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Reinvestigation of the osteology of the miniature African freshwater fishes Cromeria and Grasseichthys (Teleostei, Gonorynchiformes, Kneriidae), with comments on kneriid relationships

Identifieur interne : 000E00 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000D99; suivant : 000E01

Reinvestigation of the osteology of the miniature African freshwater fishes Cromeria and Grasseichthys (Teleostei, Gonorynchiformes, Kneriidae), with comments on kneriid relationships

Auteurs : Ralf Britz ; Timo Moritz

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:1C2B4411EA81174762D98D10E1A4A31720508021

English descriptors

Abstract

The osteology of the three miniaturized African freshwater gonorynchiforms Cromeria nilotica, C. occidentalis and Grasseichthys gabonensis is investigated. We show that the two species of Cromeria, long considered to be subspecies, differ significantly in a number of characters. This has some consequences because all recent studies of the relationships of Cromeria were based only on C. occidentalis. We review previous osteological accounts of Cromeria and Grasseichthys and discuss the differences that we encountered in our material. In addition we re‐evaluate the characters considered of phylogenetic importance for the placement of Cromeria and Grasseichthys among kneriids. We demonstrate that a surprisingly large number of these was based on misinterpretations of anatomical characters or was applied at the wrong level of inclusiveness. Cromeria nilotica, C. occidentalis, and Grasseichthys gabonensis share numerous developmental truncations, but no derived progressive characters, which makes it difficult to place them phylogenetically among kneriid gonorynchiforms. Grasseichthys is the most developmentally truncated of the three miniature species. In addition to bones that are absent in the two species of Cromeria (suprapreopercle, symplectic, ectopterygoid, hypural 6, scales), Grasseichthys lacks the premaxilla, coronomeckelian, urohyal, posttemporal, cranial rib, epineural and epipleural intermuscular bones, and the anterior most branchiostegal ray. We discuss characters that we think will be of significance in future studies on kneriid intrarelationships. Finally, we address the general issue that taxa that have undergone extreme reduction of body size, as the three miniature kneriids, frequently show severe developmental truncations that render it difficult to determine their phylogenetic position with confidence. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Url:
DOI: 10.1002/mmnz.200600016

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:1C2B4411EA81174762D98D10E1A4A31720508021

