Effect of veneering material on the deformation suffered by implant-supported fixed prosthesis framework
Identifieur interne : 000598 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000597; suivant : 000599Effect of veneering material on the deformation suffered by implant-supported fixed prosthesis framework
Auteurs : Antônio Francisco Grando ; Carlos Eduardo Edwards Rezende ; Edson Antônio Capello Sousa ; José Henrique RuboSource :
- Journal of Applied Oral Science [ 1678-7757 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Knowing how stresses are dissipated on the fixed implant-supported complex allows adequate treatment planning and better choice of the materials used for prosthesis fabrication.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the deformation suffered by cantilevered implant-supported fixed prostheses frameworks cast in silver-palladium alloy and coated with two occlusal veneering materials: acrylic resin or porcelain.
Two strain gauges were bonded to the inferior surface of the silver-palladium framework and two other were bonded to the occlusal surface of the prosthesis framework covered with ceramic and acrylic resin on each of its two halves. The framework was fixed to a metallic master model and a 35.2 N compression force was applied to the cantilever at 10, 15 and 20 mm from the most distal implant. The measurements of deformation by compression and tension were obtained. The statistical 2-way ANOVA test was used for individual analysis of the experiment variables and the Tukey test was used for the interrelation between all the variables (material and distance of force application).
The results showed that both variables had influence on the studied factors (deformation by compression and tension).
The ceramic coating provided greater rigidity to the assembly and therefore less distortion compared with the uncoated framework and with the resin-coated framework. The cantilever arm length also influenced the prosthesis rigidity, causing higher deformation the farther the load was applied from the last implant.
Url:
DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130517
PubMed: 25025562
PubMed Central: 4072272
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PMC:4072272Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effect of veneering material on the deformation suffered by
implant-supported fixed prosthesis framework</title><author><name sortKey="Grando, Antonio Francisco" sort="Grando, Antonio Francisco" uniqKey="Grando A" first="Antônio Francisco" last="Grando">Antônio Francisco Grando</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff01"> Department of Dentistry, University of Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezende, Carlos Eduardo Edwards" sort="Rezende, Carlos Eduardo Edwards" uniqKey="Rezende C" first="Carlos Eduardo Edwards" last="Rezende">Carlos Eduardo Edwards Rezende</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa, Edson Antonio Capello" sort="Sousa, Edson Antonio Capello" uniqKey="Sousa E" first="Edson Antônio Capello" last="Sousa">Edson Antônio Capello Sousa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff03"> Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bauru School of Engineering, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubo, Jose Henrique" sort="Rubo, Jose Henrique" uniqKey="Rubo J" first="José Henrique" last="Rubo">José Henrique Rubo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25025562</idno><idno type="pmc">4072272</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4072272</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4072272</idno><idno type="doi">10.1590/1678-775720130517</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000598</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000598</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effect of veneering material on the deformation suffered by
implant-supported fixed prosthesis framework</title><author><name sortKey="Grando, Antonio Francisco" sort="Grando, Antonio Francisco" uniqKey="Grando A" first="Antônio Francisco" last="Grando">Antônio Francisco Grando</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff01"> Department of Dentistry, University of Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezende, Carlos Eduardo Edwards" sort="Rezende, Carlos Eduardo Edwards" uniqKey="Rezende C" first="Carlos Eduardo Edwards" last="Rezende">Carlos Eduardo Edwards Rezende</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa, Edson Antonio Capello" sort="Sousa, Edson Antonio Capello" uniqKey="Sousa E" first="Edson Antônio Capello" last="Sousa">Edson Antônio Capello Sousa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff03"> Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bauru School of Engineering, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubo, Jose Henrique" sort="Rubo, Jose Henrique" uniqKey="Rubo J" first="José Henrique" last="Rubo">José Henrique Rubo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff02"> Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Applied Oral Science</title><idno type="ISSN">1678-7757</idno><idno type="eISSN">1678-7765</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Knowing how stresses are dissipated on the fixed implant-supported complex allows
adequate treatment planning and better choice of the materials used for prosthesis
fabrication.</p><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the deformation suffered by cantilevered
implant-supported fixed prostheses frameworks cast in silver-palladium alloy and
coated with two occlusal veneering materials: acrylic resin or porcelain.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Two strain gauges were bonded to the inferior surface of the silver-palladium
framework and two other were bonded to the occlusal surface of the prosthesis
framework covered with ceramic and acrylic resin on each of its two halves. The
framework was fixed to a metallic master model and a 35.2 N compression force was
applied to the cantilever at 10, 15 and 20 mm from the most distal implant. The
measurements of deformation by compression and tension were obtained. The
statistical 2-way ANOVA test was used for individual analysis of the experiment
variables and the Tukey test was used for the interrelation between all the
variables (material and distance of force application).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results showed that both variables had influence on the studied factors
