The tori of the mouth and ear: A review
Identifieur interne : 001F67 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001F66; suivant : 001F68The tori of the mouth and ear: A review
Auteurs : Marios Loukas ; Paul Hulsberg ; R. Shane Tubbs ; Theodoros Kapos ; Christopher T. Wartmann ; Kitt Shaffer ; Bernard J. MoxhamSource :
- Clinical Anatomy [ 0897-3806 ] ; 2013-11.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Anthropol, Antoniades, Auditivus, Auditory, Auditory exostoses, Brothwell, Buccal, Castro reino, Cold water, Eggen, Etiology, Exostosis, Garc, Goldman, Jainkittivong, Langlais, Larheim, Laskaris, Mandibular, Mandibular torus, Mandibularis, Maxillaris, Maxillary, Maxillary torus, Mayhall, Okumura, Oral tori, Palatal, Palatal bone, Palatine, Palatinus, Pedlar, Phys, Prevalence, Reino, Sonnier, Torus, Torus auditivus, Torus mandibularis, Torus maxillaris, Torus palatinus, Westesson.
- Teeft :
- Anthropol, Antoniades, Auditivus, Auditory, Auditory exostoses, Brothwell, Buccal, Castro reino, Cold water, Eggen, Etiology, Exostosis, Garc, Goldman, Jainkittivong, Langlais, Larheim, Laskaris, Mandibular, Mandibular torus, Mandibularis, Maxillaris, Maxillary, Maxillary torus, Mayhall, Okumura, Oral tori, Palatal, Palatal bone, Palatine, Palatinus, Pedlar, Phys, Prevalence, Reino, Sonnier, Torus, Torus auditivus, Torus mandibularis, Torus maxillaris, Torus palatinus, Westesson.
Abstract
There is a great deal of literature regarding the tori of the mouth and ear. However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a composite review of the tori with regards to their anatomical features, prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 26:953–960, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/ca.22264
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:40A0C4842291D250A63F11637EDB232D791844DCLe document en format XML
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Moxham</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Clinical Anatomy</title><title level="j" type="alt">CLINICAL ANATOMY</title><idno type="ISSN">0897-3806</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-2353</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="953">953</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="960">960</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><date type="published" when="2013-11">2013-11</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0897-3806</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0897-3806</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Anthropol</term><term>Antoniades</term><term>Auditivus</term><term>Auditory</term><term>Auditory exostoses</term><term>Brothwell</term><term>Buccal</term><term>Castro reino</term><term>Cold water</term><term>Eggen</term><term>Etiology</term><term>Exostosis</term><term>Garc</term><term>Goldman</term><term>Jainkittivong</term><term>Langlais</term><term>Larheim</term><term>Laskaris</term><term>Mandibular</term><term>Mandibular torus</term><term>Mandibularis</term><term>Maxillaris</term><term>Maxillary</term><term>Maxillary torus</term><term>Mayhall</term><term>Okumura</term><term>Oral tori</term><term>Palatal</term><term>Palatal bone</term><term>Palatine</term><term>Palatinus</term><term>Pedlar</term><term>Phys</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Reino</term><term>Sonnier</term><term>Torus</term><term>Torus auditivus</term><term>Torus mandibularis</term><term>Torus maxillaris</term><term>Torus palatinus</term><term>Westesson</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Anthropol</term><term>Antoniades</term><term>Auditivus</term><term>Auditory</term><term>Auditory exostoses</term><term>Brothwell</term><term>Buccal</term><term>Castro reino</term><term>Cold water</term><term>Eggen</term><term>Etiology</term><term>Exostosis</term><term>Garc</term><term>Goldman</term><term>Jainkittivong</term><term>Langlais</term><term>Larheim</term><term>Laskaris</term><term>Mandibular</term><term>Mandibular torus</term><term>Mandibularis</term><term>Maxillaris</term><term>Maxillary</term><term>Maxillary torus</term><term>Mayhall</term><term>Okumura</term><term>Oral tori</term><term>Palatal</term><term>Palatal bone</term><term>Palatine</term><term>Palatinus</term><term>Pedlar</term><term>Phys</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Reino</term><term>Sonnier</term><term>Torus</term><term>Torus auditivus</term><term>Torus mandibularis</term><term>Torus maxillaris</term><term>Torus palatinus</term><term>Westesson</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">There is a great deal of literature regarding the tori of the mouth and ear. However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a composite review of the tori with regards to their anatomical features, prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 26:953–960, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>torus</json:string><json:string>palatinus</json:string><json:string>torus palatinus</json:string><json:string>exostosis</json:string><json:string>mandibularis</json:string><json:string>torus mandibularis</json:string><json:string>palatal</json:string><json:string>maxillaris</json:string><json:string>anthropol</json:string><json:string>antoniades</json:string><json:string>torus maxillaris</json:string><json:string>auditivus</json:string><json:string>maxillary</json:string><json:string>phys</json:string><json:string>mandibular</json:string><json:string>torus auditivus</json:string><json:string>sonnier</json:string><json:string>eggen</json:string><json:string>buccal</json:string><json:string>garc</json:string><json:string>palatine</json:string><json:string>langlais</json:string><json:string>auditory</json:string><json:string>etiology</json:string><json:string>jainkittivong</json:string><json:string>laskaris</json:string><json:string>pedlar</json:string><json:string>mayhall</json:string><json:string>mandibular torus</json:string><json:string>brothwell</json:string><json:string>reino</json:string><json:string>okumura</json:string><json:string>westesson</json:string><json:string>larheim</json:string><json:string>goldman</json:string><json:string>castro