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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Student Poster Abstracts</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">4271003</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271003</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4271003</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000097</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000097</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Student Poster Abstracts</title></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology : JOMFP</title><idno type="ISSN">0973-029X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1998-393X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></TEI><pmc article-type="abstract"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Oral Maxillofac Pathol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Oral Maxillofac Pathol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOMFP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology : JOMFP</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0973-029X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1998-393X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4271003</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JOMFP-18-36</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Abstracts</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Student Poster Abstracts</article-title></title-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>Suppl 2</issue><fpage>S36</fpage><lpage>S111</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><sub-article id="SA1" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>Original Research abstracts: SPOOR1: Determination of promoter methylation of o-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDS) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Riteshkumar B Jadav, J G Ray, Antanu S Patsu, Naveen Kumar, Jayashree Paul, Shubhashish Pradhan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Epigenetic changes include DNA methylation, histone modifications and aberrant mi-RNA expression. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by promoter hypermethylation and activation of oncogenes by hypomethylation at the gene promoters were commonly observed in various cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). DNA repair gene O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is crucial for genome stability. Inactivation of MGMT was observed in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and OSCC patients. <bold>Aim:</bold> The aim of this study is to determine the CpG island methylation at the promoter of MGMT in OPMDs and OSCC patients and compare it with the adjacent normal tissues of the same patients. MGMT promoter methylation may be used as a biomarker for patient stratification and may help to develop appropriate therapy for OPMDs and OSCC patients. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> To achieve the aim, 10 OPMDs and 10 OSCC patients were recruited with written consent. Tissues from the lesion and adjacent normal sites were collected. Clinical observations were confirmed by histopathological evaluation. DNA was isolated from the tissues followed by bisulfite conversion. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the methylation status of the MGMT promoter. <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> Sixty percent of the OPMD patients showed hypermethylation, while one patient showed hypomethylation in lesions compared to the adjacent normal. However, in case of OSCC, only 30% showed hypermethylation in lesions compared to the adjacent normal. Remaining seven patients showed methylation both in the lesion and adjacent normal tissues. This data suggests that MGMT promoter methylation can be used as a biomarker in oral cancer progression.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words</italic></bold>: Epigenetics, methylation, MGMT, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA2" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR2: “Scenario after gutkha ban”: A survey on past and present gutkha consumers: A pilot study”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shaloo Dahima, Pushparaja Shetty, Sreelatha S.V, Chethana</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, A. B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Science, Mangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Context:</bold> Gutkha is a known carcinogen that is highly addictive and has led to serious health issues. Despite gutkha ban there is a high prevalence of oral lesions related to tobacco use. The present study is being conducted to assess the status of gutkha usage after gutkha ban. <bold>Aim:</bold> To know the effect on gutkha usage through a questionnaire survey among hospital attending patients. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A questionnaire-based pilot study was conducted among 100 people who are past or present gutkha consumers. <bold>Results:</bold> Forty-eight percent of the patients left the habit because of health issues like difficulty in swallowing, chewing, headaches, loss of taste sensation, halitosis and some even due to health consciousness;and 34% of the patients still continue to use gutkha under brand names like Bola, Chaini, Kumta, Siddhu and Maruti. Apart from being available in the black market after gutkha ban, it is still available in the open market with an increased price. 23.5% of the present gutkha chewers had reduced the amount of consumption; whereas, 41.1% had taken up the other additional habits like betel quid chewing, smoking and use of pan masala; and 28% of the patients had shifted to consumption of other tobacco-related products, but had a history of chewing gutkha earlier. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Although gutkha has been banned, it is easily available in the open market. Also, certain population shifted their habit to another form of tobacco use. An effective tobacco control and implementation program is required for reducing the tobacco burden.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ban, burden, gutkha, tobacco</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA3" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR5: Histopathologic evaluation of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reaction: A comparative analysis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Aravind Thara, Mahija J, Rakesh S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India</p><p><bold>Context/Background:</bold> Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiology with well-established clinical and microscopic features. Clinically it is characterized by persistent red, white, or mixed lesion. Oral lichenoid reactions are a family of lesions triggered by contact with specific agents such as metallic restorative materials, resins and drugs. Oral lichenoid reactions share clinical and histological characteristics of Lichen Planus but has varied management options. Hence the discrimination between these two lesions is a major challenge for clinicians as well as pathologists. <bold>Aim:</bold> Histopathologic categorization of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reaction using special stains. <bold>Materials and Methods: 1. Study Setting:</bold> Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. <bold>2. Study Design:</bold> Analytical cross-sectional study. <bold>3. Study Subjects:</bold> Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks obtained from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi. The test group consists of lichen planus from 15 subjects (<italic>n</italic> = 15) and oral lichenoid reactions from 15 subjects (<italic>n</italic> = 15). <bold>Results:</bold> Variations in the component and distribution of subepithelial inflammatory cell infiltrate between oral lichen planus and lichenoid reaction;difference in thickness of basement membrane in lichen planus compared to lichenoid reaction;difference in the distribution of mast cells in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reaction was observed. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions are two different entities showing similar clinical and microscopic presentation. The existing histopathologic criteria to differentiate these lesions are based on subtle microscopic changes and cannot be relied upon completely. The histochemical analysis of mast cells and basement membrane in these lesions might provide a more authentic method for differentiating these two lesions and might be of utmost value in deciding the treatment options.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Lichen planus, lichenoid reaction, mast cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA4" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR6: Prevalence of tobacco-related lesions among dental outpatients of College of Dental Sciences, Davangere</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Jay Kishore, Madhushankari G. S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Tobacco use is the commonest risk factor for oral cancer. The risk of oral diseases increase with greater use of tobacco; on contrary, quitting tobacco use either in smoked or smokeless form can result in decreased risk. The magnitude of the effect of tobacco on oral diseases is high with users having more risk than nonusers. Thus, detection of tobacco-associated lesions in conjunction with tobacco use has become the need of the hour. <bold>Aim:</bold> To determine the prevalence of oral lesions related to tobacco use either in smoke or smokeless form. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Five hundred patients reporting to outpatient department (OPD) of College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, formed the study sample. History of habits was recorded using standardized case history proforma and the oral cavity was examined for any tobacco-related lesions. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Statistical analysis was carried out using the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) package version 20 using chi-square test. <bold>Results:</bold> Among 500 patients examined, 108 (22%) patients had habits in which there were 41 smokers (38%) and 67chewers (62%). Smokers with lesions were 27 (66%) and chewers with lesions were 34(51%). Among the smokers, smoker's melanosis was the most common lesion followed by leukoplakia and in chewers, it was oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) followed by leukoplakia. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Although, tobacco-associated lesion were frequent with smoked form than chewed form. Premalignant lesions were strongly associated with chewed form of tobacco.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Leukoplakia, oral cancer, OSMF, smoker's melanosis, tobacco</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA5" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR7: Prevalence of tobacco habits among dental outpatients of College of Dental Sciences, Davangere</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Podutwar Priyanka Diliprao, Madhushankari GS</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Tobacco consumption has turned to be a fashion statement than just being a habit of illiterate villagers. Tobacco used in any form has devastating effects on health of the person including oral and pharyngeal cancer which is one of the major preventable causes of death. <bold>Aim:</bold> Study aimed to evaluate prevalence of tobacco consumption in various forms among the dental patients reporting to the outpatient department (OPD) of College of Dental Sciences (CODS), Davangere. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A total of 507 patients reporting to OPD of CODS, Davangere formed the study sample. Habit history was recorded using standardized proforma from every patient. Patients were categorized into appropriate age groups and prevalence of habit was assessed in relation to age, gender, duration of habit and frequency of tobacco consumption. <bold>Results:</bold> Among the study participants (507), habits were present in 115 (22.68%) among which 101 (87.82%) were males and 14 (12.17%) were females. Among males raw tobacco and gutkha chewing had equal prevalence (25, 21.73%), followed by cigarette smoking (23, 20%). In females, tobacco chewing (10, 8.69%) was the most common habit and none of them smoked tobacco. Habits were more prevalent between the ages 16 and 30 years. The results were found to be highly significant on applying chi-square test. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Present study showed higher prevalence than the studies conducted in other states. The study also indicates rampant nature of spread of habit in recent years, which emphasizes the need for renovating and aggravating the anti-tobacco campaigns.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Prevalence, smoking, tobacco chewing</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA6" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR10: “Histomorphometric analysis of vascularity in normal mucosa, leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Chandralekha Verma, Vanita Rathod, Prachi Atram, Siddharth Pundir, Sankeerti Mala, Saket Sharma</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rungta College of Dental Science and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> The cells undergo malignant transformation; it will initiate the formation of a tumor, which further interacts with the surrounding environment for tumor progression. This interaction activates tumor-derived extra cellular matrix (ECM) proteins which can have multiple effects on tumor stroma in order to promote angiogenesis, which is essential for tumor growth. Angiogenesis is the process that leads to the formation of new blood vessels, continues to be a topic of major scientific interest. There is an increasing hope that new discoveries will lead to newer therapies that target angiogenesis as a reliable option for disease therapy. <bold>Aim:</bold> The aim of the study is to assess and correlate the morphometric aspect of vascularity and to investigate its usefulness in the histopathological classification and prognosis. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In this study, 40 samples were taken from archives of oral and maxillofacial pathology department, 10 each of normal Mucosa, leukoplakia with mild dysplasia, leukoplakia with severe dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma. Four to five micrometer thick slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Masson's trichrome (MT). The stained slides were observed under image analysis software to see the difference of microvessel density between H and E and MT. <bold>Result:</bold> Microvessel density was higher in squamous cell carcinoma when compared with hyperkeratotic lesion with moderate dysplasia, which was also decreased in mild to severe dysplasia and normal mucosa. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Microvessel density can be used as an adjunct with other diagnostic modalities.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Angiogenesis, leukoplakia, microvessel density, squamous cell carcinoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA7" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR11: Quantitative estimation of serum phosphodiesterase and phosphohexose isomerase in oral squamous cell carcinoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Lakshmi M Alva, Preethi B Nayak, Dinker Desai, Siddharth Pandit, Nitin M Gonsalves, Bhavana Karkera</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Context (Background):</bold> Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity and represents about 90% of all oral malignancies. Its early detection is the better alternative to provide a good quality of life for the patients. Studies have identified phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) as the potential biomarkers of oral SCC (OSCC) progression and prognosis. <bold>Aims:</bold> To estimate and compare the serum PDEs and PHI levels in healthy controls and histopathologically diagnosed OSCC patients before definitive therapy. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Study includes 20 clinically and histopathologically diagnosed cases of OSCC patients and study group of 20 healthy controls. Five milliliter of blood was collected in plain vacutainers and centrifuged for the estimation of PDE and PHI. Serum PDE is estimated using spectrophotometer method. Serum PHI is estimated manually by using Seliwanoff's reaction. <bold>Results:</bold> The study shows increase in the mean levels of PDE and PHI among OSCC patients as compared with the healthy controls and is statistically significant. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Estimation of serum PDE explains its role in pathophysiology of OSCC and estimation of serum PHI determines its role in early diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Isomerase, phosphodiesterase, phosphohexose, squamous cell carcinoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA8" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR12: “Role of collagen in histologic stages of OSMF: A polarizing light microscopic study”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sonam Agrawal, Vanita C Rathod, Pankaj Agrawal<sup>1</sup>, Swati Saluja, Veena Desai</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, Bhilai, <sup>1</sup>Maitri Dental College, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive disease affecting many people in our country. <bold>Aim:</bold> The aim of the study is to assess the severity of the disease and to analyze collagen distribution in different stages of OSMF using picrosirius red stain under polarizing microscope. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Vernier calliper, biopsy specimen, tissue processing kit, picrosirius red stain, hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain and polarizing microscopy. The study included total 100 cases of which 80 were OSMF and 20 were control group. Clinical staging was done depending upon definite criterias. Histopathological study was conducted using H and E stain and picrosirius red stain. Collagen was analyzed for thickness and polarizing colors. <bold>Statistical Analysis Used:</bold> Chi-square test, Student'st-test. <bold>Results:</bold> As the severity of disease increased, there was gradual decrease in green-greenish yellow color fibers and shift to orange red to red color. Thereby it appeared that tight packing of collagen fibers in OSMF progressively increased as disease progressed from early to advanced cases. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In this study, histopathological studies revealed that as the severity of the disease increased, the collagen fibers were more closely packed and there was also a transition of greenish yellow fibers to orange red to red under polarizing microscopy. These observations are important to assess the actual stage of the disease and to plan further management.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Collagen thickness, OSMF, picrosirius red stain, polarizing microscope</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA9" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR13: Micronuclei as prognostic marker</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pinhaja Sherashiya, Yogesh T L, Hemavathy S, Nonitha S, Aaliya K, Pallavi K</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Micronucleus is a microscopically visible round or oval cytoplasmic chromatin mass in the extranuclear vicinity, originating from aberrant mitosis. Oral habits of smoking tobacco damage the oral tissues. An assessment of the damage is feasible by the presence and number of micronuclei in different site of oral cavity exfoliated cells of the oral tissues using smears. <bold>Aims:</bold> The present study design is to assess the micronuclei number in different site of oral cavity (buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth and labial mucosa) to assess the genotoxic damage in smokers, nonsmokers and in the persons who had quit the habit recently. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Three groups (smokers, recently quit habit and non-tobacco habit) of 15 individuals each were clinically examined. Different site of oral cavity (buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth and labial mucosa) cytosmears was taken by using ice cream stick spatula and stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain. Presence of micronuclei will be assessed under ×40 magnification in polarized light microscope and counted. <bold>Results:</bold> The study showed that smears of individuals with smoking habits showed higher number of micronuclei count seen in buccal mucosa than labial mucosa and floor of the mouth. Our study showed <italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.00, which is highly significant. The number of micronuclei was greater in patients who recently quit habit than non-tobacco habit individuals. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The genotoxic effects of tobacco smoke cause micronuclei and count can be used as a noninvasive early detection tool. This observation is vital in utilization of the micronuclei detection in different sites of oral cavity and prognosis on quitting the habit.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Genotoxic, micronuclei, papanicolaou, smoking, quit the habit</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA10" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR14: Evaluation of oral hygiene status and mucosal changes of institutionalized and non-institutionalized patients in a psychiatric tertiary rehabilitation center in Bangalore</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Nikita Sharma, Nandaprasad, Hemavathy, Mahesh Gowda, Yashwanth Reddy, Sarvesh Dave</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Psychiatric patients are one of the special groups requiring attention as they are often neglected. Oral health is important because it is critical for overall systemic health. The institutionalized patients can avail better healthcare facilities, as compared to the outpatients who do not receive adequate attention. Thus, the comparison of the status of oral hygiene in both cases can be evaluated. <bold>Objectives:</bold> To carry out the oral hygiene status: decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and mucosal changes, if any, in institutionalized and noninstitutionalized patients. To compare the differences in the level of oral hygiene and mucosal changes, if any, in both. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fifty patients admitted to Spandana Healthcare with duration of hospitalization for over 6 months; and 50 outpatients visiting the healthcare facility were assessed. Subjects with aggressive behavior and lack of cooperation were excluded. Oral examinations were conducted in the psychiatric wards with a mirror, a probe and a transillumination lamp. The patients were made to sit on a chair. The severity of lifetime accumulated caries experience estimated with the DMFT index and oral hygiene with the OHI-S index were carried out. The buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, tongue, palate and floor of mouth were evaluated for mucosal changes, if any. Similarly, the outpatients were evaluated in the OPD.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold></p><p><graphic xlink:href="JOMFP-18-36-g001.jpg" position="float"></graphic></p><p><graphic xlink:href="JOMFP-18-36-g002.jpg" position="float"></graphic></p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> A greater DMF index was observed in noninstitutionalized patients. The OHI-S index did not happen to be significant. This difference could be attributed to greater care and focus on all aspects of the patient's health in an institution, as compared to those patients who are taken care of at home.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Index, oral hygiene, patient health, psychiatry</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA11" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR15: Analysis of lipid profile in cancer patients, smokers and nonsmokers</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>K L Keerthana, A Vikram Simha Reddy, Ravi A Prakash, M Rajinikanth, Sreenath G, Y Indira</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Lipids play an important role as they maintain the cell membrane integrity. Lipid profile is a panel of blood tests that serve as an initial medical screening for abnormalities in lipids and the results of this test can identify approximate risks for cancers, cardiovascular diseases, certain form of pancreatitis and other diseases. <bold>Aims and Objectives:</bold> The present study evaluates alterations in lipid profile in cancer patients, smokers and nonsmokers and aims to achieve a correlation between them. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study group includes 25 cancer patients, 25 chronic smokers (habit persisting for 15 years or more) and 15 nonsmokers as control group. Blood samples had been collected and triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were analyzed using a lipid profile kit and an autoanalyzer. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Statistical analyses of the study were made using the unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. <bold>Results:</bold> There was a significant increase in the total cholesterol (TC), TG, LDL and VLDL and decrease in HDL in the smokers group when compared to the controls. A significant increase in LDL but a decrease in values of HDL, VLDL, TG and TC in the cancer patients group when compared to the controls. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> It can be concluded that there is an inverse relationship between serum lipid profile in smokers and cancer patients. The increased lipid profile in smokers makes them more prone to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The decrease in lipid profile in cancer patients might be due to their increased utilization of lipids by neoplastic cells in membrane biogenesis. Therefore, a decrease in lipid profile in smokers can be assumed that they might be more prone to develop cancerous conditions.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Atherosclerosis, lipid profile, nonsmokers, smokers</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA12" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR16: “Alternative staining techniques”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Ram Kumar Tirandas, Ravi A Prakash, Rajinikanth M, A Vikram Simha Reddy, Sreenath G, Y Indira</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> From the past 200 years hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) is being used for the routine histopathological examination. Though it is the gold standard for routine histopathology, there were no stains developed indigenously. Here is an attempt made to stain the tissue sections using commercially available products. <bold>Aims:</bold> To stain the tissue sections using commercially available products. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A total of 15 commercially available coloring products were selected. Materials include mehendi, textile dye, Xerox toner, tobacco stain, sarasaparilla root extract, beta vulgaris extract, genus Vitis extract, disclosing agent, etc. <bold>Results:</bold> Staining of tissues was evaluated and we found that tissue sections stained with mehendi, textile dyes, disclosing agents, etc., showed good results; but further research work has to be done before coming to conclusion. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Staining of tissues with other commercially available dyes can open doors for new staining techniques if worked out carefully.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Alternate, new stains, staining tissues</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA13" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR17: Comparative quantification of serum lipid profile of normal individuals with oral squamous cell carcinoma patients</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Parag Pathak</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> In India, oral cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to cancer and is most commonly preceded by clinically definable lesions and conditions. Around 7-12% cases of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) will undergo malignant transformation. Early detection of these lesions can dramatically improve the treatment outcome and prognosis in such patients. In the recent years, emphasis has been placed on detecting molecular markers from body fluids as saliva, urine and others for detecting, predicting prognosis and monitoring the oral cancer progression. Several studies have reported an inverse association between blood cholesterol levels and risk of cancer. <bold>Aims of the study:</bold> The present study was carried out with an aim to correlate lipid profile of OSMF and oral cancer patients with that of normal healthy individuals. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Serum lipid profile levels of total of 90 subjects (30controls, 30 OSMF and 30 oral squamous cell carcinoma) were evaluated and compared. <bold>Results:</bold> The results of the present study showed lower serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) in OSMF and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients than in healthy individuals. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results of the present study show the evidence of an inverse relationship between the serum lipid profiles and OSMF and oral squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Lipid profile, oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSMF, serum levels</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA14" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR19: Effect of processing techniques on the integrity of DNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma samples</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Snehal Shah, Sasidhar Singaraju, A Einstein, Karthik B</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Molecular characterization of morphologic changes requires exquisite tissue morphology and DNA preservation. Improper processing of tissues usually results in fragmented DNA. Diffusion is a key factor in histoprocessing, permitting chemicals to permeate into the tissue faster. Hence, it is theoretically possible to hasten tissue fixation and processing through the use of heat. <bold>Aim and Objectives:</bold> To study and compare the effects of conventional, rapid and microwave-assisted tissue processing techniques on the quality of DNA obtained from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Ten tissue samples, histologically diagnosed as OSCC, were selected from the archives of the department and three tissues each, measuring 1 × 1 × 1 mm<sup>3</sup>, were cut from the OSCC site and processed by three methods to constitute the three study groups (Conventional, Rapid processing and Microwave processing). DNA was extracted by Kit method. Electrophoresis was done by Biorad mini sub-cell GT submarine electrophoresis system. <bold>Results:</bold> Relatively intact DNA was obtained in tissues prepared by microwave-assisted tissue processing. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Besides reducing the turnaround time, microwave-assisted processing method can help contain DNA with minimal damage or fragmentation.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> DNA integrity, oral squamous cell carcinoma, microwave assisted tissue processing</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA15" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR22: Biofriendly substitutes for xylene in deparaffinization: A short study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>P Prema, Harikrishnan Prasad, Rajmohan, Sruthi Ranganath</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, KS Rangasamy institute of Dental Sciences and Research, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon which is one of the nonsubstitutional chemicals, routinely used in histopathological laboratories. The exposure and handling of xylene is maximum during deparaffinization of tissue sections. It is extremely biohazardous and produces many toxic effects including carcinogenesis. A safer substitute for xylene is necessary to minimize its usage in laboratories. <bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the efficacy of 1.7% dishwashing solution, 95% lemon water and coconut oil when compared to xylene as a deparaffinizing agent during hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fifteen paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were selected. Four sections were prepared from each block. One section was stained with conventional H and E method using xylene (Group A) as deparaffinizing agent and other three sections were stained with xylene-free H and E method using dishwashing solution (Group B), lemon water (Group C) and coconut oil (Group D), respectively. Slides were scored blindly by two observers considering parameters like nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining, uniformity, clarity and crispness. Presence or absence of wax retention was also recorded. <bold>Results:</bold> Eighty percent of sections in Group C for observer 1 and 87% of sections in Group C for observer 2 and 100% of sections in Group A, 93% of sections in Group B and 80% of sections in Group D for both observers were good enough for diagnosis (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Dishwashing solution, lemon water and coconut oil can be used as safer and cost-effective substitute to xylene for deparaffinization in routine H and E staining procedure.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Deparaffinization, hematoxylin and eosin, xylene, xylene-free staining</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA16" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR23: Modified ferroin technique-new stain for mast cells</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Seema M, Alka D Kale, Seema Hallikerimath, Punnya Angadi, Deepa Mane</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, KLE Vishwanth Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Mast cell (MC) is a resident granulocyte of several tissues that contains granules rich in histamine and heparin best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis. MC also plays an important protective role in wound healing and defense against pathogens. They are said to be pro-inflammatory, immune-amplifying in action and producing mitogenic cytokines. Toluidine blue (TB) is the gold standard for the detection of mast cells and their granules (acid mucopolysaccharides and glycoaminoglycan). Modified ferroin technique (MFT) is a new stain for mast cells that stain an intense orange with bluish violet nuclei. <bold>Aim:</bold> Establish a modified version of ferroin technique for detection of MC. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Thirty cases of histopathologically diagnosed cases comprising oral reactive lesions (ORL) (10), oral lichen planus (OLP) (10) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) (10) each were included for the study. These cases were stained with TB and modified ferroin technique. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Fischer exact test and Spearman rank correlation was done. <bold>Results:</bold> TB demonstrated presence of MC in 27 cases (90%) while MFT stained MC in 6 cases, only in ORL. MC in both OLP and OSMF were negative with MFT (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001*) <bold>Conclusion:</bold> TB stained metachromatically granules of MC in all the included lesions, whereas MFT stained predominantly the degranulated MC (active form) found more in ORL.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Mast cells, modified ferroin technique</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA17" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR24: A new histochemical stain for differentiation of ossifying fibroma and fibrous dysplasia</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Dipika Bangera, Chetan Beladavar, Seema Hallikerimath, Alka D Kale</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, KLE Vishwanth Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Fibro-osseous lesions are a group of jaw disorders ranging from inflammatory to neoplastic in origin that are characterised by replacement of bone by cellular fibrous tissue. This poses problems in evaluating the origin, pathogenesis and diagnosis as they manifest with overlapping stromal elements and nature of calcification histo-morphologically. Hence a new histochemical stain has been put forward to differentiate between fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma. <bold>Aim:</bold> To demonstrate the fibrous elements of fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma using histochemical stains. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Eight cases each of previously diagnosed fibrous dysplasia and peripheral and central ossifying fibroma was retrieved from the archives. Three-μm-thick sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and aldehyde fuschin-modified Halmi stain. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Fischer exact test was applied. <bold>Results:</bold> The study showed remarkably higher amount of mature lamellar bone in fibrous dysplasia and in peripheral and central ossifying fibroma, a combination of immature and mature bone along with cementicles/dystrophic calcifications were seen. The immature stromal fiber content was highest in peripheral ossifying fibroma followed by central ossifying fibroma, whereas fibrous dysplasia showed mature fibers. The results were statistically significant with a <italic>P</italic> - value < 0.001. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Although the final diagnosis will be made by correlating the history, clinical, radiographical and histopathological examination of the patient and the differences in layout of the connective tissue stroma will aid in the diagnosis of both the groups.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Calcifications, fibrous dysplasia, halmi stain, ossifying fibroma, stroma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA18" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR25: Evaluation of nuclear fractal dimension in oral epithelial dysplasia</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Basavaraj Motimath, Deepa Mane, Seema Hallikerimath, Alka D Kale</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, KLE Vishwanth Katti Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Oral cancer is a global health problem preceded by dysplastic changes. The grading of dysplasia is very objective and lacks reproducibility. The cell nucleus that contains genetic material shows changes in dysplasia like chromatic condensation with irregularity. The challenge do exists in measuring this irregularity. Nuclear fractal dimension (NFD) is a novel approach to measure nuclear irregularity with the numerical value. Hence by obtaining mathematical values provides uniformity in grading of dysplastic lesions that would be of great benefit. This approach has been evaluated in cervical and uterine dysplasia's, but till date it is not been established in oral epithelial dysplasia. <bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the NFD of oral dysplastic epithelial cells and compare it with normal mucosal epithelial cells. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A total 60 cases of dysplasia (mild = 20, moderate = 20 and severe = 20) and 10 cases of normal mucosa were retrieved. Four micrometer thick sections were obtained, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Images were obtained under ×40 magnification and further subjected to Adobe Photoshop. The nuclei were selected using magnetic lasso tool and are further analyzed using fractal dimension estimator software. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Schelte's test. <bold>Results:</bold> There is a difference between the NFD of normal mucosa and epithelial dysplasia and also between the mild and moderate and mild and severe dysplasia (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> NFD can be used effectively to note nuclear irregularity and can also be correlated with severity of dysplasia.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dimension, epithelial dysplasia, nuclear fractal dimensionr</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA19" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR28: Immunohistochemical expression of P53 in oral carcinogenesis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shivani Garg, Simarpreet Virk Sandhu, Preetinder Kaur, Ramampreet Kaur Bhullar, Rajat Bhandari, Kartesh Singla<sup>1</sup></bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Science and Research, Ferozepur, <sup>1</sup>Sri Sukhmani Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India</p><p><bold>Context/Background:</bold> Carcinogenesis is a multistep process resulting in transformation of a normal cell to a malignant cell. Potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) carry an increased risk for malignant transformation in the oral cavity. Almost 33% of oral PMDs will eventually evolve into invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) over a 10-year interval, but no reliable histopathological parameters have been identified that predict their potential for subsequent transformation. <bold>Aim:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate predictive capacity of p53 to identify lesions at high risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The retrospective study was conducted on 30 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues comprising 10 each of hyperplastic tissues (HPTs), PMDs and OSCC retrieved from the archives of our department. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed by using primary monoclonal antibody targeted against p53. The positivity of p53 cell count was assessed in the nucleus. <bold>Results:</bold> It was found that p53 positive cellcounts were more in OSCC as compared to PMDs and HPTs. The expression of p53 in HPTs was mainly localized to basal epithelial cells; whereas in PMDs and OSCC it involves basal and suprabasal epithelial cells. In OSCC the expression was found throughout the full thickness of epithelium (suprabasal). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The expression of p53 above the basal layer could be an early event in oral carcinogenesis and an indicator of a developing carcinoma proceeding morphological tissue alterations.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Hyperplastic tissues, immunohistochemistry, oral squamous cell carcinoma, p53, potentially malignant disorders</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA20" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR30: Nuclear fractal geometry in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A computer aided study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shanmukha RY, Pandya Jay Ashokkumar, Supriya Nikita Kapila</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Carcinogenesis follows complex molecular alterations, which are triggered by subtle chromatin architectural changes that are imperceptible to the human eye. As the treatment decisions in OSCC are hindered by the imprecise clinical stage determination and inter-observer variability in histological grading, focus in recent years has shifted to discovering markers related to neoplastic cell morphology studied through computer-aided image analysis. One such approach is the assessment of fractal geometry, a technique first described by Mandelbrot, which aids in precise assessment of architecture of natural objects. Assessment and quantification of degree of complexity of these fractal objects (self-similarities in structural complexity at different magnifying scales) is described as fractal dimension (FD). <bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the nuclear fractal dimension in OSCC using computer-aided image analysis. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Histological sections of 14 selected cases of OSCC (test) and 6 normal buccal mucosa (control) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological examination and Feulgen stain for evaluation of nuclear complexity. Fifteen HPF of Feulgen-stained sections were selected and photographed at invasive tumor front (ITF) and tumor proper (TP) of test and control cases. At ITF, TP and normal buccal mucosa, 200 nuclei each were selected and analyzed using ImageJ software to quantify FD. The test and control groups are compared statistically using Independent sample T-test and one-way ANOVA. <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> Increase in nuclear FD from normal buccal mucosa to tumor progression was seen implying quantification of nuclear architectural changes as a prognostic marker.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Carcinogenesis, oral squamous cell carcinoma, nuclear factor geometry</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA21" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR34: Cell block: A harvesting delight with histological power</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>GVV Satyakiran, Soumya M, Sudhakara M Reshma V, Paremala K, Radhika MB</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> The cell block technique refers to paraffin embedding of cellular sediments. A spectrum of different cell block techniques can be used for different samples. Examining smears from fine needle aspiration (FNA) obtained from swellings of head and neck (H&N) region and small tissue fragments (STF) less than 5 mm are usually not used for histopathological examination, but have the capacity to provide adjuvant diagnostic information. But by using cell block technique with the same samples, definitive diagnosis and tumor categorization can be done. <bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the viability of cell block as a complementary method for the diagnosis of swellings and pathologies of head and neck region. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Ten samples of FNA and 5 STF from different pathologies of H&N were collected, centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 min, sediment obtained was fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours, cell block was prepared using bacterial agar method and 4 μm sections were stained and analyzed by light microscopy. <bold>Results:</bold> The different cases had distinct morphological features on cell block and they were identical to those seen in histopathological sections. C<bold>onclusion:</bold> Cell blocks should be considered in all FNA as an alternative for smear. Representative STF can also be utilized to the fullest using cell block technique. The sections obtained from cell block are comparable to histological section and can be preserved for a long duration and therefore studies using special stains, immunocytochemical and molecular biomarkers have infinite possibilities. Cell blocks also aid in the therapeutic planning of the pathology.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cell block, fine needle aspiration, small tissue fragments</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA22" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR35: Age estimation using thermally altered tooth cementum: “A forensic outlook”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pavithra V, Spoorthi BR</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Forensic odontologists routinely come across the task of estimating the age at death of human skeletal remains. Individuals may be exposed to extreme heat in a number of scenarios, including bomb blast, fire and gas accidents, etc. Teeth are among the most durable structures in human body and hence the age estimation using teeth is a possibility. Hence, in our study we made an attempt to use cemental annulations for age estimation in thermally altered teeth. <bold>Aim:</bold> To estimate the age of an individual using cemental annulations of teeth subjected to different temperatures. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Freshly extracted 30 permanent teeth of known age were collected and divided into three groups of 10 each and were exposed to temperatures of 100°C (Group I), 300°C (Group II) and 600°C (Group III) respectively using laboratory furnace. Teeth were then subjected to ground sectioning for microscopic examination. Only dark cemental lines in the middle third of root were counted to obtain the ‘estimated age’. Then the estimated age was compared with the known actual age. <bold>Results:</bold> Regression analysis was done and the value of regression coefficient (R) obtained for Group I was 0.350a and Group II was 0.178a, which established a better correlation between the actual age and the estimated age with Group I than compared to Group II. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Tooth cemental annulations can be used as a reliable tool for age estimation in thermally altered specimens.