(deformation by compression and tension).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The ceramic coating provided greater rigidity to the assembly and therefore less
distortion compared with the uncoated framework and with the resin-coated
framework. The cantilever arm length also influenced the prosthesis rigidity,
causing higher deformation the farther the load was applied from the last
implant.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aglietta, M" uniqKey="Aglietta M">M Aglietta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siciliano, Vi" uniqKey="Siciliano V">VI Siciliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zwahlen, M" uniqKey="Zwahlen M">M Zwahlen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Br Gger, U" uniqKey="Br Gger U">U Brägger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pjetursson, Be" uniqKey="Pjetursson B">BE Pjetursson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, Np" uniqKey="Lang N">NP Lang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akca, K" uniqKey="Akca K">K Akça</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cehreli, Mc" uniqKey="Cehreli M">MC Cehreli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iplikcioglu, H" uniqKey="Iplikcioglu H">H Iplikçioglu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castro, Gc" uniqKey="Castro G">GC 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Appl Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Appl Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">J Appl Oral Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Applied Oral Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1678-7757</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1678-7765</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São
Paulo</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25025562</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4072272</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1678-775720130517</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effect of veneering material on the deformation suffered by
implant-supported fixed prosthesis framework</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>GRANDO</surname><given-names>Antônio Francisco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>REZENDE</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Edwards</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>SOUSA</surname><given-names>Edson Antônio Capello</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>RUBO</surname><given-names>José Henrique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff01"><label>1</label> Department of Dentistry, University of Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff02"><label>2</label> Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff03"><label>3</label> Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bauru School of Engineering, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c01"><bold>Corresponding address:</bold> José H. Rubo - Departamento de Prótese -
Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru - Universidade de São Paulo - Alameda Dr. Octávio
Pinheiro Brisola, 9-75 - Vila Universitária - Bauru - SP - 7012-901 - Brazil - Phone:
55-14-3235-8231 - e-mail: <email>jrubo@fob.usp.br</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>May-Jun</season><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>217</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>08</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited. </license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Knowing how stresses are dissipated on the fixed implant-supported complex allows
adequate treatment planning and better choice of the materials used for prosthesis
fabrication.</p><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the deformation suffered by cantilevered
implant-supported fixed prostheses frameworks cast in silver-palladium alloy and
coated with two occlusal veneering materials: acrylic resin or porcelain.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Two strain gauges were bonded to the inferior surface of the silver-palladium
framework and two other were bonded to the occlusal surface of the prosthesis
framework covered with ceramic and acrylic resin on each of its two halves. The
framework was fixed to a metallic master model and a 35.2 N compression force was
applied to the cantilever at 10, 15 and 20 mm from the most distal implant. The
measurements of deformation by compression and tension were obtained. The
statistical 2-way ANOVA test was used for individual analysis of the experiment
variables and the Tukey test was used for the interrelation between all the
variables (material and distance of force application).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The results showed that both variables had influence on the studied factors
(deformation by compression and tension).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The ceramic coating provided greater rigidity to the assembly and therefore less
distortion compared with the uncoated framework and with the resin-coated
framework. The cantilever arm length also influenced the prosthesis rigidity,
causing higher deformation the farther the load was applied from the last
implant.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dental implants</kwd><kwd>Dental prosthesis design</kwd><kwd>Dental veneers</kwd><kwd>Implant-supported dental prosthesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The evaluation of the effectiveness of osseointegrated implants in the rehabilitation of
edentulous patients showed the evolution of this type of treatment based on significant
rehabilitative success rates<sup><xref rid="r27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup>.</p><p>The concern in obtaining optimum association between veneering and framework materials
from the mechanical and biological aspects to promote correct distribution of stress
during function and, consequently, improve reliability of implant-supported prostheses
has led several authors to study the effects of combining different types of metal
alloys and coating materials for implant-supported prostheses<sup><xref rid="r04" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>-<xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="r24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>. Focus was directed to cantilevered
implant-supported fixed prostheses because of their complex biomechanics<sup><xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r08" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="r24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>.</p><p>The cantilevered implant-supported fixed prosthesis generates mechanical stresses on the
framework and the bone around the implants<sup><xref rid="r15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>. Such stresses can lead
to bone loss<sup><xref rid="r01" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> , as well as to other
mechanical complications such as the loosening and fracture of the prosthesis screws,
fracture of the veneering material, implant fracture, loss of osseointegration, fracture
of the framework and fracture or loosening of the abutment<sup><xref rid="r14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="r21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="r28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> . The stress is directly related to
variables such as the amount of load, incidence of force<sup><xref rid="r20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> , size and distribution of implants<sup><xref rid="r09" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> and extension of the cantilever
arm<sup><xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="r17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> , which led to search for materials that promote biomechanical
balance.</p><p>Stiff frameworks associated with occlusal coating materials that allow the absorption
and balanced distribution of stress ensure the longevity of prostheses and
implants<sup><xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> . On the other hand,
the stress generated in the framework may cause the detachment of the veneering
material<sup><xref rid="r06" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>.</p><p>Porcelain has been widely used in fixed implant prostheses. However, it is not
considered a good stress absorber, since the forces applied to the occlusal surface of
the prosthesis are transmitted directly to the framework, implant components and bone
tissue. Seeking greater shock absorption of impact forces on the prosthesis, the use of
acrylic resin as the ideal coverage material has been suggested<sup><xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r08" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>. On the other hand, acrylic resins have presented higher wear when functioning as
antagonist of enamel or ceramic material. For this reason, some authors do not recommend
the use of acrylic resin as a veneering material<sup><xref rid="r10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="r23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>.</p><p>Due to the diversity of materials available, and after a careful evaluation of the
relevant scientific literature, this study aimed at evaluating the deformation suffered
by cantilevered implant-supported fixed prostheses frameworks cast in silver-palladium
alloy and coated with two occlusal veneering materials: acrylic resin or porcelain. Two
null hypotheses were formulated: 1- the different veneering materials do not influence
the framework deformation; and 2- the cantilever arm length does not influence the
framework deformation.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title><p>This study evaluated occlusal veneering materials used in implant-supported fixed
prostheses: Acrylic resin (Palapress Vario<sup>®</sup>, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany)
and a feldspathic ceramic (Noritake EX-3, Noritake Co., Nagoya, Japan). These materials
were applied on a metallic framework cast in silver-palladium alloy (Pors-on(tm) 4,
Degussa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), simulating a cantilevered implant-supported fixed
prosthesis. This prosthesis was secured on five intermediate conventional 4 mm-height
abutments (Conexão Sistemas de Prótese Ltda., Arujá, SP, Brazil), which were positioned
and screwed with 20 Ncm torque, using an electronic torque controller (Nobel Biocare
torque Controller™, Gothenburg, Sweden), onto five external hexagon implant replicas
(Conexão Sistemas de Prótese Ltda., Arujá, SP, Brazil) with 3.75 mm in diameter, set in
a circular stainless steel master model (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
1</xref>).</p><fig id="f01" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Circular steel-made master model with implant replicas. The perforations on the
front of the master model were used to fix the replicas by lateral allen
screws</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g01"></graphic></fig><sec><title>Framework fabrication</title><p>Prosthetic gold cylinders (Conexão Sistemas de Prótese Ltda, Arujá, SP, Brazil) were
attached to the abutment replicas for construction of wax patterns with the following
dimensions: 75 mm in length, 6 mm in width, and 4 mm in height. The cantilever arms
measured 23.5 mm on both sides. They were then invested and cast in one piece.</p><p>After casting, an occlusal radiograph of the infrastructure was taken (Rx 100Kv GE
General electric) to verify possible defects arising from the casting process. The
framework was positioned on the abutments on the master model and was manually tested
in order to verify the presence of any jiggling movement.</p></sec><sec><title>Veneer material application</title><p>Mechanical retentions were created on half of the framework surface to allow the
retention of acrylic resin, which was conducted from blasting with glass beads and
small grain size particles of aluminum oxide. This procedure was not necessary for
the other half to be covered with ceramic.</p><p>After this procedure, half of the framework was covered with a 2.5 mm layer of
porcelain and the other half with a 10 mm of acrylic resin. In addition to the air
abrasion performed on the framework to receive the acrylic resin, a
cyanoacrylatebased adhesive was used, in order to optimize the retention of the
resin.</p></sec><sec><title>Strain gauge positioning</title><p>The readings of the strain generated in the framework after load application was
performed in three different groups: control group (C) - framework without any
covering material; acrylic resin group (AR) - framework covered with acrylic resin;
