The Origins and Evolution of Mauritania's Second Republic
Identifieur interne : 000D60 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000D59; suivant : 000D61The Origins and Evolution of Mauritania's Second Republic
Auteurs : Anthony G. PazzanitaSource :
- The Journal of Modern African Studies [ 0022-278X ] ; 1996-12.
Abstract
By the mid-1990s, it had become almost a truism in certain circles that the democratic system of government, with its accompanying protections of individual rights and its facilitation of private economic activity and political pluralism, was in the ascendancy in many areas of the world hitherto not thought of as amenable to that model. But although various achievements and setbacks in democratisation have been extensively and even painstakingly documented in all continents, one intriguing experiment in Africa has gone nearly unnoticed.
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DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X00055774
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Stud.</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-278X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1469-7777</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1996-12">1996-12</date><biblScope unit="volume">34</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="575">575</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="596">596</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-278X</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-278X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">By the mid-1990s, it had become almost a truism in certain circles that the democratic system of government, with its accompanying protections of individual rights and its facilitation of private economic activity and political pluralism, was in the ascendancy in many areas of the world hitherto not thought of as amenable to that model. 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Author of Historical Dictionary of Mauritania, Second Edition (Lanham, MD, and London, 1996).</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">The Origins and Evolution of Mauritania's Second Republic</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Anthony G.</forename><surname>Pazzanita</surname></persName></author><idno type="istex">1B6F9081304A6AA9B9180E6C8411D74CCD585B0B</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-C0XCCBHP-5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1017/S0022278X00055774</idno><idno type="PII">S0022278X00055774</idno><idno type="article-id">05577</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">The Journal of Modern African Studies</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Mod. Afr. Stud.</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-278X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1469-7777</idno><idno type="publisher-id">MOA</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1996-12"></date><biblScope unit="volume">34</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="575">575</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="596">596</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1996</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract style="text-abstract"><p>By the mid-1990s, it had become almost a truism in certain circles that the democratic system of government, with its accompanying protections of individual rights and its facilitation of private economic activity and political pluralism, was in the ascendancy in many areas of the world hitherto not thought of as amenable to that model. But although various achievements and setbacks in democratisation have been extensively and even painstakingly documented in all continents, one intriguing experiment in Africa has gone nearly unnoticed.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1996-12">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus cambridge not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.2 20060430//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article dtd-version="2.2" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MOA</journal-id><journal-title>The Journal of Modern African Studies</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>J. Mod. Afr. Stud.</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0022-278X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1469-7777</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0022278X00055774</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">S0022278X00055774</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">05577</article-id><title-group><article-title>The Origins and Evolution of Mauritania's Second Republic</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">ANTHONY G. PAZZANITA</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running">MAURITANIA'S SECOND REPUBLIC</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib><name><surname>Pazzanita</surname><given-names>Anthony G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><fn id="fn01" symbol="*"><label>*</label><p>44 Oakridge Road, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts 02181. Author of <italic>Historical Dictionary of Mauritania, Second Edition</italic> (Lanham, MD, and London, 1996).