explanation unlikely. Note that

 

the effect of mating competition on the choosing sex is not merely one of

 

constraining the options for choice (indirect mate choice, see

 

<xref rid="REF34">Wiley and Poston, 1996</xref>) but

 

active mate choice.</p>

      <p>We ran a mirror-image experiment in 1996, with females separated the first

 

day and competing the second (<xref rid="REF9">Berglund and

 

Rosenqvist, 2001</xref>). Another difference from the experiment reported

 

here was that males had full access to females on the second day, such that

 

copulations were possible and occurred (this could not be allowed in the

 

present experiment, as males would then get pregnant and lose interest in

 

females the second day). In the mirror-image experiment, with females

 

separated during the first day, ornament display day one significantly

 

predicted ornament display on the second day, when female-female interactions

 

were allowed. Ornament display on either day also significantly predicted male

 

mate choice. This makes a possible alternative explanation to our results

 

unlikely, namely the explanation that time itself, rather than the absence of

 

female-female competition on day two, caused the results. Both males and

 

females chose and behaved similarly on both days in the mirror-image

 

experiment, so time effects, such as experience with the experimental set-up,

 

are unlikely to have confounded the results presented here. Thus, when females

 

were separated on the first day, their ornament display was the same on the

 

second day with competition, but when competition preceded separation this was

 

no longer true. Does intense competition make females less able, or less

 

willing, to subsequently display their attractiveness? The finding that

 

females competing more intensely on day one displayed their ornaments to a

 

lesser extent on day two (<xref rid="FIG4">Figure

 

4</xref>) may suggest that intense competition is tiring or otherwise

 

discourages females from performing the display on the following day. Indeed,

 

long-term reproductive inhibition has been demonstrated in this species

 

before: Larger, and presumably dominant, females may decrease reproductive

 

activity in smaller females (<xref rid="REF1">Berglund,

 

1991</xref>). Alternatively, a female having proven her potential during

 

female-female encounters may not need to display her attractiveness further,

 

as males will rank such information more highly than pure displays of

 

attraction. Presently, we cannot tell whether females become dispirited or

 

arrogant after an episode of intense competition, but the finding that only

 

chosen, not rejected, females refrained from displaying their attractiveness

 

on day two suggests arrogance.</p>

      <p>Thus, ornament display under female-female competition may be a more

 

reliable and important signal than intersexual ornament display. Males mating

 

with dominant females may gain direct benefits for themselves in terms of

 

reduced risk during courtship, as well as possible direct and/or genetic

 

benefits for their offspring from mating with high quality females. Therefore,

 

male pipefish prefer beautifully ornamented females, but, above all,

 

victorious ones.</p>

    </sec>

  </body>

  <back>

    <ack>

      <p>The work was funded by the Swedish Natural Research Council (grant to A.B.)

 

and by the Norwegian Research Council (grant to G.R.). We thank Klubban

 

Biological Station and Kristineberg Marine Research Station for research

 

facilities. Thanks to Arnt Narve Bordal, Maria Sandvik, and Hanna

 

Schiöler-Wasslavik for field assistance and

 

video analysis, and to Ingrid Ahnesjö, Ian

 

Fleming, Elisabet Forsgren, Maria Sandvik, and Staffan Ulfstrand for valuable

 

comments on an earlier draft.</p>

    </ack>

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</article>

</istex:document>
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<mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anders</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Berglund</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gunilla</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Rosenqvist</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Zoology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
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<originInfo><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001-07</dateIssued>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate>
</originInfo>
<language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm>
</language>
<abstract lang="en">Animals may obtain information guiding their choice between potential partners from observing competitive interactions and displays between them, or from displays directed at the choosing individual. In the sex-role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle females display a temporary ornament (a color pattern) to other females as well as to males. We have previously shown that display of female ornaments per se is attractive to males. Here we show that information from competitive displays can override such direct attraction displays as signals in the partner choice process. In a mate choice experiment, an enclosed male could choose between two females. On the first experimental day, females could interact freely, while on the second day they were isolated from each other. When female-female competition was allowed, the ornament display was directed more to the other female than to the male: Time competing, rather than time courting the male, correlated with ornament display duration. However, ornament display under competition and ornament display in the absence of competition did not correlate significantly. In fact, females competing more intensively on day one displayed the ornament less on day two. Furthermore, the ornament display during the first, but not the second, day predicted male mate choice on the second day. Thus, males remembered previous information from competitive displays and used it rather than immediate information from displays in the absence of female-female competition. We suggest that competitive displays more reliably signal female quality as compared to noncompetitive ones, and that males benefit from mating with dominant females.</abstract>
<note type="author-notes">Address correspondence to A. Berglund. E-mail: anders.berglund@ebc.uu.se .</note>
<subject lang="en"><genre>KWD</genre>
<topic>mate choice</topic>
<topic>mate competition</topic>
<topic>ornament</topic>
<topic>pipefish</topic>
<topic>sexual selection</topic>
<topic>signal honesty</topic>
<topic>Syngnathus typhle</topic>
</subject>
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<titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Behavioral Ecology</title>
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<part><date>2001</date>
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</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/EdenteV2/Data/Istex/Corpus

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 004182 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 004182 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Santé
   |area=    EdenteV2
   |flux=    Istex
   |étape=   Corpus
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     ISTEX:848CE6AC64DDA7ADE118030ED403544E3F7F7F6C
   |texte=   Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females
}}

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32.
Data generation: Thu Nov 30 15:26:48 2017. Site generation: Tue Mar 8 16:36:20 2022

	Serveur d'exploration sur le patient édenté
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Serveur d'exploration sur le patient édenté

Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females

Male pipefish prefer dominant over attractive females

Source :

English descriptors

Abstract

Links to Exploration step

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri