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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Thoracoscopic removal of dental prosthesis impacted in the upper thoracic esophagus</title><author><name sortKey="Bonavina, Luigi" sort="Bonavina, Luigi" uniqKey="Bonavina L" first="Luigi" last="Bonavina">Luigi Bonavina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aiolfi, Alberto" sort="Aiolfi, Alberto" uniqKey="Aiolfi A" first="Alberto" last="Aiolfi">Alberto Aiolfi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siboni, Stefano" sort="Siboni, Stefano" uniqKey="Siboni S" first="Stefano" last="Siboni">Stefano Siboni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rausa, Emanuele" sort="Rausa, Emanuele" uniqKey="Rausa E" first="Emanuele" last="Rausa">Emanuele Rausa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24422752</idno><idno type="pmc">3896804</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3896804</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3896804</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1749-7922-9-5</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000787</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000787</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Thoracoscopic removal of dental prosthesis impacted in the upper thoracic esophagus</title><author><name sortKey="Bonavina, Luigi" sort="Bonavina, Luigi" uniqKey="Bonavina L" first="Luigi" last="Bonavina">Luigi Bonavina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aiolfi, Alberto" sort="Aiolfi, Alberto" uniqKey="Aiolfi A" first="Alberto" last="Aiolfi">Alberto Aiolfi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siboni, Stefano" sort="Siboni, Stefano" uniqKey="Siboni S" first="Stefano" last="Siboni">Stefano Siboni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rausa, Emanuele" sort="Rausa, Emanuele" uniqKey="Rausa E" first="Emanuele" last="Rausa">Emanuele Rausa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES</title><idno type="eISSN">1749-7922</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Dental appliances are the most common cause of accidental foreign body esophageal impaction, especially in the elderly population with decreased oral sensory perception. A 47-year-old man with history of oligophrenia and recurrent epileptic seizures was referred to our hospital following dislocation and ingestion of his upper dental prosthesis. Endoscopic removal and clipping of an esophageal tear had been unsuccessfully attempted. A chest CT scan confirmed entrapment of the dental prosthesis in the upper thoracic esophagus, the presence of pneumomediastinum, and the close proximity of one of the metal clasps of the prosthesis to the left subclavian artery. A video-assisted right thoracoscopy in the left lateral decubitus position was performed and the foreign body was successfully removed. The patient was then allowed to wear the retrieved prosthesis after dentistry consultation and repair of the wire clasps by a dental technician. At the 6-month follow-up visit the patient was doing very well without any trouble in swallowing.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Athanassiadi, K" uniqKey="Athanassiadi K">K Athanassiadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerazounis, M" uniqKey="Gerazounis M">M Gerazounis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Metaxas, E" uniqKey="Metaxas E">E Metaxas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalantzi, N" uniqKey="Kalantzi N">N Kalantzi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nwaorgu, Og" uniqKey="Nwaorgu O">OG Nwaorgu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Onakoya, Pa" uniqKey="Onakoya P">PA Onakoya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sogebi, Oa" uniqKey="Sogebi O">OA Sogebi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kokong, Dd" uniqKey="Kokong D">DD Kokong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dosumu, Oo" uniqKey="Dosumu O">OO Dosumu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zitzmann, Nu" uniqKey="Zitzmann N">NU Zitzmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hagmann, E" uniqKey="Hagmann E">E Hagmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiger, R" uniqKey="Weiger R">R Weiger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Rahden, Bha" uniqKey="Von Rahden B">BHA Von Rahden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feith, M" uniqKey="Feith M">M Feith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dittler, Hj" uniqKey="Dittler H">HJ Dittler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Hj" uniqKey="Stein H">HJ Stein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davies, B" uniqKey="Davies B">B Davies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Black, E" uniqKey="Black E">E Black</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaughan, R" uniqKey="Vaughan R">R Vaughan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palanivelu, C" uniqKey="Palanivelu C">C Palanivelu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rangarajan, M" uniqKey="Rangarajan M">M Rangarajan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parthasarathi, R" uniqKey="Parthasarathi R">R Parthasarathi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Senthilnathan, P" uniqKey="Senthilnathan P">P Senthilnathan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruckbeil, O" uniqKey="Ruckbeil O">O Ruckbeil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burghardt, J" uniqKey="Burghardt J">J Burghardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gellert, K" uniqKey="Gellert K">K Gellert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dalvi, An" uniqKey="Dalvi A">AN Dalvi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thapar, Vk" uniqKey="Thapar V">VK Thapar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jagtap, S" uniqKey="Jagtap S">S Jagtap</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barve, Dj" uniqKey="Barve D">DJ Barve</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fujino, K" uniqKey="Fujino K">K Fujino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, T" uniqKey="Mori T">T Mori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshimoto, K" uniqKey="Yoshimoto K">K Yoshimoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikeda, K" uniqKey="Ikeda K">K Ikeda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">World J Emerg Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">World J Emerg Surg</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1749-7922</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24422752</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3896804</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1749-7922-9-5</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1749-7922-9-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Thoracoscopic removal of dental prosthesis impacted in the upper thoracic esophagus</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Bonavina</surname><given-names>Luigi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>luigi.bonavina@unimi.