CBCT Evaluation of the Upper Airway Morphological Changes in Growing Patients of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Mandibular Retrusion Using Twin Block Appliance: A Comparative Research
Identifieur interne : 000746 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000745; suivant : 000747CBCT Evaluation of the Upper Airway Morphological Changes in Growing Patients of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Mandibular Retrusion Using Twin Block Appliance: A Comparative Research
Auteurs : Liang Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Hong Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Huijuan Cheng [République populaire de Chine] ; Yanzhao Han [République populaire de Chine] ; Chunling Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Yu Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Jinlin Song [République populaire de Chine] ; Dongxu Liu [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological changes of upper airway after Twin Block (TB) treatment in growing patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion compared with untreated Class II patients by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Thirty growing patients who have completed TB treatment were recruited into TB group. The control group (n = 30) was selected from the patients with the same diagnosis and without TB treatment. CBCT scans of the pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) data of TB group and control data were collected. After three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and registration of T1 and T2 data, the morphological changes of upper airway during TB treatment were measured. The statistical differences between T1 and T2 data of TB group as well as T2 and control data were accessed by t-test.
During the TB treatment, the mandible moved advanced by 3.52±2.14 mm in the horizontal direction and 3.77±2.10 mm in the vertical direction. The hyoid bone was in a more forward and inferior place. The upper airway showed a significant enlargement in nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. In addition, the nasopharynx turned more circular, and the oropharynx became more elliptic in transverse shape. However, the transverse shape of the hypopharynx showed no significant difference. After comparison between T2 and control data, only the horizontal movement of the hyoid bone, the volumetric expansion of the oropharynx and hypopharynx, and changes of the oropharyngeal transverse shape showed significant difference.
Compared to the untreated Class II patients, the upper airway of growing patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion showed a significant enlargement in the oropharynx and hypopharynx as well as a more elliptic transverse shape in the oropharynx, and the hyoid bone moved to an anterior position after TB treatment.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094378
PubMed: 24705466
PubMed Central: 3976395
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">CBCT Evaluation of the Upper Airway Morphological Changes in Growing Patients of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Mandibular Retrusion Using Twin Block Appliance: A Comparative Research</title><author><name sortKey="Li, Liang" sort="Li, Liang" uniqKey="Li L" first="Liang" last="Li">Liang Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Hong" sort="Liu, Hong" uniqKey="Liu H" first="Hong" last="Liu">Hong Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Huijuan" sort="Cheng, Huijuan" uniqKey="Cheng H" first="Huijuan" last="Cheng">Huijuan Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Yanzhao" sort="Han, Yanzhao" uniqKey="Han Y" first="Yanzhao" last="Han">Yanzhao Han</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Chunling" sort="Wang, Chunling" uniqKey="Wang C" first="Chunling" last="Wang">Chunling Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yu" sort="Chen, Yu" uniqKey="Chen Y" first="Yu" last="Chen">Yu Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Jinlin" sort="Song, Jinlin" uniqKey="Song J" first="Jinlin" last="Song">Jinlin Song</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Dongxu" sort="Liu, Dongxu" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Dongxu" last="Liu">Dongxu Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24705466</idno><idno type="pmc">3976395</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976395</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3976395</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0094378</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000746</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000746</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000746</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000746</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">CBCT Evaluation of the Upper Airway Morphological Changes in Growing Patients of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Mandibular Retrusion Using Twin Block Appliance: A Comparative Research</title><author><name sortKey="Li, Liang" sort="Li, Liang" uniqKey="Li L" first="Liang" last="Li">Liang Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Hong" sort="Liu, Hong" uniqKey="Liu H" first="Hong" last="Liu">Hong Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Huijuan" sort="Cheng, Huijuan" uniqKey="Cheng H" first="Huijuan" last="Cheng">Huijuan Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Yanzhao" sort="Han, Yanzhao" uniqKey="Han Y" first="Yanzhao" last="Han">Yanzhao Han</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Chunling" sort="Wang, Chunling" uniqKey="Wang C" first="Chunling" last="Wang">Chunling Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yu" sort="Chen, Yu" uniqKey="Chen Y" first="Yu" last="Chen">Yu Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Song, Jinlin" sort="Song, Jinlin" uniqKey="Song J" first="Jinlin" last="Song">Jinlin Song</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Dongxu" sort="Liu, Dongxu" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Dongxu" last="Liu">Dongxu Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological changes of upper airway after Twin Block (TB) treatment in growing patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion compared with untreated Class II patients by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Thirty growing patients who have completed TB treatment were recruited into TB group. The control group (n = 30) was selected from the patients with the same diagnosis and without TB treatment. CBCT scans of the pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) data of TB group and control data were collected. After three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and registration of T1 and T2 data, the morphological changes of upper airway during TB treatment were measured. The statistical differences between T1 and T2 data of TB group as well as T2 and control data were accessed by t-test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>During the TB treatment, the mandible moved advanced by 3.52±2.14 mm in the horizontal direction and 3.77±2.10 mm in the vertical direction. The hyoid bone was in a more forward and inferior place. The upper airway showed a significant enlargement in nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. In addition, the nasopharynx turned more circular, and the oropharynx became more elliptic in transverse shape. However, the transverse shape of the hypopharynx showed no significant difference. After comparison between T2 and control data, only the horizontal movement of the hyoid bone, the volumetric expansion of the oropharynx and hypopharynx, and changes of the oropharyngeal transverse shape showed significant difference.