and ceramic group (Ce) - framework covered with ceramic.</p><p>Prior to the application of the veneering materials, the metal framework received two
strain gauges, one on the upper surface (to register tension forces) and another on
the bottom of the framework (to register compression forces) under the application of
a compressive load of 35.2 N on the occlusal surface of the prosthesis.</p><p>Two linear strain gauges (KFG - 02-120-C1-11, Strain Gages, Kyowa electronic
Instruments Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were fixed with cyanoacrylatebased adhesive
(Strain Gages Cement CC - 33A, Kyowa electronic Instruments Co. Ltd.) on the occlusal
and underside aspects of each side of the prosthesis to register the data of strain
by compression and by tension (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2a</xref>).</p><fig id="f02" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>A) Framework covered with acrylic resin and ceramic; strain gauges were fixed
to the occlusal and gingival aspects of the framework; B) Master-cast placed in
the Universal Testing Machine for compressive load application; C) Load applied
to a predetermined reference point on the cantilever arm</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g02"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Reading compression deformation</title><p>Before connection of the prosthesis, all strain gauge readings were set to zero. This
procedure was performed before testing the prosthesis to avoid the stress caused by
the abutment screw tightening from interfering with the results.</p><p>The master-cast was taken to a Universal Testing Machine (model K - 2000MP, Kratos
equipamentos Industriais Ltda., São Paulo, SP, Brazil) for load application (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2b</xref>). A round steel point was fixed to the
load cell and adjusted to predetermined reference points (10, 15, and 20 mm) on the
cantilever arm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2c</xref>). Thus, the testing
machine was set to compression at the crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until it reached
32.5 N. This load was established during a pilot test, which consisted of a
compressive failure load application to a framework coated with ceramic and resin,
that showed this load would be safe to avoid porcelain and resin fracture. The load
application was performed by only one operator and was repeated ten times for each
distance of cantilever arm so that a mean value of each point of load application
could be obtained later in the process. A five minutes standard interval of waiting
for each application was used. The same test was previously performed for the control
group.</p><p>Strain gauges were connected to a data acquisition board (SC - 2042 - SG, National
Instruments Corp., Austin, TX, USA) that sent the signal to a reading board (PCI -
MIO - 16Xe - 10, National Instruments Corp.) which was installed in a desktop
computer. Inputs from the 4 strain gauges were analyzed with the aid of the LabVIeW
FDS version 5.1 for Windows (National Instruments Corp.). Each strain gauge
corresponded to a channel on the data acquisition board.</p><p>Approximately 500 readings were taken at each strain gauge, but only the last 100
were taken into account to calculate the mean to ensure that only maximum and stable
levels of deformation were recorded, in με.</p><p>The data collected through the deformation tests were tabulated and analyzed by the
theory of confidence intervals (α=0.05). After the statistical data tabulation, the
two major and two minor mean values were excluded for each group. Among the remaining
values, the one that had the higher standard deviation was also excluded. Thus, only
the five remaining results were used for statistical analysis. The statistical 2-way
ANOVA test was used for individual analysis of the experiment variables and the Tukey
test was used for inter-relation between both veneering material and distance of
force application. This procedure was performed using the STATISTICA 10 Software
(Statsoft Inc, Tulsa, OK, USA).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Based on the statistical analysis, both variables (material and distance) had influence
on the studied factors (deformation by compression and by tension).</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref> show the mean values and standard deviation of the results obtained for
deformation by compression and by tension for all the groups tested and different points
of force application.</p><table-wrap id="t01" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Mean values (MV) and standard deviation (SD) for compression deformation (me) for
the different groups at different points of the force application</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distance</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compression</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ±SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.51±9.94<sup>G</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ceramic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112.46±11.54<sup>B</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AgPd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131.35±10.33<sup>B</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294.88±10.74<sup>A</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ceramic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200.38±8.6<sup>F</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AgPd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">232.95±3.3<sup>E</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">490.59±16.94<sup>C</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ceramic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">301.44±8.85<sup>A</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AgPd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">329.62±5.46<sup>D</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Different letters represent statistically significant differences between the
groups for the Tukey test (p<0.05)</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t02" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Mean values (MV) and standard deviation (SD) for tension deformation (me) for the
