Biomechanical Effects of Platform Switching in Two Different Implant Systems: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Identifieur interne : 000635 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000634; suivant : 000636Biomechanical Effects of Platform Switching in Two Different Implant Systems: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Auteurs : Mahasti Sahabi [Iran] ; Mehdi Adibrad [Iran] ; Fatemeh Sadat Mirhashemi [Iran] ; Sareh Habibzadeh [Iran]Source :
- Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran) [ 1735-2150 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of platform switching on stress distribution of two different implant systems using three-dimensional (3D) finite element models.
Six 3D finite element models were created to replicate two different implant systems with peri-implant bone tissue, in which six different implant-abutment configurations were represented: model XiVE-a: 3.8-mm-diameter implant and 3.8-mm-diameter abutment; model XiVE-b (platform-switching model): 4.5-mm-diameter implant and 3.8-mm-diameter abutment; model XiVE-c: 4.5-mm-diameter implant and 4.5-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-a: 4.0-mm-diameter implant and 4.1-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-b (platform-switching model): 5.0-mm-diameter implant and 4.1-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-c: 5.0-mm-diameter implant and 5.0-mm-diameter abutment. vertical and oblique loads of 100 were applied to all models.
While the pattern of stress distribution was similar for both loading situations, oblique loading resulted in higher intensity and greater distribution of stress than axial loading in both cortical bone and implant-abutment- interface. Stress distribution at peri-implant bone was almost identical with similar magnitudes for all six models. In both implant systems, platform-switching models demonstrated lower maximum von Mises stress in cortical bone than conventional models. However, in both implant systems and under both loading situations, platform-switching models showed higher stresses at the implant-abutment interface than conventional models.
In both implant systems, platform switching design reduced the stress concentration in the crestal bone and shifted it towards the area of implant-abutment interface.
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PubMed: 24396353
PubMed Central: 3875508
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Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adibrad, Mehdi" sort="Adibrad, Mehdi" uniqKey="Adibrad M" first="Mehdi" last="Adibrad">Mehdi Adibrad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-jod-10-338">Periodontist, Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Periodontist, Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirhashemi, Fatemeh Sadat" sort="Mirhashemi, Fatemeh Sadat" uniqKey="Mirhashemi F" first="Fatemeh Sadat" last="Mirhashemi">Fatemeh Sadat Mirhashemi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-jod-10-338">Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-jod-10-338">MSc, Ph.D Student, Mechanics of Agricultural Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>MSc, Ph.D Student, Mechanics of Agricultural Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Habibzadeh, Sareh" sort="Habibzadeh, Sareh" uniqKey="Habibzadeh S" first="Sareh" last="Habibzadeh">Sareh Habibzadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-jod-10-338">Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontist, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Dental School, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontist, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Dental School, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24396353</idno><idno type="pmc">3875508</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3875508</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3875508</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000635</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000635</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000635</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000635</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Biomechanical Effects of Platform Switching in Two Different Implant Systems: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Sahabi, Mahasti" sort="Sahabi, Mahasti" uniqKey="Sahabi M" first="Mahasti" last="Sahabi">Mahasti Sahabi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-jod-10-338">Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-jod-10-338">Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adibrad, Mehdi" sort="Adibrad, Mehdi" uniqKey="Adibrad M" first="Mehdi" last="Adibrad">Mehdi Adibrad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-jod-10-338">Periodontist, Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Periodontist, Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirhashemi, Fatemeh Sadat" sort="Mirhashemi, Fatemeh Sadat" uniqKey="Mirhashemi F" first="Fatemeh Sadat" last="Mirhashemi">Fatemeh Sadat Mirhashemi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-jod-10-338">Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-jod-10-338">MSc, Ph.D Student, Mechanics of Agricultural Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>MSc, Ph.D Student, Mechanics of Agricultural Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Habibzadeh, Sareh" sort="Habibzadeh, Sareh" uniqKey="Habibzadeh S" first="Sareh" last="Habibzadeh">Sareh Habibzadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-jod-10-338">Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontist, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Dental School, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontist, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Dental School, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran)</title><idno type="ISSN">1735-2150</idno><idno type="eISSN">2008-2185</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of platform switching on stress distribution of two different implant systems using three-dimensional (3D) finite element models.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>Six 3D finite element models were created to replicate two different implant systems with peri-implant bone tissue, in which six different implant-abutment configurations were represented: model XiVE-a: 3.8-mm-diameter implant and 3.8-mm-diameter abutment; model XiVE-b (platform-switching model): 4.5-mm-diameter implant and 3.8-mm-diameter abutment; model XiVE-c: 4.5-mm-diameter implant and 4.5-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-a: 4.0-mm-diameter implant and 4.1-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-b (platform-switching model): 5.0-mm-diameter implant and 4.1-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-c: 5.0-mm-diameter implant and 5.0-mm-diameter abutment. vertical and oblique loads of 100 were applied to all models.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>While the pattern of stress distribution was similar for both loading situations, oblique loading resulted in higher intensity and greater distribution of stress than axial loading in both cortical bone and implant-abutment- interface. Stress distribution at peri-implant bone was almost identical with similar magnitudes for all six models. In both implant systems, platform-switching models demonstrated lower maximum von Mises stress in cortical bone than conventional models. However, in both implant systems and under both loading situations, platform-switching models showed higher stresses at the implant-abutment interface than conventional models.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>In both implant systems, platform switching design reduced the stress concentration in the crestal bone and shifted it towards the area of implant-abutment interface.