</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>1996</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage seq="4">575</fpage><lpage>596</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1996</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Cambridge University Press</copyright-holder></permissions><abstract abstract-type="text-abstract"><p><sc>By</sc> the mid-1990s, it had become almost a truism in certain circles that the democratic system of government, with its accompanying protections of individual rights and its facilitation of private economic activity and political pluralism, was in the ascendancy in many areas of the world hitherto not thought of as amenable to that model. But although various achievements and setbacks in democratisation have been extensively and even painstakingly documented in all continents, one intriguing experiment in Africa has gone nearly unnoticed.</p></abstract><counts><page-count count="22"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf</meta-name><meta-value>S0022278X00055774a.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>dispart</meta-name><meta-value>Articles</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><fn-group><fn id="fn02" symbol="1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p>According to <citation id="ref001" citation-type="other"><italic>Africa South of the Sahara, 1995</italic> (London, <year>1995</year>), p. <fpage>606</fpage>, Mauritania had a population of about 2·03 million in <year>1991</year>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn03" symbol="2"><label><sup>2</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref002" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Gerteiny</surname><given-names>Alfred G.</given-names></name>, <source>Mauritania</source> (<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>, <year>1967</year>), pp. <fpage>136</fpage>–40.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn04" symbol="3"><label><sup>3</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref002">Ibid.</xref> pp. 148–50.</p></fn><fn id="fn05" symbol="4"><label><sup>4</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref002">Ibid.</xref> pp. 157–60.</p></fn><fn id="fn06" symbol="5"><label><sup>5</sup></label><p><citation id="ref003" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Curran</surname><given-names>Brian Dean</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Schrock</surname><given-names>Joann</given-names></name>, <source>Area Handbook for Mauritania</source> (<publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>. <year>1972</year>). pp. <fpage>153</fpage>–4.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn07" symbol="6"><label><sup>6</sup></label><p><citation id="ref004" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hodges</surname><given-names>Tony</given-names></name>, <source>Western Sahara: the roots of a desert war</source> (<publisher-loc>Westport, CT</publisher-loc>, <year>1983</year>), pp. <fpage>241</fpage>–6 and 257–66.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn08" symbol="7"><label><sup>7</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref005" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Legum</surname><given-names>Colin</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Africa Contemporary Record: annual survey and documents, 1979–1980</source>, Vol. <volume>XII</volume> (<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>, <year>1980</year>), p. B<fpage>571</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn09" symbol="8"><label><sup>8</sup></label><p><citation id="ref006" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Handloff</surname><given-names>Robert E.</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Mauritania: a country study</source> (<publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>, <year>1990</year>), pp. <fpage>128</fpage>–30.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn10" symbol="9"><label><sup>9</sup></label><p><citation id="ref007" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Legum</surname><given-names>Colin</given-names></name> (ed.), <source>Africa Contemporary Record: annual survey and documents, 1981–1982</source>, Vol. <volume>XIV</volume> (<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>, <year>1982</year>), pp. B<fpage>474</fpage>–5.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn11" symbol="10"><label><sup>10</sup></label><p><citation id="ref008" citation-type="other"><italic>West Africa</italic> (London), 19 <month>01</month> <year>1987</year>, pp. <fpage>110</fpage>–11, and 24–30 October 1988, pp. 1984–5.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn12" symbol="11"><label><sup>11</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref008">Ibid.</xref> For the French text of FLAM's primary political tract, entitled <italic>Le Manifesto du négromauritanien opprimé</italic>, see <italic>Un Apartheid méconnu: livre blanc sur la situation des noirs en Mauritanie</italic> (Paris, Forces de libération africaine de Mauritanie, Section Europe-Nord, January 1991).</p></fn><fn id="fn13" symbol="12"><label><sup>12</sup></label><p>See <italic>Africa Research Bulletin: political, social and cultural series</italic> (Exeter), 27, II, 1–30 November 1990, p. 9899. Hereinafter, <italic>ARB: psc</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn14" symbol="13"><label><sup>13</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref009" citation-type="book"><collab>Amnesty International</collab>, <source>Human Rights Violations in the Senegal River Valley</source> (<publisher-loc>London and New York</publisher-loc>, <month>10</month> <year>1990</year>),</citation> and <citation id="ref010" citation-type="book"><collab>Human Rights Watch/Africa</collab>, <source>Mauritania's Campaign of Terror: state-sponsored repression of black Africans</source> (<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>, <month>04</month> <year>1994</year>).