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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Role of prosthodontist in forensic odontology. A literature review</title><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Sunil Kumar" sort="Mishra, Sunil Kumar" uniqKey="Mishra S" first="Sunil Kumar" last="Mishra">Sunil Kumar Mishra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahajan, Harsh" sort="Mahajan, Harsh" uniqKey="Mahajan H" first="Harsh" last="Mahajan">Harsh Mahajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakorikar, Rupal" sort="Sakorikar, Rupal" uniqKey="Sakorikar R" first="Rupal" last="Sakorikar">Rupal Sakorikar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, Anoop" sort="Jain, Anoop" uniqKey="Jain A" first="Anoop" last="Jain">Anoop Jain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>HKE'S S Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25177136</idno><idno type="pmc">4142404</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4142404</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4142404</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0975-1475.137045</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000828</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000828</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Role of prosthodontist in forensic odontology. A literature review</title><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Sunil Kumar" sort="Mishra, Sunil Kumar" uniqKey="Mishra S" first="Sunil Kumar" last="Mishra">Sunil Kumar Mishra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahajan, Harsh" sort="Mahajan, Harsh" uniqKey="Mahajan H" first="Harsh" last="Mahajan">Harsh Mahajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakorikar, Rupal" sort="Sakorikar, Rupal" uniqKey="Sakorikar R" first="Rupal" last="Sakorikar">Rupal Sakorikar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, Anoop" sort="Jain, Anoop" uniqKey="Jain A" first="Anoop" last="Jain">Anoop Jain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>HKE'S S Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0975-1475</idno><idno type="eISSN">0975-2137</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Dental identification assumes a primary role in the identification of remains when postmortem changes, traumatic tissue injury, or lack of a fingerprint record invalidate the use of visual or fingerprint methods. The most common role of the forensic dentist is the identification of deceased individuals. Forensic identification based on assessment of prosthodontic appliances is assuming greater significance, as labeling of dentures and other prosthetic appliance could provide vital clues for patient identification. Various recommendations have been made concerning the importance of denture identification. This paper presents a review of available literature highlighting the fact that how a prosthodontist can play a key role in identification of a deceased individual if trained to do so.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Ahmad, Sh" uniqKey="Al Ahmad S">SH Al-Ahmad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, M" uniqKey="Bernstein M">M Bernstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brannon, Rb" uniqKey="Brannon R">RB Brannon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Hp" uniqKey="Kessler H">HP Kessler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alexander, Cj" uniqKey="Alexander C">CJ Alexander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foote, Ga" uniqKey="Foote G">GA Foote</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chapenoire, S" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Forensic Dent Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Forensic Dent Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JFDS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0975-1475</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0975-2137</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25177136</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4142404</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JFDS-6-154</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0975-1475.137045</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Role of prosthodontist in forensic odontology. A literature review</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>Sunil Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mahajan</surname><given-names>Harsh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sakorikar</surname><given-names>Rupal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jain</surname><given-names>Anoop</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><italic>Department of Maxillofacial Prosthodontics and Implantology, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>1</label><italic>HKE'S S Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence: </bold><italic>Dr. Sunil Kumar Mishra, Department of Maxillofacial Prosthodontics and Implantology, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal - 462 036, Madhya Pradesh, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="drsunilmishra19@gmail.com">drsunilmishra19@gmail.com</email></italic></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Sep-Dec</season><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>154</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Dental identification assumes a primary role in the identification of remains when postmortem changes, traumatic tissue injury, or lack of a fingerprint record invalidate the use of visual or fingerprint methods. The most common role of the forensic dentist is the identification of deceased individuals. Forensic identification based on assessment of prosthodontic appliances is assuming greater significance, as labeling of dentures and other prosthetic appliance could provide vital clues for patient identification. Various recommendations have been made concerning the importance of denture identification. This paper presents a review of available literature highlighting the fact that how a prosthodontist can play a key role in identification of a deceased individual if trained to do so.