different groups at different points of the force application</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distance</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tension</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.64±14.01<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ceramic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.55±11.86<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AgPd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129.68±5.02<sup>b,d</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111.25±15<sup>b,c</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ceramic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125.52±9.53<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AgPd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271.17±43.9<sup>e</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.27±15.53<sup>a,c</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ceramic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155.59±8.52<sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color:#dcdcde"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AgPd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">308.14±1.32<sup>f</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Different letters represent statistically significant differences between the
groups for the Tukey test (p<0.05)</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>The comparison of mean values of compression and tension forces for different materials
as a function of load application distance can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref>, for 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm, respectively. Such graphs show that
the porcelain increased the resistance to deformation by compression in relation to the
uncoated framework. The acrylic resin was more efficient at the 10 mm point. At the
other application points, there was a relationship between deformation and distance of
load application. The farther the load was applied, the greater the deformation observed
on the specimen.</p><fig id="f03" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Measurements for tension (positive values) and compression (negative values)
forces applied at 10 mm of the distal implant for the different conditions
tested.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g03"></graphic></fig><fig id="f04" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Measurements for tension (positive values) and compression (negative values)
forces applied at 15 mm of the distal implant for the different tested
materials.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g04"></graphic></fig><fig id="f05" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Measurements for tension (positive values) and compression (negative values)
forces applied at 20 mm of the distal implant for the different tested
materials.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g05"></graphic></fig><p>The comparison between the different distances of force application for all the
conditions tested is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figures 6</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">8</xref>,
for metal, resin-veneered, and ceramic-veneered frameworks, respectively. These graphs
show the effect of the cantilever arm length on the framework and veneering material
deformation.</p><fig id="f06" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Measurements for tension (positive values) and compression (negative values) in
different points of force application for Control group (C) – Palladium-Silver
Framework.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g06"></graphic></fig><fig id="f07" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Measurements for tension (positive values) and compression (negative values) in
different points of force application for Ceramic group (Ce).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g07"></graphic></fig><fig id="f08" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Measurements for tension (positive values) and compression (negative values) in
different points of force application for Acrylic Resin group (AC).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jaos-22-03-0209-g08"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>No null hypothesis was confirmed. The two evaluated variables, veneering material and
cantilever arm length, showed some influence on the deformation suffered by the
implant-supported prosthesis framework. Based on the results, better performance was
observed for the uncoated PdAg framework and the porcelain/PdAg groups, when compared
with the acrylic resin/PdAg group for compressive load, except for the 10 mm cantilever
extension.</p><p>The correct arrangement of the implants in the edentulous space to be rehabilitated can
allow better distribution of forces applied to the system
implantprosthesis-bone<sup><xref rid="r13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> .
However, bone limitations have required the use of prostheses with cantilever
extensions. These prostheses were the most successful in the mandibular arch due to the
bone quantity and quality, which allows the placement of 15 to 20 mm cantilever
extensions<sup><xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="r12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="r19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="r25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="r26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>.</p><p>Understanding the distribution of loads and generation of tension within an implant
prosthesis system requires a study to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the levels
of stress generated during the masticatory function. The evaluation of the deformation
of the materials used in implant prostheses using strain gauges has been used by several
authors<sup><xref rid="r03" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="r04" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="r09" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="r19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> , and is recommended by Akça, Cehreli and
Iplikçioglu<sup><xref rid="r02" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> (2002) as being
reliable and accurate.</p><p>The study of the deformation of the metal framework alone is not sufficient to predict
the load distribution on implant-supported prostheses, since the framework must be
veneered with a material that replicates the shape and aesthetics of natural teeth.