</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn15" symbol="14"><label><sup>14</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref011" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Parker</surname><given-names>Ron</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Senegal-Mauritania Crisis of 1989: a fragile equilibrium</article-title>’, in <source>The Journal of Modern African Studies</source> (Cambridge), <volume>29</volume>, I, <month>03</month> <year>1991</year>, pp. <fpage>155</fpage>–71, and <italic>West Africa</italic>, 15–21 May 1989, pp. 798–90, and 19–25 June 1989, pp. 1007–9.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn16" symbol="15"><label><sup>15</sup></label><p><citation id="ref012" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Doyle</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name>, ‘Blood Brothers’, in <source>Africa Report</source> (<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>), <volume>34</volume>, 4, <month>07</month>—<month>08</month> <year>1989</year>, pp. <fpage>13</fpage>–<lpage>16</lpage>,</citation> and ‘Nouakchott's New Nationalism’, in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref012">ibid.</xref> 34, 5, September–October 1989, pp. 37–40.</p></fn><fn id="fn17" symbol="16"><label><sup>16</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref013" citation-type="other"><italic>Africa Confidential</italic> (London), 31, 17, 24 <month>08</month> <year>1990</year>, p. <fpage>1</fpage>, and 32, 3, 8 February 1991, pp. 6–7.</citation> Also, <citation id="ref014" citation-type="book"><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name>, ‘Iraq's Growing Involvement in Mauritania’, in <source>Middle East International</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>), 3 <month>08</month> <year>1990</year>, pp. <fpage>18</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn18" symbol="17"><label><sup>17</sup></label><p><citation id="ref015" citation-type="book"><collab>Economist Intelligence Unit Country Report</collab>, <source>Mauritania</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>), 4th Quarter <year>1995</year>, p. <fpage>36</fpage>. Hereinafter, EIU Report.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn19" symbol="18"><label><sup>18</sup></label><p><citation id="ref016" citation-type="other"><italic>Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Reports: Near East and South Asia</italic> (Washington, DC), 16 <month>04</month> <year>1991</year>, p. <fpage>6</fpage>. Hereinafter, <italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn20" symbol="19"><label><sup>19</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 28, 4, 1–30 April 1991, pp. 10081–3.</p></fn><fn id="fn21" symbol="20"><label><sup>20</sup></label><p>EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 3, 1991, p. 34.</p></fn><fn id="fn22" symbol="21"><label><sup>21</sup></label><p>President Ould Taya publicly called the idea of a national conference ‘ridiculous and antidemocratic’. See his comments in <citation id="ref017" citation-type="other"><italic>Jeune Afrique</italic> (Paris), 1605, 2–8 <month>10</month> <year>1991</year>, pp. <fpage>28</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn23" symbol="22"><label><sup>22</sup></label><p><italic>West Africa</italic>, 29 April–5 May 1991, p. 654, and <italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 28, 4, 1–30 April 1991, pp. 10097–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn24" symbol="23"><label><sup>23</sup></label><p><citation id="ref018" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 3, <year>1991</year>, pp. 37–8. Also arrested was Colonel Djibril Ould Abdellahi, a one-time CMSN member and Minister of the Interior from 1986 to February 1990, when he had been suddenly dismissed. Ould Abdellahi, however, was not an FDUC adherent, and he (along with the other detainees) was released on 29 July 1991.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn25" symbol="24"><label><sup>24</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref018">Ibid.</xref> pp. 36–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn26" symbol="25"><label><sup>25</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 28, 8, 1–31 August 1991, p. 10230.</p></fn><fn id="fn27" symbol="26"><label><sup>26</sup></label><p><citation id="ref019" citation-type="other"><italic>Projet de Constitution: soumis au référendum le 12 juillet 1991</italic> (Nouakchott, <year>1991</year>).</citation> For an English translation, see <citation id="ref020" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Blaustein</surname><given-names>Albert P.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Flanz</surname><given-names>Gisbert H.</given-names></name> (eds.), <source>Constitutions of the Countries of the World</source> (<publisher-loc>Dobbs Ferry, NY</publisher-loc>, <month>08</month> <year>1993</year>), Release 93–5.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn28" symbol="27"><label><sup>27</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 28, 8, 1–31 August 1992, p. 10268. The PRDS was founded on 29 August 1991.