reino</json:string><json:string>maxillary torus</json:string><json:string>palatal bone</json:string><json:string>auditory exostoses</json:string><json:string>cold water</json:string><json:string>oral tori</json:string><json:string>prevalence</json:string><json:string>buccal exostoses</json:string><json:string>edentulous patients</json:string><json:string>oral surg</json:string><json:string>warrant removal</json:string><json:string>palatal exostoses</json:string><json:string>hard palate</json:string><json:string>dent</json:string><json:string>clinical relevance</json:string><json:string>mandibular tori</json:string><json:string>west indies</json:string><json:string>palatal exostosis</json:string><json:string>compact bone</json:string><json:string>oral pathol</json:string><json:string>higher prevalence</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Marios Loukas</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University, Grenada, West Indies</json:string><json:string>Department of Anatomy, Medical School Varmia and Masuria, Olsztyn, Poland</json:string><json:string>E-mail: mloukas@sgu.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Paul Hulsberg</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University, Grenada, West Indies</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R. Shane Tubbs</name><affiliations><json:string>Children's Hospital, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Birmingham, Alabama</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Theodoros Kapos</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christopher T. Wartmann</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Kitt Shaffer</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Radiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Bernard J. Moxham</name><affiliations><json:string>Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>torus palatinus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>torus mandibularis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>torus maxillaris</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>torus auditivus</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>CA22264</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-DD6K3H56-4</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>reviewArticle</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>There is a great deal of literature regarding the tori of the mouth and ear. However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a composite review of the tori with regards to their anatomical features, prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 26:953–960, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</abstract><qualityIndicators><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>198</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1277</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>4</keywordCount><score>9.376</score><pdfWordCount>6132</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>37597</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>612 x 809.972 pts</pdfPageSize></qualityIndicators><title>The tori of the mouth and ear: A review</title><pmid><json:string>23959969</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>review-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Clinical Anatomy</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2353</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0897-3806</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1098-2353</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>CA</json:string></publisherId><volume>26</volume><issue>8</issue><pages><first>953</first><last>960</last><total>8</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Review</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>1968</json:string><json:string>the 1st century A.D.</json:string><json:string>1814</json:string><json:string>1884</json:string><json:string>20th century</json:string><json:string>1908</json:string><json:string>2013-08-17</json:string><json:string>1879</json:string><json:string>1938</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck</json:string><json:string>Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</json:string><json:string>Cardiff University</json:string><json:string>Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials</json:string><json:string>Department of Anatomy, Medical School Varmia</json:string><json:string>United Kingdom There</json:string><json:string>Grenada, West Indies</json:string><json:string>American Indians and Eskimos</json:string><json:string>University of Maryland Medical Center</json:string><json:string>Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Birmingham, Alabama</json:string><json:string>Department of Radiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts</json:string><json:string>Department of Anatomical Sciences, St</json:string><json:string>Wiley Periodicals, Inc</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Studies</json:string><json:string>Van Gilse</json:string><json:string>Australians</json:string><json:string>England</json:string></persName><placeName><json:string>Hagen</json:string><json:string>Poland</json:string><json:string>US</json:string><json:string>Cardiff</json:string><json:string>Baltimore</json:string><json:string>Rome</json:string></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>Gould, 1964</json:string><json:string>Risdon, 1939</json:string><json:string>Goldman and Cohen, 1968</json:string><json:string>Townsley, 1948</json:string><json:string>Chew and Tan, 1984</json:string><json:string>Lachmann, 1927</json:string><json:string>Hauser and De Stefano, 1989</json:string><json:string>King and Moore, 1971</json:string><json:string>Barnes, 2001</json:string><json:string>Burkes et al., 1985</json:string><json:string>Hrdlicka, 1935</json:string><json:string>Axelsson and Hedegard, 1981</json:string><json:string>Sisman et al., 2008</json:string><json:string>Kerdpon and Sirirungrojying, 1999</json:string><json:string>Loukas et al.