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hermann, F" uniqKey="Hermann F">F Hermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lerner, H" uniqKey="Lerner H">H Lerner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palti, A" uniqKey="Palti A">A Palti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cardaropoli, G" uniqKey="Cardaropoli G">G Cardaropoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lekholm, U" uniqKey="Lekholm U">U Lekholm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wennstrom, Jl" uniqKey="Wennstrom J">JL 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Dent (Tehran)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Dent (Tehran)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1735-2150</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2008-2185</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24396353</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3875508</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jod-10-338</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Biomechanical Effects of Platform Switching in Two Different Implant Systems: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sahabi</surname><given-names>Mahasti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jod-10-338"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-jod-10-338"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-jod-10-338"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adibrad</surname><given-names>Mehdi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-jod-10-338"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mirhashemi</surname><given-names>Fatemeh Sadat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-jod-10-338"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-jod-10-338"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Habibzadeh</surname><given-names>Sareh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-jod-10-338"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-jod-10-338"><label>1</label>Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="af2-jod-10-338"><label>2</label>Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences of Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="af3-jod-10-338"><label>3</label>Periodontist, Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="af4-jod-10-338"><label>4</label>MSc, Ph.D Student, Mechanics of Agricultural Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran</aff><aff id="af5-jod-10-338"><label>5</label>Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontist, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Dental School, Tehran, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-jod-10-338">Corresponding author: M. Sahabi, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, <email>mahsahabi@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>7</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>338</fpage><lpage>350</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0), which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of platform switching on stress distribution of two different implant systems using three-dimensional (3D) finite element models.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>Six 3D finite element models were created to replicate two different implant systems with peri-implant bone tissue, in which six different implant-abutment configurations were represented: model XiVE-a: 3.8-mm-diameter implant and 3.8-mm-diameter abutment; model XiVE-b (platform-switching model): 4.5-mm-diameter implant and 3.8-mm-diameter abutment; model XiVE-c: 4.5-mm-diameter implant and 4.5-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-a: 4.0-mm-diameter implant and 4.1-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-b (platform-switching model): 5.0-mm-diameter implant and 4.1-mm-diameter abutment; model 3i-c: 5.0-mm-diameter implant and 5.0-mm-diameter abutment. vertical and oblique loads of 100 were applied to all models.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>While the pattern of stress distribution was similar for both loading situations, oblique loading resulted in higher intensity and greater distribution of stress than axial loading in both cortical bone and implant-abutment- interface. Stress distribution at peri-implant bone was almost identical with similar magnitudes for all six models. In both implant systems, platform-switching models demonstrated lower maximum von Mises stress in cortical bone than conventional models. However, in both implant systems and under both loading situations, platform-switching models showed higher stresses at the implant-abutment interface than conventional models.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>In both implant systems, platform switching design reduced the stress concentration in the crestal bone and shifted it towards the area of implant-abutment interface.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dental Implants</kwd><kwd>Abutment Design</kwd><kwd>Finite Element Analysis</kwd><kwd>Alveolar Bone Loss</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-jod-10-338" position="float"><label>Fig 1.</label><caption><p>Three dimensional models of implants and abutments. From left to right: model XiVE a, model XiVE b, model XiVE c, model 3i a, model 3i b, and model 3i c.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jod-10-338f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-jod-10-338" position="float"><label>Fig 2.</label><caption><p>Von Mises stress distribution in the peri-implant bone tissue for all six models induced by 100 N oblique load (a) and 100 N vertical load (b).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jod-10-338f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-jod-10-338" position="float"><label>Fig 3.</label><caption><p>Von Mises stress distribution at the implant-abutment interfaces of all six models induced by 100 N oblique load (a) and 100 N vertical load (b).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jod-10-338f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-jod-10-338" position="float"><label>Fig 4.</label><caption><p>Peri-implant principal stresses (MPa) in crestal bone for 3i implant models (a) and XiVE implant models (b) induced by 100 N oblique load</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jod-10-338f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-jod-10-338" position="float"><label>Fig 5.</label><caption><p>Implant principal stresses (MPa) in crestal bone for 3i implant models (a) and XiVE implant models (b) induced by 100 N vertical loading</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jod-10-338f5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-jod-10-338" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Material Properties of Bone and Finite Element Models</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Material</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Young (Elastic)’s Modulus(MPa)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Poisson’s Ratio</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cortical Bone</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,700</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 <sup>[<xref rid="b37-jod-10-338" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cancellous Bone</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,370</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 <sup>[<xref rid="b37-jod-10-338" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Titanium</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 <sup>[<xref rid="b38-jod-10-338" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-jod-10-338" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Maximum von Mises Stress Values (MPa) in the Models induced by 100 N Oblique and Vertical Loading</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>Cortical Bone (MPa)</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>Cancellous Bone (MPa)</bold></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>Abutment-Implant Interface (MPa)</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="7" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Load</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Oblique</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Vertical</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Oblique</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Vertical</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Oblique</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Vertical</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Model 3i-a</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Model 3i-b</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Model 3i-c</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Model XiVE-a</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.81</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.57</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Model XiVE-b</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.84</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Model XiVE-c</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.94</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" 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