After application of the veneering material on the respective halves of the framework
and submission to a compressive load of 35.2 N, there are some peculiarities.</p><p>The load applied at the point closest to the terminal implant for the acrylic resin,
porcelain and uncoated bars generated strain values lower than the load applied to the
most distant points, explaining the influence of the length of the cantilever extension
in the rates of deformation, as stated by White, Caputo and Anderkvist<sup><xref rid="r26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> (1994). The greater the extent of the
cantilever, the greater its deformation, as noted by Jacques, et al.<sup><xref rid="r11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> (2009), and Rubo and Souza<sup><xref rid="r16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> (2010), even when alloys with higher
elastic moduli are used. These data confirm the validity of the method used in this
experiment.</p><p>Comparing the results obtained for the frameworks coated and uncoated with acrylic resin
or porcelain, it can be observed that the results of this study agree with the statement
made by Ciftçi and Canay<sup><xref rid="r06" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> (2001), in
which an increase in the stiffness of the joint framework/veneering material occurred
and consequently reduced the rate of deformation of the infrastructure.</p><p>The addition of acrylic resin revealed that there was a compression strain decrease at
the 10 mm point, but at the other points there were significant increases in the rates
of deformation. This fact is probably due to the physical characteristics of the acrylic
resin, which has lower elastic modulus than the porcelain. Another factor that has
probably influenced the results is that to better simulate a clinical condition, the
resin layer thickness used was larger than the ceramic layer. This can be considered a
limitation of this study. Acrylic resin could favor the dissipation forces within the
resin body when the load was applied at the 10 mm distance and provided less deformation
of the bar. This is in agreement with the observations of Davis, Rimrott and
Zarb<sup><xref rid="r07" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> (1988), who stated that
acrylic resin could absorb part of the load.</p><p>However, it was observed that the values for acrylic resin veneering followed a direct
relationship with longer distances and greater deformation, thus showing an increase
from 10 mm to 15 mm and from 15 mm to 20 mm. This behavior can be a result of the
bending of the framework due to the increase of the lever arm at the free end, i.e., the
increase in the moment applied by the load, agreeing with the reports of Stegaroiu, et
al.<sup><xref rid="r22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> (1998) and Ciftci and
Canay<sup><xref rid="r06" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> (2001). On the other
hand, the ceramic veneering might have improved the prosthesis rigidity, resulting in
less deformation.</p><p>Regarding the tension load, there was load absorption for the acrylic resin-veneered
framework due to the lower elastic modulus of this material. This is in accordance with
the findings of Çiftci and Canay<sup><xref rid="r05" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>(2000), who found less deformation around implants for acrylic resin veneering.</p><p>Nevertheless, Santiago Jr, et al.<sup><xref rid="r18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>(2013), after a finite element model analysis, stated that the veneering material had no
influence on stress distribution around implants. Regarding the clinical aspect,
according to Teigen and Jokstad<sup><xref rid="r24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup>(2012), the two veneering materials have comparable performances and both combinations
have no influence on the success of the implants. Therefore, the choice of a veneering
material, as observed in the clinical results, is case-dependent, since each material
provides particular advantages and disadvantages.</p><p>For the sake of simplicity and initial observations, the model used in this study did
not try to reproduce all anatomic aspects of an actual implant-supported prosthesis. In
future studies, anatomic restorations using acrylic resin teeth plus denture base and
porcelain build-up on individual teeth must be used to best reproduce the clinical
condition.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Considering the tension forces, the veneering of the framework improved its rigidity
independently of the material used.</p><p>Considering the compression forces, the porcelain veneering provided greater rigidity to
the assembly and therefore less distortion compared with the uncoated framework and with
the resin veneering.</p><p>The cantilever length had decisive influence on the rates of deformation, regardless of
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