Le document en format XML

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<term>Gonorynchiform fishes</term>
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<term>Lateral</term>
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<term>Lateral view</term>
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<term>Line canal</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Membrane bone</term>
<term>Metapterygoid</term>
<term>Midline</term>
<term>Miniature kneriids</term>
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<term>Monophyly</term>
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<term>Natural history</term>
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<term>Neural spines</term>
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<term>Occipital region</term>
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<term>Phractolaemus</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogenetic relationships</term>
<term>Poissons</term>
<term>Posterior</term>
<term>Posterior part</term>
<term>Posterior portion</term>
<term>Posterior process</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
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<term>Reductive</term>
<term>Reductive character</term>
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<term>Right side</term>
<term>Second preural centrum</term>
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<term>Sister group</term>
<term>Skeleton</term>
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<term>Supracleithrum</term>
<term>Supraneural</term>
<term>Supraneurals</term>
<term>Supraoccipital</term>
<term>Supraorbital</term>
<term>Suprapreopercle</term>
<term>Supratemporal</term>
<term>Supratemporal commissure</term>
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<term>Synapomorphy</term>
<term>Tanzaniae</term>
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<term>Thys</term>
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<term>Urohyal</term>
<term>Valid autapomorphy</term>
<term>Valid synapomorphy</term>
<term>Ventral</term>
<term>Ventral procurrent rays</term>
<term>Ventral view</term>
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<term>Verlag</term>
<term>Verlag gmbh</term>
<term>Vertebra</term>
<term>Vomer</term>
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<term>Anterior</term>
<term>Anterior tips</term>
<term>Anteriorly</term>
<term>Anterolateral wings</term>
<term>Anteroventral</term>
<term>Antorbital</term>
<term>Articular</term>
<term>Articulates</term>
<term>Articulation</term>
<term>Autapomorphy</term>
<term>Autosphenotic</term>
<term>Basibranchial</term>
<term>Basioccipital</term>
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<term>Bmnh</term>
<term>Branchial</term>
<term>Branchial arches</term>
<term>Branchiostegal</term>
<term>Branchiostegal rays</term>
<term>Britz</term>
<term>Canal</term>
<term>Carotid</term>
<term>Cartilage</term>
<term>Cartilaginous</term>
<term>Caudal</term>
<term>Caudal skeleton</term>
<term>Centrum</term>
<term>Ceratohyal</term>
<term>Chanos</term>
<term>Cleithrum</term>
<term>Commissure</term>
<term>Coronoid</term>
<term>Coronoid process</term>
<term>Cranial</term>
<term>Cromeria</term>
<term>Cromeria nilotica</term>
<term>Cromeria nilotica bmnh</term>
<term>Cromeria occidentalis</term>
<term>Cromeria species</term>
<term>Dentary</term>
<term>Developmental truncation</term>
<term>Distal radials</term>
<term>Dorsal</term>
<term>Dorsal hypohyal</term>
<term>Dorsal midline</term>
<term>Dorsal part</term>
<term>Dorsal view</term>
<term>Dorsally</term>
<term>Double hemal spine</term>
<term>Epibranchial</term>
<term>Epineurals</term>
<term>Epural</term>
<term>Ethmoid</term>
<term>Exoccipital</term>
<term>Fink fink</term>
<term>First pterygiophore</term>
<term>First vertebra</term>
<term>Foramen</term>
<term>Foramen magnum</term>
<term>Fossil</term>
<term>Frontal</term>
<term>Gabonensis</term>
<term>Genus</term>
<term>Gery</term>
<term>Gill</term>
<term>Gill arches</term>
<term>Girdle</term>
<term>Gmbh</term>
<term>Gonorynchiform</term>
<term>Gonorynchiform fishes</term>
<term>Gonorynchiforms</term>
<term>Gonorynchus</term>
<term>Grande</term>
<term>Grasseichthys</term>
<term>Grasseichthys gabonensis</term>
<term>Greenwood</term>
<term>Hemal</term>
<term>Hemal spine</term>
<term>Hyoid</term>
<term>Hyomandibular</term>
<term>Hyopalatinal arch</term>
<term>Hyopalatine</term>
<term>Hyopalatine arch</term>
<term>Hypohyal</term>
<term>Hypural</term>
<term>Infraorbitals</term>
<term>Intermuscular</term>
<term>Intermuscular bones</term>
<term>Interopercle</term>
<term>Johnson patterson</term>
<term>Kgaa</term>
<term>Kneria</term>
<term>Kneria wittei</term>
<term>Kneriid</term>
<term>Kneriidae</term>
<term>Kneriids</term>
<term>Kneriinae</term>
<term>Lacrimal</term>
<term>Lamina</term>
<term>Large number</term>
<term>Lateral</term>
<term>Lateral ethmoid</term>
<term>Lateral ethmoids</term>
<term>Lateral view</term>
<term>Laterally</term>
<term>Lenglet</term>
<term>Line canal</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Medial</term>
<term>Membrane bone</term>
<term>Metapterygoid</term>
<term>Midline</term>
<term>Miniature kneriids</term>
<term>Miniaturization</term>
<term>Mitt</term>
<term>Monophyly</term>
<term>Mrac</term>
<term>Natural history</term>
<term>Neural</term>
<term>Neural arch</term>
<term>Neural arches</term>
<term>Neural spine</term>
<term>Neural spines</term>
<term>Neurocranium</term>
<term>Nilotica</term>
<term>Occidentalis</term>
<term>Occipital region</term>
<term>Opercular</term>
<term>Opercular bones</term>
<term>Ossified</term>
<term>Osteological</term>
<term>Osteology</term>
<term>Other gonorynchiforms</term>
<term>Other kneriids</term>
<term>Otic</term>
<term>Otic capsule</term>
<term>Palatoquadrate</term>
<term>Parakneria</term>
<term>Parakneria tanzaniae</term>
<term>Parasphenoid</term>
<term>Parietal</term>
<term>Parietals</term>
<term>Pectoral</term>
<term>Pectoral girdle</term>
<term>Pelvic girdle</term>
<term>Perichondral</term>
<term>Perichondrally</term>
<term>Pharyngobranchial</term>
<term>Phractolaemus</term>
<term>Phylogenetic</term>
<term>Phylogenetic relationships</term>
<term>Poissons</term>
<term>Posterior</term>
<term>Posterior part</term>
<term>Posterior portion</term>
<term>Posterior process</term>
<term>Posteriorly</term>
<term>Posteroventral</term>
<term>Posteroventral process</term>
<term>Postopercular</term>
<term>Postopercular organ</term>
<term>Posttemporal</term>
<term>Premaxilla</term>
<term>Preopercle</term>
<term>Preural</term>
<term>Procurrent</term>
<term>Progressive characters</term>
<term>Prootic</term>
<term>Pterosphenoid</term>
<term>Pterotic</term>
<term>Pterygiophore</term>
<term>Pterygiophores</term>
<term>Quadrate</term>
<term>Reductive</term>
<term>Reductive character</term>
