Craniofacial and Cervical Morphology Related to Sagittal Spinal Posture in Children and Adolescents
Identifieur interne : 000472 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000471; suivant : 000473Craniofacial and Cervical Morphology Related to Sagittal Spinal Posture in Children and Adolescents
Auteurs : Emil Segatto [Hongrie] ; Angyalka Segatto [Hongrie] ; Gábor Braunitzer [Hongrie] ; Christian Kirschneck [Allemagne] ; Jochen Fangh Nel [Allemagne] ; Gholamreza Danesh [Allemagne] ; Carsten Lippold [Allemagne]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Studies on the relationship between body posture and craniofacial parameters often focus on the cervical spine. Thus, less attention has been paid to the morphology of the vertebra C2 that serves as both a structural and functional link between the craniofacial area and the other part of the spine. The objective of this study was to assess the relation of craniofacial features to certain morphological and positional characteristics of the cervical vertebrae and the spine during growth. We determined body posture indices for 69 children and adolescents by means of a radiation-free method (rasterstereography). The morphological and positional analysis of the craniofacial area and the cervical vertebrae was based on standardized lateral X-ray cephalograms. Medium to strong correlations were found between body posture, C2 morphology, and craniofacial parameters. We found significant correlations between the C2 dens axis height and maxillary indices as well as between the C2 dens axis inclination and cephalometrical values of the mandibular area. Similarly the correlation between the C2 dens axis inclination and the postural index flèche cervicale was highly significant (
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DOI: 10.1155/2014/638238
PubMed: 25276804
PubMed Central: 4170700
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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fangh Nel, Jochen" sort="Fangh Nel, Jochen" uniqKey="Fangh Nel J" first="Jochen" last="Fangh Nel">Jochen Fangh Nel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Danesh, Gholamreza" sort="Danesh, Gholamreza" uniqKey="Danesh G" first="Gholamreza" last="Danesh">Gholamreza Danesh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lippold, Carsten" sort="Lippold, Carsten" uniqKey="Lippold C" first="Carsten" last="Lippold">Carsten Lippold</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Orthodontics, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Muenster, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Muenster</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno 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Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720, Hungary</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Segatto, Angyalka" sort="Segatto, Angyalka" uniqKey="Segatto A" first="Angyalka" last="Segatto">Angyalka Segatto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720, Hungary</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braunitzer, Gabor" sort="Braunitzer, Gabor" uniqKey="Braunitzer G" first="Gábor" last="Braunitzer">Gábor Braunitzer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720, Hungary</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirschneck, Christian" sort="Kirschneck, Christian" uniqKey="Kirschneck C" first="Christian" last="Kirschneck">Christian Kirschneck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fangh Nel, Jochen" sort="Fangh Nel, Jochen" uniqKey="Fangh Nel J" first="Jochen" last="Fangh Nel">Jochen Fangh Nel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Danesh, Gholamreza" sort="Danesh, Gholamreza" uniqKey="Danesh G" first="Gholamreza" last="Danesh">Gholamreza Danesh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lippold, Carsten" sort="Lippold, Carsten" uniqKey="Lippold C" first="Carsten" last="Lippold">Carsten Lippold</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Orthodontics, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Muenster, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Muenster</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Studies on the relationship between body posture and craniofacial parameters often focus on the cervical spine. Thus, less attention has been paid to the morphology of the vertebra C2 that serves as both a structural and functional link between the craniofacial area and the other part of the spine. The objective of this study was to assess the relation of craniofacial features to certain morphological and positional characteristics of the cervical vertebrae and the spine during growth. We determined body posture indices for 69 children and adolescents by means of a radiation-free method (rasterstereography). The morphological and positional analysis of the craniofacial area and the cervical vertebrae was based on standardized lateral X-ray cephalograms. Medium to strong correlations were found between body posture, C2 morphology, and craniofacial parameters. We found significant correlations between the C2 dens axis height and maxillary indices as well as between the C2 dens axis inclination and cephalometrical values of the mandibular area. Similarly the correlation between the C2 dens axis inclination and the postural index flèche cervicale was highly significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05, <italic>r</italic> = 0.333). 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25276804</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4170700</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/638238</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Craniofacial and Cervical Morphology Related to Sagittal Spinal Posture in Children and Adolescents </article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6991-9192</contrib-id><name><surname>Segatto</surname><given-names>Emil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Segatto</surname><given-names>Angyalka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Braunitzer</surname><given-names>Gábor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-8724</contrib-id><name><surname>Kirschneck</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-5214</contrib-id><name><surname>Fanghänel</surname><given-names>Jochen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5886-4907</contrib-id><name><surname>Danesh</surname><given-names>Gholamreza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0339-731X</contrib-id><name><surname>Lippold</surname><given-names>Carsten</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720, Hungary</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Körút 64, Szeged 6720, Hungary</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic of Witten Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58448 Witten, Germany</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Orthodontics, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, 48149 Muenster, Germany</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Carsten Lippold: <email>lippold@uni-muenster.de</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Panagiotis Korovessis</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>7</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>638238</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Emil Segatto et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Studies on the relationship between body posture and craniofacial parameters often focus on the cervical spine. Thus, less attention has been