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Aiolfi</surname><given-names>Alberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>alberto.aiolfi@libero.it</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Siboni</surname><given-names>Stefano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>stesibo@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Rausa</surname><given-names>Emanuele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>emarausa@yahoo.it</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Division of General Surgery, University of Milano Medical School, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, 20097, San Donato Milanese, (Milano), Italy</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Bonavina et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Bonavina et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.wjes.org/content/9/1/5"></self-uri><abstract><p>Dental appliances are the most common cause of accidental foreign body esophageal impaction, especially in the elderly population with decreased oral sensory perception. A 47-year-old man with history of oligophrenia and recurrent epileptic seizures was referred to our hospital following dislocation and ingestion of his upper dental prosthesis. Endoscopic removal and clipping of an esophageal tear had been unsuccessfully attempted. A chest CT scan confirmed entrapment of the dental prosthesis in the upper thoracic esophagus, the presence of pneumomediastinum, and the close proximity of one of the metal clasps of the prosthesis to the left subclavian artery. A video-assisted right thoracoscopy in the left lateral decubitus position was performed and the foreign body was successfully removed. The patient was then allowed to wear the retrieved prosthesis after dentistry consultation and repair of the wire clasps by a dental technician. At the 6-month follow-up visit the patient was doing very well without any trouble in swallowing.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Esophagus</kwd><kwd>Esophageal perforation</kwd><kwd>Dental prosthesis</kwd><kwd>Thoracoscopy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p>Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies is frequent in adult individuals with mental retardation or psychiatric disorders. Most of the little ingested foreign bodies pass the gastrointestinal tract without consequences. However, 10-20% of the patients may require endoscopic removal, and 1% or less may require surgery due to entrapment of the foreign body in the cervical (57%), thoracic (26%), or distal (17%) esophagus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Dental appliances are the most common cause of accidental foreign body esophageal impaction, especially in the elderly population with decreased oral sensory perception [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. The large size, sharp edges, and metal clasps of dental prostheses make endoscopic removal unsafe and carry a high risk of perforation in such circumstances. We present a case of successful thoracoscopic removal of dental prosthesis impacted in the upper thoracic esophagus.</p></sec><sec><title>Case report</title><p>A 47-year-old man with history of oligophrenia and recurrent epileptic seizures was referred to our hospital 3 days after dislocation and ingestion of his upper dental prosthesis. Before patient’s referral, multiple flexible endoscopic attempts had been unsuccessfully performed, the last one leading to an intramural perforation partially repaired with endoclips. The patient’s main complaints were dysphagia, odynophagia, and hypersalivation. He was afebrile, with normal leucocyte count, and slight elevation of C-reactive protein. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (piperacillin + tazobactam) was started upon hospital admission. The physical examination did not reveal subcutaneous emphysema. A gastrografin swallow study showed extravasation of contrast at the level of the upper thoracic esophagus; a chest CT scan confirmed the presence of pneumomediastinum and the close proximity of one of the metal clasps of the prosthesis to the left subclavian artery (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>A-B).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Appearance of the dental prosthesis at CT scan (A-B), and thoracoscopic exposure of the upper thoracic esophagus (C-D).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1749-7922-9-5-1"></graphic></fig><p>A video-assisted right thoracoscopy in the left lateral decubitus position was performed to remove the foreign body. Three ports were used: 10 mm optical port in the 6<sup>th</sup> intercostal space, 10 mm port in the 5<sup>th</sup> intercostal space, and 5 mm port in the 4<sup>th</sup> intercostal space, and. The exploration of the right chest showed a bulging of the upper mediastinal compartment above the confluence of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>C). There was no pleural contamination. After incision of the thickened mediastinal pleura (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref> D), transillumination with a standard endoscope confirmed the site of impaction and the previous perforation. The esophagus was opened longitudinally for approximately 4 cm and the prosthesis (five dental elements with three metal clasps) was removed under direct endoscopic and thoracoscopic view using an endograsper (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>A-B), and enveloped in a plastic bag. The edges of the esophagomyotomy appeared vital. The esophageal wound was closed with a double-layer running suture of Polydioxanone 3–0 including the mucosa and the muscle layers, and tested for air-leakage (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>C-D). The mediastinal pleura was then approximated with a running suture. The plastic bag containing the dental prosthesis was removed from the anterior trocar site by slightly enlarging the incision. The postoperative course was uneventful. A gastrographin swallow study performed on postoperative day 3 showed a regular esophageal transit and the absence of leaks. The patient was then allowed to wear the retrieved prosthesis after repair of the wire clasps by a dental technician and dentistry consultation. He was discharged well from the hospital on postoperative day 8 on a free diet. At the 6-month follow-up visit the patient was doing very well without any complaint in swallowing.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Esophagotomy (A), removal of the dental prosthesis (B), and suture of the esophageal wall and mediastinal pleura (C-D).