<term>Reihe</term>
<term>Rib</term>
<term>Right side</term>
<term>Second preural centrum</term>
<term>Second preural vertebra</term>
<term>Separate element</term>
<term>Single supraneural</term>
<term>Sister group</term>
<term>Skeleton</term>
<term>Snout</term>
<term>Spine</term>
<term>Splint</term>
<term>Supernumerary</term>
<term>Supracleithrum</term>
<term>Supraneural</term>
<term>Supraneurals</term>
<term>Supraoccipital</term>
<term>Supraorbital</term>
<term>Suprapreopercle</term>
<term>Supratemporal</term>
<term>Supratemporal commissure</term>
<term>Swinnerton</term>
<term>Symplectic</term>
<term>Synapomorphy</term>
<term>Tanzaniae</term>
<term>Taxon</term>
<term>Teleostei</term>
<term>Thys</term>
<term>Unossified</term>
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<term>Valid synapomorphy</term>
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<term>Ventral procurrent rays</term>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The osteology of the three miniaturized African freshwater gonorynchiforms Cromeria nilotica, C. occidentalis and Grasseichthys gabonensis is investigated. We show that the two species of Cromeria, long considered to be subspecies, differ significantly in a number of characters. This has some consequences because all recent studies of the relationships of Cromeria were based only on C. occidentalis. We review previous osteological accounts of Cromeria and Grasseichthys and discuss the differences that we encountered in our material. In addition we re‐evaluate the characters considered of phylogenetic importance for the placement of Cromeria and Grasseichthys among kneriids. We demonstrate that a surprisingly large number of these was based on misinterpretations of anatomical characters or was applied at the wrong level of inclusiveness. Cromeria nilotica, C. occidentalis, and Grasseichthys gabonensis share numerous developmental truncations, but no derived progressive characters, which makes it difficult to place them phylogenetically among kneriid gonorynchiforms. Grasseichthys is the most developmentally truncated of the three miniature species. In addition to bones that are absent in the two species of Cromeria (suprapreopercle, symplectic, ectopterygoid, hypural 6, scales), Grasseichthys lacks the premaxilla, coronomeckelian, urohyal, posttemporal, cranial rib, epineural and epipleural intermuscular bones, and the anterior most branchiostegal ray. We discuss characters that we think will be of significance in future studies on kneriid intrarelationships. Finally, we address the general issue that taxa that have undergone extreme reduction of body size, as the three miniature kneriids, frequently show severe developmental truncations that render it difficult to determine their phylogenetic position with confidence. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)</div>
</front>
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<abstract>The osteology of the three miniaturized African freshwater gonorynchiforms Cromeria nilotica, C. occidentalis and Grasseichthys gabonensis is investigated. We show that the two species of Cromeria, long considered to be subspecies, differ significantly in a number of characters. This has some consequences because all recent studies of the relationships of Cromeria were based only on C. occidentalis. We review previous osteological accounts of Cromeria and Grasseichthys and discuss the differences that we encountered in our material. In addition we re‐evaluate the characters considered of phylogenetic importance for the placement of Cromeria and Grasseichthys among kneriids. We demonstrate that a surprisingly large number of these was based on misinterpretations of anatomical characters or was applied at the wrong level of inclusiveness. Cromeria nilotica, C. occidentalis, and Grasseichthys gabonensis share numerous developmental truncations, but no derived progressive characters, which makes it difficult to place them phylogenetically among kneriid gonorynchiforms. Grasseichthys is the most developmentally truncated of the three miniature species. In addition to bones that are absent in the two species of Cromeria (suprapreopercle, symplectic, ectopterygoid, hypural 6, scales), Grasseichthys lacks the premaxilla, coronomeckelian, urohyal, posttemporal, cranial rib, epineural and epipleural intermuscular bones, and the anterior most branchiostegal ray. We discuss characters that we think will be of significance in future studies on kneriid intrarelationships. Finally, we address the general issue that taxa that have undergone extreme reduction of body size, as the three miniature kneriids, frequently show severe developmental truncations that render it difficult to determine their phylogenetic position with confidence. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)</abstract>
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<p>The osteology of the three miniaturized African freshwater gonorynchiforms
<i>Cromeria nilotica</i>
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<i>C. occidentalis</i>
and
<i>Grasseichthys gabonensis</i>
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<i>Cromeria</i>
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<i>Cromeria</i>
were based only on
<i>C. occidentalis</i>
. We review previous osteological accounts of
<i>Cromeria</i>
and
<i>Grasseichthys</i>
and discuss the differences that we encountered in our material. In addition we re‐evaluate the characters considered of phylogenetic importance for the placement of
<i>Cromeria</i>
and
<i>Grasseichthys</i>
among kneriids. We demonstrate that a surprisingly large number of these was based on misinterpretations of anatomical characters or was applied at the wrong level of inclusiveness.
<i>Cromeria nilotica</i>
,
<i>C. occidentalis</i>
, and
<i>Grasseichthys gabonensis</i>
share numerous developmental truncations, but no derived progressive characters, which makes it difficult to place them phylogenetically among kneriid gonorynchiforms.
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(suprapreopercle, symplectic, ectopterygoid, hypural 6, scales),
<i>Grasseichthys</i>
lacks the premaxilla, coronomeckelian, urohyal, posttemporal, cranial rib, epineural and epipleural intermuscular bones, and the anterior most branchiostegal ray. We discuss characters that we think will be of significance in future studies on kneriid intrarelationships. Finally, we address the general issue that taxa that have undergone extreme reduction of body size, as the three miniature kneriids, frequently show severe developmental truncations that render it difficult to determine their phylogenetic position with confidence. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)</p>
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