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Compared to the untreated Class II patients, the upper airway of growing patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion showed a significant enlargement in the oropharynx and hypopharynx as well as a more elliptic transverse shape in the oropharynx, and the hyoid bone moved to an anterior position after TB treatment.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdelkarim, A" uniqKey="Abdelkarim A">A Abdelkarim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muto, T" uniqKey="Muto T">T Muto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamazaki, A" uniqKey="Yamazaki A">A 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Sasaki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fogel, Rb" uniqKey="Fogel R">RB Fogel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malhotra, A" uniqKey="Malhotra A">A Malhotra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalagiorgou, G" uniqKey="Dalagiorgou G">G Dalagiorgou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robinson, Mk" uniqKey="Robinson M">MK Robinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jakab, M" uniqKey="Jakab M">M Jakab</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johal, A" uniqKey="Johal A">A Johal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Conaghan, C" uniqKey="Conaghan C">C Conaghan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scheerer, Wd" uniqKey="Scheerer W">WD Scheerer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lammert, F" uniqKey="Lammert F">F Lammert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnston, Cd" uniqKey="Johnston C">CD Johnston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, A" uniqKey="Richardson A">A Richardson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24705466</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3976395</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-48241</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0094378</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subj-group><subject>Bioengineering</subject><subject>Medical Devices and Equipment</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Clinical Medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Oral Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Dentistry</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Radiology and Imaging</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>CBCT Evaluation of the Upper Airway Morphological Changes in Growing Patients of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion with Mandibular Retrusion Using Twin Block Appliance: A Comparative Research</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Upper Airway Changes Using Twin Block Appliance</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Liang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Hong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>Huijuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Yanzhao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Chunling</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Yu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>Jinlin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Dongxu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Orthodontics, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Qinghua</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>The Ohio State University, United States of America</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>liudongxu@sdu.edu.cn</email> (DL); <email>soongjl@163.com</email> (JS)</corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: LL JLS DXL. Performed the experiments: LL HL HJC CLW JLS DXL. Analyzed the data: LL HL HJC YZH YC. Wrote the paper: LL HL HJC.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>e94378</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Li et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological changes of upper airway after Twin Block (TB) treatment in growing patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion compared with untreated Class II patients by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Thirty growing patients who have completed TB treatment were recruited into TB group. The control group (n = 30) was selected from the patients with the same diagnosis and without TB treatment. CBCT scans of the pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) data of TB group and control data were collected. After three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and registration of T1 and T2 data, the morphological changes of upper airway during TB treatment were measured. The statistical differences between T1 and T2 data of TB group as well as T2 and control data were accessed by t-test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>During the TB treatment, the mandible moved advanced by 3.52±2.14 mm in the horizontal direction and 3.77±2.10 mm in the vertical direction. The hyoid bone was in a more forward and inferior place. The upper airway showed a significant enlargement in nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx. In addition, the nasopharynx turned more circular, and the oropharynx became more elliptic in transverse shape. However, the transverse shape of the hypopharynx showed no significant difference. After comparison between T2 and control data, only the horizontal movement of the hyoid bone, the volumetric expansion of the oropharynx and hypopharynx, and changes of the oropharyngeal transverse shape showed significant difference.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Compared to the untreated Class II patients, the upper airway of growing patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion and mandibular retrusion showed a significant enlargement in the oropharynx and hypopharynx as well as a more elliptic transverse shape in the oropharynx, and the hyoid bone moved to an anterior position after TB treatment.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>The study was supported by grants from National Creative Project Contract Research (201310422049), Shandong Science and Technology Planning Project Contract Research (2010G0020232 and 2010HM053, 2050205) and Shandong University Dental School Project Research (P2009008, P2009010) of China. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="7"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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