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1749-7922-9-5-2"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>The frequency of removable dental prostheses among adults varies between 13 and 29% in Europe, with 3-13% of edentulous subjects wearing complete dentures in both jaws; interestingly, there is a trend towards an increasing use of removable partial dentures [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. It is therefore reasonable to estimate that, with the growth of the denture-wearing population, the incidence of impacted dentures in the esophagus may increase in the future. Impacted dental prostheses in the esophagus can result in life-threatening conditions such as mediastinitis, pleural empyema, and aortoesophageal fistula [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. The risk of severe complications is higher in patients with a delayed diagnosis and treatment, since long-standing impaction can lead to mucosal ulceration, transmural inflammation, esophageal perforation, and sepsis.</p><p>The diagnosis of denture impaction in the esophagus may be challenging in patients with mental disorders who may be unable to give a reliable medical history. Since dentures are made of acrylic resin, which is radiolucent, the patient work-up should routinely include a chest X-ray, a gastrografin swallow study, a computed tomography, and an upper endoscopy. These investigations are essential to define the anatomical site of impaction and the size, shape, and number of wire clasps of the prosthesis.</p><p>Attempts at endoscopic removal of the dental prosthesis may cause intramural perforation or a full-thickness tear due to the possible entrapment of the wire hooks in the esophageal wall. Esophagotomy through a right thoracotomy remains the safest therapeutic approach when the impaction occurs in the upper thoracic esophagus. Video-assisted thoracoscopy, either in the left lateral or prone decubitus position, allows a safe and minimally invasive retrieval of the dental prosthesis followed by primary esophageal suture when there is no major pleural contamination and the edges of the esophagomyotomy appear vital. In the literature, a few cases of thoracoscopic removal of ingested foreign bodies have been reported; three of the 6 patients required an esophagotomy due to an impacted denture (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>). In our patient, thoracoscopic removal was successfully performed after previous failed endoscopic procedures complicated by intramural perforation. Exposure of the upper thoracic esophagus was possible without the need to divide the arch of the azygos vein.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Thoracoscopic management of ingested esophageal foreign bodies in adults: literature review</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="top"><tr><th align="center"><bold>Author</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Year</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Description</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Surgical approach</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Operative decubitus</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Treatment</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>Outcome</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">Davies B. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2004<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">China cup fragment migrated in the mediastinum, with abscess<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Right-side thoracoscopy (3-port access)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">NS<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Foreign body removal and abscess drainage<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Good<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">Palanivelu C. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2008<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Impacted denture<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Right-side thoracoscopy (3-port access)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Prone<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Esophagotomy, foreign body removal and suture<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Good<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">Rückbeil O. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2009<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Metallic needle migrated in the mediastinum<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Right-side thoracoscopy (3- port access)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Left lateral<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Foreign body removal<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Good<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">Dalvi AN. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2010<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Impacted denture<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Right-side thoracoscopy (4-port access)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Left lateral<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Esophagotomy, foreign body removal and suture<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Good<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom">Fujino K. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">2012<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Fish bone migrated to lung<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Right-side thoracoscopy (NS)<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">NS<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Foreign body removal<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="bottom">Good<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Present case</td><td align="center">2013</td><td align="center">Impacted denture</td><td align="center">Right-side thoracoscopy (3-port access)</td><td align="center">Left lateral</td><td align="center">Esophagotomy, foreign body removal and suture</td><td align="center">Good</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>(NS: non specified).</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Based on our experience and the available literature we conclude that thoracoscopic esophagotomy represents a safe and effective treatment for patients with impacted dentures in the esophagus. Multiple attempts at flexible and rigid esophagoscopy should definitely be abandoned in such patients, especially when a dental prosthesis has passed the cricophageal sphincter. Education and close follow-up of patients wearing removable dental prostheses is critical to prevent accidental impaction in the esophagus and the dangerous sequelae of esophageal perforation.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>LB designed and wrote the manuscript, AA, SS, and ER contributed to data collection and manuscript drafting. 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