</json:string><json:string>Mayhall et al., 1970</json:string><json:string>Goldman et al., 2006</json:string><json:string>Baptista, 1957</json:string><json:string>Yildiz et al., 2005</json:string><json:string>Jainkittivong and Langlais, 2000</json:string><json:string>Eggen and Natvig, 1986</json:string><json:string>Velasco-Vazquez et al., 2000</json:string><json:string>Reichart et al. 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E‐mail: mloukas@sgu.edu</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Paul</forename><surname>Hulsberg</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Anatomical Sciences</orgName><orgName>School of Medicine, St George's University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Grenada</settlement><country key="GD">West Indies</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">R. Shane</forename><surname>Tubbs</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Children's Hospital</orgName><orgName>Pediatric Neurosurgery</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement><country key="US">Alabama</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Theodoros</forename><surname>Kapos</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences</orgName><orgName>Harvard School of Dental Medicine</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Boston</settlement><country key="US">Massachusetts</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Christopher T.</forename><surname>Wartmann</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery</orgName><orgName>University of Maryland Medical Center</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Baltimore</settlement><country key="US">Maryland</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">Kitt</forename><surname>Shaffer</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Radiology</orgName><orgName>Boston University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Boston</settlement><country key="US">Massachusetts</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Bernard J.</forename><surname>Moxham</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Cardiff School of Biosciences</orgName><orgName>Cardiff University, Cardiff</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Wales</settlement><country key="GB">United Kingdom</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">40A0C4842291D250A63F11637EDB232D791844DC</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-DD6K3H56-4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/ca.22264</idno><idno type="unit">CA22264</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:CA.CA22264.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Clinical Anatomy</title><title level="j" type="alt">CLINICAL ANATOMY</title><idno type="pISSN">0897-3806</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-2353</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2353</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/ca.v26.8</idno><idno type="product">CA</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">26</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="953">953</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="960">960</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><date type="published" when="2013-11"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main"><p>There is a great deal of literature regarding the tori of the mouth and ear. However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a composite review of the tori with regards to their anatomical features, prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 26:953–960, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0001">torus palatinus</term><term xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0002">torus mandibularis</term><term xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0003">torus maxillaris</term><term xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0004">torus auditivus</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Review</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Review</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/40A0C4842291D250A63F11637EDB232D791844DC/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en" xml:id="ca22264"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2353</doi><issn type="print">0897-3806</issn><issn type="electronic">1098-2353</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="CA"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="CLINICAL ANATOMY">Clinical Anatomy</title><title type="short">Clin. Anat.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="80"><doi>10.1002/ca.v26.8</doi><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="26">26</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">8</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2013-11">November 2013</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="80" type="reviewArticle" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1002/ca.22264</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="CA22264"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Review</title><title type="tocHeading1">Review</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2011-06-22"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2013-03-16"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2013-03-28"></event><event type="xmlCreated" agent="Cenveo Publisher Services" date="2013-08-17"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.2.6 mode:FullText" date="2013-10-24"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2013-08-20"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2013-08-20"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2013-10-24"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-03"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">953</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">960</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Correspondence to: Marios Loukas MD, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies. E‐mail: <email>mloukas@sgu.edu</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:CA.CA22264.