</p></fn><fn id="fn29" symbol="28"><label><sup>28</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref020">Ibid.</xref></p></fn><fn id="fn30" symbol="29"><label><sup>29</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref020">Ibid.</xref> 28, 10, 1–31 October 1991, p. 10307.</p></fn><fn id="fn31" symbol="30"><label><sup>30</sup></label><p>A comprehensive listing of Mauritanian political parties from the French colonial period to the end of 1993 is contained in <citation id="ref021" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Mohamedou</surname><given-names>Mohammad-Mahmoud</given-names></name>, <source>Societal Transition to Democracy in Mauritania</source> (<publisher-loc>Cairo</publisher-loc>, <publisher-name>Ibn Khaldoun Centre for Development Studies and Dar el-Ameen Publishers</publisher-name>, <year>1995</year>), pp. <fpage>209</fpage>–14.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn32" symbol="31"><label><sup>31</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 29, 1, 1–31 January 1992, pp. 10414–15. See also the comments by <citation id="ref022" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Daddah</surname><given-names>Ahmed Ould</given-names></name> in <source>The Courier</source> (<publisher-loc>Brussels</publisher-loc>), <volume>137</volume>, <month>01</month>—<month>02</month> <year>1993</year>, pp. <fpage>32</fpage>–4.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn33" symbol="32"><label><sup>32</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 29, 1, 1–31 January 1992, pp. 10414–15.</p></fn><fn id="fn34" symbol="33"><label><sup>33</sup></label><p><italic>Africa South of the Sahara, 1995</italic>, p. 600. However, the announcement of the results of the presidential voting was greeted with violence in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou. See <italic>The New York Times</italic>, 27 January 1992.</p></fn><fn id="fn35" symbol="34"><label><sup>34</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 29, I, 1–31 January 1992, p. 10415.</p></fn><fn id="fn36" symbol="35"><label><sup>35</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref022">Ibid.</xref> 29, 2, 1–29 February 1992, pp. 10457–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn37" symbol="36"><label><sup>36</sup></label><p><citation id="ref023" citation-type="other"><italic>Africa Report</italic> (New York), 37, 2, <month>03</month>—<month>04</month> <year>1992</year>, p. <fpage>7</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn38" symbol="37"><label><sup>37</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 29, 3, 1–31 March 1992, p. 10499. Non-PRDS candidates winning seats included ten independents, one from the PMR and two from Ould Baba's RDU. In the second round, however, voter turnout declined to only about 33 per cent.</p></fn><fn id="fn39" symbol="38"><label><sup>38</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref023">Ibid.</xref> For a variety of reasons including the UFD-led boycott (which for the senatorial elections included the RDU), only the PRDS and the Baathist <italic>Parti de l'avant garde nationale</italic> (PAGN) fielded candidates for the <italic>Sénat</italic>. Three additional seats, not chosen in April 1992, were allocated for Mauritanians residing abroad; all went to the PRDS in mid-May 1994. See EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 3rd Quarter 1994, p. 29.</p></fn><fn id="fn40" symbol="39"><label><sup>39</sup></label><p>The 18 April 1992 Cabinet was composed entirely of civilians, except for Colonel Ahmed Ould Minnih, who was named Minister of Defence. For a listing of Government ministers, see <italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 29, 4, 1–30 April 1992, p. 10531.</p></fn><fn id="fn41" symbol="40"><label><sup>40</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref023">Ibid.</xref> 29, 6, 1–30 June 1992, p. 10612. Ahmed Ould Daddah was formally elevated to the leadership of the UFD in June 1992.</p></fn><fn id="fn42" symbol="41"><label><sup>41</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 30, 3, 1–31 March 1993, p. 10928, and 30, 6, 1–20 June 1993, p. 11044.</p></fn><fn id="fn43" symbol="42"><label><sup>42</sup></label><p><citation id="ref024" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 3rd Quarter <year>1993</year>, pp. 30–1.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn44" symbol="43"><label><sup>43</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref024">Ibid.</xref> 1st Quarter 1994, p. 35, and Mohamedou, op. cit. p. 228. Further tarnishing the lustre of the opposition was the fact that the UFD captured only 17 councils, while independent candidates garnered the remainder. The UPD completely failed to obtain any local representation, while the RDU presented its few candidates in co-operation with the PRDS.</p></fn><fn id="fn45" symbol="44"><label><sup>44</sup></label><p><citation id="ref025" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 2nd Quarter <year>1994</year>, p. 30.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn46" symbol="45"><label><sup>45</sup></label><p><citation id="ref026" citation-type="other">An example of this was <italic>Al-Bayane</italic>, edited by <name><surname>Béchir</surname><given-names>Yahia Ould</given-names></name>, who was interviewed in <italic>The Courier</italic>, 137, January—February 1993, pp. 36–7. The independent newspaper encountered financial difficulties and ceased publication by early 1995. See EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 1st Quater 1995, p. 32. For more on the country's press, see Mohamedou, op. cit. pp. 166–8.