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dental implant</kwd><kwd>denture marking</kwd><kwd>forensic odontology</kwd><kwd>palatal rugoscopy</kwd><kwd>prosthodontics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Forensic odontology is the forensic science that is concerned with dental evidence. It is a relatively new science that utilizes the dentist's knowledge to serve the judicial system. Human identification relies heavily on the quality of dental records.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] Forensic odontology, as a science, did not appear before 1897 when Dr. Oscar Amoedo wrote his doctoral thesis entitled “L'Art Dentaire en Medecine Legale” describing the utility of dentistry in forensic medicine with particular emphasis on identification.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] Dental identification plays a key role in natural and man-made disaster particularly aviation disaster.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] The most common role of the forensic dentist is the identification of deceased individuals.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] Dental structures are the hardest and most resilient tissues of the human body.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] Teeth on exposure to postmortem influences will survive longer than other body tissues as the materials used to restore damaged teeth are extremely resistant to physical, chemical, and biological destruction.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] Forensic identification based on assessment of prosthodontic appliances is assuming greater significance, as labeling of dentures and other prosthetic appliance could provide vital clues for patient identification.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p><p>Harvey defined forensic dentistry as that branch of forensic medicine, which in the interest of justice, deals with the proper handling in examination of dental evidence with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref><xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] The professionals and members concerned with forensic science are trained at an international level to positively and accurately identify the individual who has gone missing or is lost or deceased or victimized. The digital orthopantomogram of every citizen can be stored in the chip of the national identification card of the citizen along with other information. The same could be retrieved and analyzed when necessary using the required software.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-2"><title>History</title><p>There were historical evidences of identification of individuals based on assessment of prosthodontic appliances. During the US Revolutionary War in 1775, Paul Revere, a young dentist, identified war casualties by bridgework.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] In 1835, a gold denture helped in identifying the burnt body of Countess of Salisbury. After the Second World War, 819 of the 3000 of the unidentified dead soldiers were denture wearers. But unfortunately, only nine persons of those who wore dentures could be identified.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Dr. Goerge Parkman, a professor in Harvard university, was killed by Dr. J W Webster in November 1849. The body was completely burnt but identified by charred fragment of a tooth fused to gold by Dr. N C Keep, who had made a removable partial denture for Dr. Parkman. In April 1968, a badly mutilated body was found on the railway line at Mt. Kuringai near Sydney was identified by upper acrylic denture bearing a name inscribed on it.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] Identification of European tourists in tsunami are done by gold inlay, crown, bridge work, and dental implants.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-3"><title>Dental Identification</title><p>A prosthodontist can employ various methods and techniques available in literature; few were enumerated below, and can play an important role in forensic identification. There are various process and system employed for identification and prosthodontist can become part of this team and render there services in a better way.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-4"><title>Comparative Dental Identification</title><p>The central dogma of dental identification is that postmortem dental remains can be compared with antemortem dental records to confirm identity.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] For dental identification to be successful, antemortem data need to be available. This relies heavily on dental professionals recording and keeping dental notes, radiographs, study models, clinical photographs, etc. Postmortem data are recovered characteristics from an unknown body.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-5"><title>The Intelligent Dental Identification System</title><p>Incorporates the design and development of dental records, dental database, and identification models. From the ability of data structure analysis, Intelligent Dental Identification System (IDIS) can integrate all important dental data necessary for identification purposes.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-6"><title>Disaster Victim Identification process</title><p>This consists of four main steps, that is, body tagging and bagging, finger printing, forensic pathology, and forensic dentistry. Forensic dentistry team was divided into two parts, that is, dental examination and dental radiology. Prosthodontist can play a key role in forensic dentistry team.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-7"><title>DNA Identification</title><p>Methods of human identification that are acknowledged as scientific are fingerprint, DNA, dental, and medical characteristics.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] Because of the resistant nature of dental tissues to environmental assaults, such as incineration, immersion, trauma, mutilation, and decomposition, teeth represent an excellent source of DNA material.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] When conventional dental identification methods fail, this biological material can provide the necessary link to prove identity.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] DNA identification is expensive, technically demanding, and logistically difficult to implement on large scale.