Esthetic Management of Gingival Lesions in Anterior Maxilla: The Role of VIP-CT Flap, a Technical Note
Identifieur interne : 000261 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000260; suivant : 000262Esthetic Management of Gingival Lesions in Anterior Maxilla: The Role of VIP-CT Flap, a Technical Note
Auteurs : Amin Rahpeyma ; Saeedeh KhajehahmadiSource :
- Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report [ 2006-8808 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Anterior maxilla is a high esthetic demand region. Reconstruction of the soft tissue loss after pathologic resection needs special techniques.
This article describes the novel use of vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue flap of palate (VIP-CT) for reconstruction after resection of long-lasting pyogenic granuloma in anterior maxilla with underlying bone resorption in interdental region.
Good esthetic results both in labial gingiva and interdental region were obtained.
VIP-CT flap is an ideal option for reconstruction of the pathologic lesions that affect the anterior maxilla and create pathologic space in interdental region.
Url:
DOI: 10.4103/2006-8808.135137
PubMed: 25013545
PubMed Central: 4090973
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Esthetic Management of Gingival Lesions in Anterior Maxilla: The Role of VIP-CT Flap, a Technical Note</title><author><name sortKey="Rahpeyma, Amin" sort="Rahpeyma, Amin" uniqKey="Rahpeyma A" first="Amin" last="Rahpeyma">Amin Rahpeyma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad, Iran</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khajehahmadi, Saeedeh" sort="Khajehahmadi, Saeedeh" uniqKey="Khajehahmadi S" first="Saeedeh" last="Khajehahmadi">Saeedeh Khajehahmadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25013545</idno><idno type="pmc">4090973</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090973</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4090973</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/2006-8808.135137</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000261</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000261</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Esthetic Management of Gingival Lesions in Anterior Maxilla: The Role of VIP-CT Flap, a Technical Note</title><author><name sortKey="Rahpeyma, Amin" sort="Rahpeyma, Amin" uniqKey="Rahpeyma A" first="Amin" last="Rahpeyma">Amin Rahpeyma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad, Iran</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khajehahmadi, Saeedeh" sort="Khajehahmadi, Saeedeh" uniqKey="Khajehahmadi S" first="Saeedeh" last="Khajehahmadi">Saeedeh Khajehahmadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report</title><idno type="ISSN">2006-8808</idno><idno type="eISSN">0976-2825</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Purpose:</title><p>Anterior maxilla is a high esthetic demand region. Reconstruction of the soft tissue loss after pathologic resection needs special techniques.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>This article describes the novel use of vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue flap of palate (VIP-CT) for reconstruction after resection of long-lasting pyogenic granuloma in anterior maxilla with underlying bone resorption in interdental region.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Good esthetic results both in labial gingiva and interdental region were obtained.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>VIP-CT flap is an ideal option for reconstruction of the pathologic lesions that affect the anterior maxilla and create pathologic space in interdental region.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walters, Jd" uniqKey="Walters J">JD Walters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Will, Jk" uniqKey="Will J">JK Will</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatfield, Rd" uniqKey="Hatfield R">RD Hatfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cacchillo, Da" uniqKey="Cacchillo D">DA Cacchillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raabe, Da" uniqKey="Raabe D">DA Raabe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Corrente, G" uniqKey="Corrente G">G Corrente</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abundo, R" uniqKey="Abundo R">R Abundo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Re, S" uniqKey="Re S">S Re</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardaropoli, D" uniqKey="Cardaropoli D">D Cardaropoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardaropoli, G" uniqKey="Cardaropoli G">G Cardaropoli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderegg, Cr" uniqKey="Anderegg C">CR Anderegg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Metzler, Dg" uniqKey="Metzler D">DG Metzler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zucchelli, G" uniqKey="Zucchelli G">G Zucchelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mele, M" uniqKey="Mele M">M Mele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stefanini, M" uniqKey="Stefanini M">M Stefanini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzotti, C" uniqKey="Mazzotti C">C Mazzotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marzadori, M" uniqKey="Marzadori M">M Marzadori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Montebugnoli, L" uniqKey="Montebugnoli L">L Montebugnoli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zucchelli, G" uniqKey="Zucchelli G">G Zucchelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzotti, C" uniqKey="Mazzotti C">C Mazzotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bentivogli, V" uniqKey="Bentivogli V">V Bentivogli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mounssif, I" uniqKey="Mounssif I">I Mounssif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marzadori, M" uniqKey="Marzadori M">M Marzadori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monaco, C" uniqKey="Monaco C">C Monaco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kahn, S" uniqKey="Kahn S">S Kahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egreja, Am" uniqKey="Egreja A">AM Egreja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barceleiromde, O" uniqKey="Barceleiromde O">O BarceleiroMde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joda, T" uniqKey="Joda T">T Joda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sahingur, Se" uniqKey="Sahingur S">SE Sahingur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Re" uniqKey="Cohen R">RE Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aguirre, A" uniqKey="Aguirre A">A Aguirre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bosco, Af" uniqKey="Bosco A">AF Bosco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonfante, S" uniqKey="Bonfante S">S Bonfante</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luize, Ds" uniqKey="Luize D">DS Luize</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosco, Jm" uniqKey="Bosco J">JM Bosco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Vg" uniqKey="Garcia V">VG Garcia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rahpeyma, A" uniqKey="Rahpeyma A">A Rahpeyma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khajehahmadi, S" uniqKey="Khajehahmadi S">S Khajehahmadi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="other"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Surg Tech Case Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Surg Tech Case Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JSTCR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2006-8808</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0976-2825</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25013545</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4090973</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JSTCR-6-12</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/2006-8808.135137</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Surgical Techniques</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Esthetic Management of Gingival Lesions in Anterior Maxilla: The Role of VIP-CT Flap, a Technical Note</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rahpeyma</surname><given-names>Amin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khajehahmadi</surname><given-names>Saeedeh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><italic>Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad, Iran</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><italic>Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><italic><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Saeedeh Khajehahmadi, Dental Research Center of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: <email xlink:href="khajehahmadis@mums.ac.ir">khajehahmadis@mums.ac.ir</email></italic></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Jun</season><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Purpose:</title><p>Anterior maxilla is a high esthetic demand region. Reconstruction of the soft tissue loss after pathologic resection needs special techniques.