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn47" symbol="46"><label><sup>46</sup></label><p>One publication, the French-language <italic>Mauritanie nouvelle</italic>, was enjoined for three months in April 1996, but the Interior Minister who issued the order, Mohamed Lamine Salem Ould Dah, was dismissed early the following month. <italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 11 April 1996, p. 16, and 7 May 1996, p. 23.</p></fn><fn id="fn48" symbol="47"><label><sup>47</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref026">Ibid.</xref> 3 October 1994, pp. 24–5, 11 October 1994, pp. 24–6, and 14 October 1994, pp. 12–14.</p></fn><fn id="fn49" symbol="48"><label><sup>48</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref026">Ibid.</xref> 12 October 1994, p. 23.</p></fn><fn id="fn50" symbol="49"><label><sup>49</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref027" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>Catherine</given-names></name>, ‘God Beckons for Mauritania's Dispossessed’, in the <italic>Manchester Guardian Weekly</italic>, 16 April 1995, p. 15. For coverage of earlier Islamist activity in Mauritania, see EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 4th Quarter 1993, p. 30.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn51" symbol="50"><label><sup>50</sup></label><p><italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 8 November 1994, p. 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn52" symbol="51"><label><sup>51</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref027">Ibid.</xref> 22 February 1995, p. 23, and <citation id="ref028" citation-type="other"><italic>Africa South of the Sahara, 1996</italic> (London, <year>1996</year>), pp. <fpage>609</fpage>–10.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn53" symbol="52"><label><sup>52</sup></label><p><citation id="ref029" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 1st Quarter <year>1995</year>, p. 30, and <italic>West Africa</italic>, 30 January-5 February 1995, p. 151. All the detainees were released by 3 February 1995.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn54" symbol="53"><label><sup>53</sup></label><p>Outside pressures were also instrumental in gaining the release after 48 hours of Cheikh Saad Bouh Kamara, a Mauritanian intellectual detained in January 1994 for making statements to the effect that slavery still existed in the country. <italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 25 January 1994, pp. 16–17.</p></fn><fn id="fn55" symbol="54"><label><sup>54</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref030" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 4th Quarter <year>1995</year>, p. 28, and <italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 24 October 1995, pp. 17–18. The Iraqi ambassador in Nouakchott was expelled simultaneously with the arrests.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn56" symbol="55"><label><sup>55</sup></label><p><italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 11 December 1995, p. 22. As many as 33 of the 52 accused Baathists were acquitted outright and released, while the rest were relieved of all punishment by an appeals court. EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 1st Quarter 1996, pp. 28–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn57" symbol="56"><label><sup>56</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref030">Ibid.</xref> 4th Quarter 1995, pp. 28–9. For Ahmed Ould Daddah's reaction to the arrests, see <italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 31 October 1995, pp. 47–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn58" symbol="57"><label><sup>57</sup></label><p><citation id="ref031" citation-type="other">See EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 1st Quarter <year>1995</year>, pp. 30–1, and 2nd Quarter 1995, pp. 27–8. Also <italic>Jeune Afrique</italic>, 1787, 6–12 April 1995, pp. 16–18.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn59" symbol="58"><label><sup>58</sup></label><p><citation id="ref032" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 4th Quarter <year>1995</year>, p. 29.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn60" symbol="59"><label><sup>59</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 31, 6, 1–31 June 1994, pp. 11472–3.</p></fn><fn id="fn61" symbol="60"><label><sup>60</sup></label><p><citation id="ref033" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 2nd Quarter <year>1995</year>, p. 27.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn62" symbol="61"><label><sup>61</sup></label><p>Another prominent figure from the period of military rule, an ex-Minister of the Interior, Djibril Ould Abdellahi (also known as Gabriel Cimper), reconciled with President Ould Taya in late 1994. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref033">Ibid.</xref> 4th Quarter 1994, pp. 28–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn63" symbol="62"><label><sup>62</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref033">Ibid.</xref> 3rd Quarter 1995, pp. 25 and 27.</p></fn><fn id="fn64" symbol="63"><label><sup>63</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref033">Ibid.