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">The tori of the mouth and ear: A review</title><title type="short">The Tori of the Mouth and Ear</title><title type="shortAuthors">Loukas et al.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#ca22264-aff-0001 #ca22264-aff-0002" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ca22264-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>Marios</givenNames><familyName>Loukas</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ca22264-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ca22264-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>Paul</givenNames><familyName>Hulsberg</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ca22264-aff-0003" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ca22264-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>R. Shane</givenNames><familyName>Tubbs</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ca22264-aff-0004" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ca22264-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>Theodoros</givenNames><familyName>Kapos</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ca22264-aff-0005" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ca22264-cr-0005"><personName><givenNames>Christopher T.</givenNames><familyName>Wartmann</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ca22264-aff-0006" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ca22264-cr-0006"><personName><givenNames>Kitt</givenNames><familyName>Shaffer</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ca22264-aff-0007" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ca22264-cr-0007"><personName><givenNames>Bernard J.</givenNames><familyName>Moxham</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="GD" type="organization" xml:id="ca22264-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Department of Anatomical Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>School of Medicine, St George's University</orgName><address><city>Grenada</city><country>West Indies</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="PL" type="organization" xml:id="ca22264-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Department of Anatomy</orgDiv><orgName>Medical School Varmia and Masuria</orgName><address><city>Olsztyn</city><country>Poland</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="ca22264-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Children's Hospital</orgDiv><orgName>Pediatric Neurosurgery</orgName><address><city>Birmingham</city><country>Alabama</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="ca22264-aff-0004"><orgDiv>Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Harvard School of Dental Medicine</orgName><address><city>Boston</city><country>Massachusetts</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="ca22264-aff-0005"><orgDiv>Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery</orgDiv><orgName>University of Maryland Medical Center</orgName><address><city>Baltimore</city><country>Maryland</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="ca22264-aff-0006"><orgDiv>Department of Radiology</orgDiv><orgName>Boston University</orgName><address><city>Boston</city><country>Massachusetts</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="GB" type="organization" xml:id="ca22264-aff-0007"><orgDiv>Cardiff School of Biosciences</orgDiv><orgName>Cardiff University, Cardiff</orgName><address><city>Wales</city><country>United Kingdom</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0001">torus palatinus</keyword><keyword xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0002">torus mandibularis</keyword><keyword xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0003">torus maxillaris</keyword><keyword xml:id="ca22264-kwd-0004">torus auditivus</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p>There is a great deal of literature regarding the tori of the mouth and ear. However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a composite review of the tori with regards to their anatomical features, prevalence, etiology and clinical relevance. Clin. Anat. 26:953–960, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The tori of the mouth and ear: A review</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>The Tori of the Mouth and Ear</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>The tori of the mouth and ear: A review</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marios</namePart><namePart type="family">Loukas</namePart><affiliation>Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University, Grenada, West Indies</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Anatomy, Medical School Varmia and Masuria, Olsztyn, Poland</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: mloukas@sgu.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Paul</namePart><namePart type="family">Hulsberg</namePart><affiliation>Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University, Grenada, West Indies</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R. 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However, there is controversy regarding the etiology and prevalence of each. The torus palatinus is generally agreed to be the most common oral exostosis and is more frequently found in females. The torus mandibularis is also quite common, is more prevalent in males, and occurs bilaterally in 80% of cases. Far less data have been presented regarding the torus maxillaries primarily due to the lack of consensus regarding its nomenclature and classification. These oral tori are thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with a relatively high penetrance; however, environmental and functional factors have been postulated that may account for a more complex etiology than simply genetics. The torus auditivus is rarely acknowledged in clinical papers and most data are found in anthropological journals. Although there is an abundance of literature that addresses these traits individually, there is a lack of research that collectively acknowledges these. 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