paid to the morphology of the vertebra C2 that serves as both a structural and functional link between the craniofacial area and the other part of the spine. The objective of this study was to assess the relation of craniofacial features to certain morphological and positional characteristics of the cervical vertebrae and the spine during growth. We determined body posture indices for 69 children and adolescents by means of a radiation-free method (rasterstereography). The morphological and positional analysis of the craniofacial area and the cervical vertebrae was based on standardized lateral X-ray cephalograms. Medium to strong correlations were found between body posture, C2 morphology, and craniofacial parameters. We found significant correlations between the C2 dens axis height and maxillary indices as well as between the C2 dens axis inclination and cephalometrical values of the mandibular area. Similarly the correlation between the C2 dens axis inclination and the postural index flèche cervicale was highly significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05, <italic>r</italic> = 0.333). These results suggest that morphological features of the odontoid process may serve as valuable predictive markers in interdisciplinary orthopedic-orthodontic diagnostics.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Cephalometric drawing: reference points and measurements.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-638238.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Inclination of the dens axis: (a) posterior inclination; (b) anterior inclination.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-638238.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Vertical position of the second vertebra (C2): (a) above tGo; (b) below tGo.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-638238.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Rasterstereographical back surface reconstruction: an optical line grid is projected onto the back of the patient, while a separate camera compiles optical measurement data from a different direction.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-638238.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Rasterstereographical measurements (sagittal plane): (a) flèche cervicale or flèche lombaire: sagittal distance between the lowest point of the cervical or lumbar spine and the virtual vertical plumb line; (b) trunk inclination: angle between the connection line of the vertebral point (VP) and the midline of the right (DR) and left (DL) dimple points, representing the<italic> Spina iliaca</italic> (SI) of the upright standing patient toward the virtual vertical plumb line [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-638238.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Correlation between dens axis inclination and flèche cervicale. The dashed curves denote the 95% confidence interval.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-638238.006"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>A graphical representation of the results of the regression analysis between dens axis inclination and trunk inclination. The dashed curves denote the 95% confidence interval.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-638238.007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics of the cephalometrical analysis of the craniofacial parameters. SD: standard deviation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Craniofacial parameters</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Craniofacial Morphology</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cranial deflection (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.22</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Facial depth (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Facial axis (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Facial taper (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.61</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Anterior cranial length (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maxillomandibular Complex</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lower facial height (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.58</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Xi-PM/Occ. (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Xi-Occ. (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> +1/A-Pg (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> −1/A-Pg (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Interincisal angle (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151.76</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overjet (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overbite (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maxilla</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Landes angle (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Maxillary height (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Palatal plane to FH (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mandible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ramus Xi position (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ramus height (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.76</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mandibular arc (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170.40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Esthetic relations</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lip protrusion (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−9.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Upper lip length (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nasolabial angle (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133.31</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics of the cephalometrical analysis of the cervical parameters. SD: standard deviation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervical parameters</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cervical vertebra morphology</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C2a_tGo (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.77</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C2p_C2a (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C2m_C2m′ (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C2s_C2i (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.66</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C2i_C2p (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C2p_C2i (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.86</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C3p_C3a (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C3m_C3m′ (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C4p_C4a (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.62</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C4m_C4m′ (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Descriptive statistics of the rasterstereographical analysis. SD: standard deviation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rasterstereographical sagittal values</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flèche cervicale (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flèche lombaire (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trunk inclination (°)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.09</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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