</xref> and <italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 26 July 1995, pp. 18–19.</p></fn><fn id="fn65" symbol="64"><label><sup>64</sup></label><p>See <italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 32, 8, 1–31 August 1995, p. 11950, and <italic>FBIS: NESA</italic>, 18 August 1995, pp. 16–17. <italic>Action pour changement</italic> was the twentieth Mauritanian political party to be formed since August 1991.</p></fn><fn id="fn66" symbol="65"><label><sup>65</sup></label><p><italic>ARB: psc</italic>, 33, 2, 1–29 February 1996, p. 12153. The <italic>Sénat</italic> elections were rescheduled for 10 April 1996, and, as expected, went heavily in favour of the PRDS.</p></fn><fn id="fn67" symbol="66"><label><sup>66</sup></label><p><italic>West Africa</italic>, 15–21 July 1996, p. 1091, and EIU Report, 3rd Quarter 1996, pp. 30–2.</p></fn><fn id="fn68" symbol="67"><label><sup>67</sup></label><p><italic>The Boston Globe</italic>, 13 October 1996.</p></fn><fn id="fn69" symbol="68"><label><sup>68</sup></label><p>Interviewed by Reuters, 13 October 1996.</p></fn><fn id="fn70" symbol="69"><label><sup>69</sup></label><p><italic>West Africa</italic>, 28 October–5 November 1996, pp. 1663–4, and <citation id="ref034" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Soudan</surname><given-names>François</given-names></name>, ‘Ou est passée l'sopposition?’, in <italic>Jeune Afrique</italic>, <year>1869</year>, 30 <month>10</month>–5 <month>11</month> <year>1996</year>, pp. <fpage>26</fpage>–7.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn71" symbol="70"><label><sup>70</sup></label><p><italic>West Africa</italic>, 4–10 November 1996, p. 1703.</p></fn><fn id="fn72" symbol="71"><label><sup>71</sup></label><p>Mohamedou, op. cit. p. 184.</p></fn><fn id="fn73" symbol="72"><label><sup>72</sup></label><p>See <citation id="ref035" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Ould-Mey</surname><given-names>Mohameden</given-names></name>, <source>Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: the carrot and the stick in Mauritania</source> (<publisher-loc>Lanham, MD</publisher-loc>, <year>1996</year>), pp. <fpage>93</fpage>–<lpage>163</lpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn74" symbol="73"><label><sup>73</sup></label><p><citation id="ref036" citation-type="other">EIU Report, <italic>Mauritania</italic>, 1st Quarter <year>1996</year>, p. 31.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn75" symbol="74"><label><sup>74</sup></label><p><citation id="ref037" citation-type="book"><collab>US State Department</collab>, <source>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993</source> (<publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>, <year>1994</year>), p. <fpage>180</fpage>, and …<italic>for 1994</italic> (Washington, DC, 1995), p. 162.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn76" symbol="75"><label><sup>75</sup></label><p>See Mohamedou, op. cit. pp. 215–22.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>The Origins and Evolution of Mauritania's Second Republic</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>ANTHONY G. PAZZANITA</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>The Origins and Evolution of Mauritania's Second Republic</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anthony G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Pazzanita</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Cambridge, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1996-12</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1996</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract type="text-abstract">By the mid-1990s, it had become almost a truism in certain circles that the democratic system of government, with its accompanying protections of individual rights and its facilitation of private economic activity and political pluralism, was in the ascendancy in many areas of the world hitherto not thought of as amenable to that model. But although various achievements and setbacks in democratisation have been extensively and even painstakingly documented in all continents, one intriguing experiment in Africa has gone nearly unnoticed.</abstract><note type="footnotes">44 Oakridge Road, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts 02181. Author of Historical Dictionary of Mauritania, Second Edition (Lanham, MD, and London, 1996).</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Journal of Modern African Studies</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Mod. Afr. Stud.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0022-278X</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1469-7777</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">MOA</identifier><part><date>1996</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>34</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>575</start><end>596</end><total>22</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">1B6F9081304A6AA9B9180E6C8411D74CCD585B0B</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-C0XCCBHP-5</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1017/S0022278X00055774</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022278X00055774</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">05577</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/1B6F9081304A6AA9B9180E6C8411D74CCD585B0B/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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