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] In case of the tsunami in Thailand, it proved to be a relatively unimportant method of identification. DNA identification should not be considered as a first live method of identification, but rather should only be implemented when physical, fingerprint, and dental methods have been unsuccessful.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-8"><title>Photographic Superimposition</title><p>When examining whether a denture left at investigation scene belongs to an unknown set of skeletal remains is more troublesome. To demonstrate identity between a complete denture and a skull is difficult since the morphological characteristics of the denture base, including the arrangement of the artificial teeth, have to be compared with those of the surfaces of the jawbones, which cannot be observed from the outside. In cases like this, superimposition and X-ray computed tomography are effective for establishing proof of identity.[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-9"><title>Palatal Rugae in Identification</title><p>Authors have described the use of palatal rugae patterns rendered on dental casts to compare with found remains. Positive identifications have resulted from this technique.[<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] The pattern of these rugae is considered unique to an individual and can be used as reliable method in postmortem cases. The anatomical position of the rugae inside the mouth surrounded by cheeks, lips, tongue, buccal pad of fat, teeth, and bone keeps them well-protected from trauma and high temperatures. Thus, they can be used reliably as a reference landmark during forensic identification.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] Palatal rugae have been equated with fingers and are unique to an individual.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] It can be of special interest in edentulous cases and also in certain conditions where finger prints cannot be taken, such as burnt bodies or where bodies have undergone severe decomposition. By the identification of the rugal pattern a prosthodontist may identify the bearer of upper denture.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-10"><title>Denture Labeling and its Important in Forensic Dentistry</title><p>Marking dentures has been well documented as a useful aid in the identification of the following: Victims of fatal disasters, misplaced dentures in hospitals, nursing homes, and institutions, as well as patients who suffer from unconsciousness or psychiatric problems such as traumatic or senile loss of memory.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref><xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref><xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref><xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] More often denture may be found close to the scene where body is found and chances of identification of edentulous person wearing denture are less difficult in comparison to those in a dentate patient. Hence denture labeling is very important.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref><xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] In Australia, the Nursing Home Standards require that dentures of residents be “discreetly labeled” and marking of all dentures is recommended by the Australian Dental Association.[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] Denture marking is regulated by law only in Sweden and Iceland.[<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>] In US, denture marking is mandatory but in New York dentures are marked only if patient requires it. Although no legislation has been approved pertaining to this matter, it is a social and an ethical obligation on the part of the practicing dental surgeon to do so. There have been a number of requests from individuals and dental organizations over the years to insist that dental prostheses are labeled with the patient's name or a unique number.[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] Unlabeled dentures have been recovered from patients and then fitted to casts retained by the treating dentist or laboratory, and this has been an accepted method of identification.[<xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</p><p>In the recent Highland Towers Condominium disaster at Ulu Kelang, Selangor there were five edentulous victims wearing dentures. The investigating forensic odontologist did not find any of their dentures having any form of identifying markings, thereby frustrating the dental victim identification team from making any conclusive identification.[<xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>] The authors in a study propose that the denture should be labeled and include the country code prefixed before the identity card number. In countries where no identity cards are issued to their citizens, then the driving license number, social security number or the income tax file number is the recommended identifying number to be employed.[<xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>] It has been observed in numerous incinerated bodies the lower lingual posterior, and the upper palatal posterior portions of the dentures are usually spared. These sites become the choice of areas for the marking.[<xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref><xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref><xref rid="ref41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>] Denture marking should also not be restricted to acrylic dentures only but also be extended to those made from cobalt-chromium. Cobalt-chromium appliances resist melting even in some cases of incinerated remains. Identifying markings can also be incorporated in orthodontic appliances, maxillo-facial reconstructive prostheses, crowns, and bridges.[<xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</p><p>A survey undertaken to determine the extent of the practice of denture marking in South Australia, the methods in use, and the attitudes of dentists, dental technicians, and institutions to it. The results indicated that 24.5% of all practitioners providing removable prostheses to their patients include an identifying label as part of the service on some occasions. This included 19.9% of general dental practitioners, 25% of specialist prosthodontists, 57.1% of practitioners with training in forensic odontology, and 43.5% of clinical dental technicians. No practitioner labeled dentures routinely. Reasons cited for not labeling dentures included cost, lack of awareness of standards, and recommendations and a belief that it was of little importance.