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>This article describes the novel use of vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue flap of palate (VIP-CT) for reconstruction after resection of long-lasting pyogenic granuloma in anterior maxilla with underlying bone resorption in interdental region.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>Good esthetic results both in labial gingiva and interdental region were obtained.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>VIP-CT flap is an ideal option for reconstruction of the pathologic lesions that affect the anterior maxilla and create pathologic space in interdental region.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Anterior maxilla</kwd><kwd>Pyogenic granuloma</kwd><kwd>VIP-CT flap</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Treatment of soft tissue pathologic process that affects the gingiva, especially in anterior maxilla, is a challenge. There is need for resection of the lesion and simultaneous reconstruction.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] In long-standing neglected lesions, underlying bone resorption and pathologic tooth flaring are the other complications.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] Excisional biopsy of the pathology responsible for gingival overgrowth will lead to unsightly gingival defect.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] Vascularized interpositional periosteal connective tissue flap (VIP-CT) is introduced for reconstruction of the lost tissues in such situations.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>This article describes the novel use of VIP-CT of palate for reconstruction after resection of long-lasting pyogenic granuloma in anterior maxilla with underlying bone resorption in interdental region. The patient was a 25-year-old female patient with an exophytic mass in anterior maxilla, palatal to the dental arch with extension to the labial gingiva. During the pregnancy, it appeared and after that, it does not resolve (6-month duration). The interdental bony septum was affected and the bone level in this region had been reduced. The maxillary left central incisor had been extruded one millimeter in labial and incisal direction [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>].</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Exophytic mass in anterior maxilla, palatal to the dental arch with labial and interdental extension</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JSTCR-6-12-g001"></graphic></fig><p>The lesion had stalk in interdental and palatal gingiva which excised down to the bone under local anesthesia [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref>]. The resulted gingival defect was reconstructed with VIP-CT flap [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3</xref>]. The pathologist report was pyogenic granuloma [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 4</xref>]. Finally, the patient was referred to the orthodontist.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>The raw bone in interdental space and residual soft tissue defect in palatal and labial aspects</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JSTCR-6-12-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(a) VIP-CT flap from the palate. (b) Supraperiosteal sharp dissection in labial region (pouch technique). (c) The flap was stabilized with 5-0 non resorbable sutures. (d) Healthy and esthetic gingiva four weeks after operation</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JSTCR-6-12-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Histopathologic feature showing a proliferation of fibroblast with numerous of capillary</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JSTCR-6-12-g004"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><p>Good esthetic results both in labial gingiva and interdental region were obtained.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Palatal connective tissue as a free graft is a useful aid for soft tissue augmentation. It has applications in root coverage, filling small contour deformities of edentulous ridge, and as a biologic membrane in apical surgery.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]</p><p>For esthetic treatment of gingival lesions in anterior maxilla, it is used successfully when the mucosal demand is small and limited to the gingival free margin.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref><xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] If free margin and attached gingiva are affected by the lesion, then lateral sliding flap is indicated. If the pathologic process involves the interdental papilla and effects on the underlying bone, then the adjacent teeth always move in labial and incisal direction and a considerable space occurs in the region occupied by the stalk of the lesion. Removing the exophytic mass without reconstruction had negative esthetic results such as black space, exposed root surface, and root hypersensitivity.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</p><p>VIP-CT flap is a well-nourished anteriorly pediculated connective tissue flap from palate. It is mainly used for coverage of small bone grafts in anterior maxilla.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p><p>For esthetic management of gingival lesions when there is interdental space resulting from pathologic tooth migration and bone resorption, it is an ideal option [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 5</xref>].</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Decision tree for esthetic management of gingival lesion in anterior maxilla</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JSTCR-6-12-g005"></graphic></fig><p>This flap simultaneously corrects the labial soft tissue defect, covers the raw reduced interdental bone, and simultaneously augments the soft tissue. Its raw surface undergoes secondary epithelialization with the same color and consistency with adjacent mucosa after complete epithelialization. Vector of the VIP-CT flap contracture is favorable in this case and it is anticipated that creeping attachment happens.</p><p>Donor site morbidity is low and primary closure of palatal mucosa is possible.</p><p>Limitation of this technique is that because of pedicled nature of the flap, this technique is only applicable in anterior region of maxilla.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-5"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Reconstruction of the anterior maxillary gingival defects after pathologic resections that affect gingiva and interdental space is recommended with VIP-CT flap.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title><p>This study was supported by a grant from the Vice Chancellor of Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref 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