Neil J. Diamant. Embattled Glory: Veterans, Military Families, and the Politics of Patriotism in China, 1949–2007. (State and Society in East Asia.) Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield. 2009. Pp. xiii, 463. $90.00
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<article-title><sc>Neil J. Diamant</sc>. <italic>Embattled Glory: Veterans, Military Families, and the Politics of Patriotism in China, 1949–2007.</italic> <italic>(State and Society in East Asia.)</italic> Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield. 2009. Pp. xiii, 463. $90.00</article-title>
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<p>For much of its modern history, China has been convulsed by warfare. Tens of millions of men have served in its military forces; China today has the largest standing army in the world. The scale of military service and warfare makes it ironic that two of the areas least covered in Western histories of China are the military and war. Neil J. Diamant's excellent study of Chinese veterans goes a long way toward correcting this neglect. His book joins a number of distinguished new contributions to the social history of the military: Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker's <italic>1914–1918: Understanding the Great War</italic> (2002), Drew Gilpin Faust's <italic>The Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War</italic> (2008), and Catherine Merridale's <italic>Ivan's War: The Red Army, 1939–1945</italic> (2006).</p>
<p>Diamant is ideally suited for the topic, having been a soldier in the Israeli Defense Forces before he was an academic. Diamant's work shows a deep compassion and sensitivity to veterans in China and in other societies. His descriptions of the disappointments of veterans who come home from military service to find that they are not particularly welcome are very moving. He has found their stories from trawling through great caches of recently opened local archives that recount the sad lives of many veterans.</p>
<p>From the early 1950s on Chinese veterans had high expectations for their post-military lives. They knew they were the men who had liberated China from the shackles of the past, the heroes who brought the Communist Party, the workers' and peasants' party, to power. They expected good treatment for themselves and for their families but were disappointed. Veterans from the lower ranks of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) encountered constant problems in finding work, acquiring land, arranging marriages, and getting health care. Some suffered from what would now be called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) but was then referred to bluntly as madness (the army's most celebrated general, Lin Biao, himself showed every symptom of PTSD). Veterans discovered on their return to civilian life that their families had had a hard time while they were away serving the nation; they had lost out on opportunities to take advantage of the land reform of the early communist period, and those who were married found that their wives had often been “fair game” for local officials.</p>
<p>They were discovering something fundamental about the status of soldiers in Chinese society: the old, low status of soldiers had not changed in China's new political order. Soldiers might have won the civil war, but they still came from the lowest echelons of society and were poorly educated. They soon gave way in political influence to well educated civilians who won dominance in the Communist Party and government at every level. Only senior officers fared well after demobilization. The PLA seems to have accepted its subordinate role; in spite of its size and importance, it has rarely challenged the civilian elite for power. It has not even shown much concern for its veterans, turning their care over to a toothless catch-all bureaucratic stream, the Civil Affairs system, an indication of the “failure of the state to cultivate a sense of respect for military families—or for veterans.”</p>
<p>The veterans did not accept the loss of their expectations easily. The book is full of examples of veterans' protests, both in writing to bureaucrats and occasionally in the streets. Veterans' protests are frightening to any state because veterans know how to fight and to use weapons. Nevertheless, the discontent of Chinese veterans has not translated into better treatment but rather into worse. Since the introduction of “socialism with Chinese characteristics” (i.e. primitive capitalism) in the early 1980s, veterans and their families have been even more marginalized in a society that has minimal belief in providing social welfare for its citizens.</p>
<p>Diamant's book is about Chinese veterans, but it is informed by comparisons with the treatment of veterans in many other societies. The comparisons are so rich that they make the book a general study of the treatment of veterans, not just a book about China. One group of veterans is not covered in this book, however: the hundreds of thousands of Nationalist soldiers who were left on the mainland in 1949 when their government fled to Taiwan. Some went over to the Communists, but many were sent to prison camps or took to the hills, where some were active into the mid-1950s. The Nationalist veterans became pariahs, enemies of the new state, as the communist advent to power brought a tragic end to their eight years of patriotic service in the Resistance War against Japan. They, like the PLA veterans, thought that they were patriots, as Diamant's subtitle suggests, but patriotism turned out to be a more complex matter than they imagined.</p>
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