[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</p><p>Denture labeling was evaluated in an Indian sample. The results are in contrast to European studies wherein the majority of patients agreed to denture marking, indicating patient background (e.g., education level) may affect perception to denture marking.[<xref rid="ref42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-11"><title>Methods of Denture Labeling</title><p>Regulatory bodies have recommended that all prostheses be marked with an dentification system[<xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] and several techniques have been described to identify dentures.[<xref rid="ref43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref><xref rid="ref44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref><xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref><xref rid="ref46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref><xref rid="ref47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref><xref rid="ref48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref><xref rid="ref49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref><xref rid="ref50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref><xref rid="ref51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref><xref rid="ref52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref><xref rid="ref53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref><xref rid="ref54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>] Few methods enumerated for marking of dentures are presented in [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Methods of denture labeling</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JFDS-6-154-g001"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec id="sec1-12"><title>Identification of Dental Implants</title><p>Nonvisual identification of victims utilizes DNA, fingerprint, and dental comparison as primary scientific identifiers. In incidents where a victim has been incinerated, there may be loss of fingerprint detail and denaturing of DNA. Although extremely durable, tooth loss will also occur with extreme temperatures and the characteristics of recovered dental implants, if any, may be the only physical identifying data available.[<xref rid="ref59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>] The physical properties of high corrosion resistance, high structural strength, and high melting point, suggest the retention of intact implants following most physical assaults.[<xref rid="ref60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</p><p>Berketa <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>] done a study to determine what changes occur following cremation to bone-supported dental implants placed within mandibles of sheep. A selection of dental implants was photographed and radiographed. They were then surgically placed in sheep mandibles and the entire sheep heads cremated in a commercial cremator. Following retrieval and reirradiating of the implants, image subtraction evaluation of the radiographs was recorded. Photography within the retrieved implants revealed the batch number within the Straumann™ implant was still visible, which could significantly add weight to the identification of deceased persons.</p><p>Berketa <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>] did a study to ascertain if the batch number was still identifiable following intense heat exposure in a furnace. The information regarding batch number was laser etched within the chamber of their implant. The result indicated that there was an intact identifiable batch number on removal of the abutment.</p><p>As the implants are machine made, they lack the individualization required for their use as identifiers of the deceased. If the companies constructing implants place individual serial numbers rather than batch numbers on these implants then the potential exists for a new approach to be established for the identification of the deceased.[<xref rid="ref60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-13"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The unique nature of our dental anatomy and the placement of custom restorations ensure accuracy when the techniques are correctly employed. Forensic dentistry plays a major role in identification of those individuals who are not identified visually or by other means. Denture marking or labeling is not a new concept in either prosthetic or forensic dentistry, and its routine practice has been urged by forensic dentists internationally for many years. The supervising authority on the health sector should make denture marking mandatory and as a prosthodontists, we request our colleagues, other dental specialist, and general dental practitioners that it is the professional and ethical duty of ours to do so.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Ahmad</surname><given-names>SH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Forensic Odontology</article-title><source>Smile Dent J</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>4</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bernstein</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Eckert</surname><given-names>WG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Forensic odontology</article-title><source>Introduction to Forensic Sciences</source><year>1997</year><edition>2nd ed</edition><publisher-loc>Boca Raton, FL</publisher-loc><publisher-name>CRS Press</publisher-name><fpage>304</fpage><lpage>51</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brannon</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name><name><surname>Kessler</surname><given-names>HP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Problems in mass disaster dental identification: A retrospective review</article-title><source>J Forensic Sci</source><year>1999</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9987880</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alexander</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Foote</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Radiology in forensic identification: The Mt. 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