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Age estimation, cemental annulations, temperature</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA23" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR42: Permeability of areca nut and pan masala solutions in oral mucosa of rats</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Dipti Dutta, Kamath VV, Komali R, Lavanya RM, Shruthi SK</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> The habit of areca nut chewing in various forms (natural, processed, or commercial forms like pan masala and gutka) has gained immense popularity among the Indian population. It is the fourth most addictive psychoactive substance consumed. The nut contains the major alkaloid, arecoline that is capable of permeating the oral mucosa and inducing an increase in the collagen production and decrease in collagen degradation, thus resulting in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). The overall effect of arecoline is dependent on the extent of its permeation in the oral mucosa which is a complex phenomenon and reflects the structure and pathologic status of the tissue as well as nature of the penetrant. OSF is characterized by specific epithelial changes which will also alter the permeability characteristics of the tissue. <bold>Aims and Objectives:</bold> The present study aimed to evaluate tissue changes in the rat buccal mucosa subjected to various forms of areca nut (raw, roasted and boiled), pan masala extracts and pure arecoline solution over a period of 36 weeks and to determine the extent of permeability of the tissues histologically. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The experimental model consisted of healthy inbred SD rats divided into six groups, namely; raw, boiled, roasted areca nut, pan masala, pure arecoline and the control (untreated) group treated with the respective extracts every alternate day for a period of 36 weeks. The animals were sacrificed randomly at regular intervals and mucosal tissues harvested were placed in Franz diffusion chamber for a period of 24 and 72h. The tissues obtained were assessed for their depth of permeation at 24 and 72h, epithelium thickness, keratin thickness and depth of fibrosis. <bold>Result and Conclusion:</bold> The rat tissues treated with various forms of areca nut, pan masala and pure arecoline exhibited distinct histological changes as compared to the untreated tissues. The histological changes included a consistent increase in the deposition of compacted collagen fibers, thinning of epithelium with partial or complete loss of rete ridges and a decrease in the vascularity. An overall increase in the depth of permeation was noted over a period of time. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Pearson's correlation test revealed a significant correlation for the depth of permeation with the keratin thickness (pure arecoline, raw, boiled and pan masala group) and with the epithelium thickness (boiled and roasted group). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Areca nut consumption in different forms (natural or processed) has deleterious effects on the oral mucosa consistent with the findings of OSF. These effects also alter the permeability characteristics of the tissue resulting in increased permeability and further damage to the tissue by the constituents of the nut.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Areca nut, oral mucosa, permeability</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA24" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR43: Effect of various forms of arecanut in the experimental induction of oral submucous fibrosis in buccal mucosa of sprague: Dawley rats</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Raghavendra N, Kamath VV, Komali R, Lavanya RM, Shruthi SK</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Arecanut is considered to be the main etiological agent in the development of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). It is consumed in various forms like raw, roasted, boiled and also in commercial preparations like pan masala and gutkha. Arecanut alkaloid, arecoline, on hydrolysis; produces arecaidine that has pronounced effects on fibroblasts which results in fibroblast proliferation, increased production of collagen and decreased degradation of collagen leading to increased deposition of collagen in the submucosa. <bold>Aims and Objectives:</bold> To observe the tissue changes in Sprague-Dawley rat buccal mucosa upon application of extracts of various forms of areca nut (raw, roasted and boiled), pan masala and arecoline histologically. The histological changes were qualified using hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and van Gieson's stains and quantified using image analysis software (LYNX BIOLUXAUTO). <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The buccal mucosa of experimental rats (Sprague-Dawley) were subjected to applications of extracts of various forms of arecanut/pan masala and arecoline on every alternate days for a period of 9 months. The experimental study group consists of raw, roasted, boiled, pan masala, arecoline and control groups. <bold>Results:</bold> The raw, roasted, boiled arecanut, pure arecoline and pan masala treated tissues showed more histological changes in comparison to the control. The histological changes included a decrease in epithelium thickness, keratin thickness and vascularity and an increase in the depth of fibrosis; these findings were consistent with the development of OSF. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Pearson's correlation test revealed that for the depth of fibrosis a significant positive correlation existed between all the groups. A significant positive correlation was also noticed between the control, roasted, boiled and pure arecoline groups with relation to epithelial thickness. Also for the keratin thickness and the vascularity, a significant correlation was found between the control, boiled, pure arecoline and pan masala groups. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Consumption of arecanut in various forms has harmful effects on the oral mucosa leading to development of OSF. Our study revealed that the raw, pan masala (commercial preparation) treated groups showed the maximum deleterious changes in the oral mucosa as compared to the roasted, boiled and pure arecoline treated groups. This probably could be attributed to the changes in the constituents of the nut during the processing procedures.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Arecanut, arecoline, OSF, pan masala</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA25" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR44: Mapping the stem cell reserves in normal oral mucosa and potentially malignant disorders</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Preethi Somashekhar, Kamath VV, Komali R, Lavanya RN, Shruthi SK</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. Shymala Reddy College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Stem cells are pluripotent cells with self-renewal ability. Stem cells can be detected in embryonic tissue, adult differentiated tissue and tumors. Tumor cells also exhibit self-renewal property and have potential to cause neoplasm. The presence of stem cells in potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity may be responsible for the development of cancer. Embryonic stem cell markers, OCT 4 and SOX 2 expression in normal and potentially malignant disorders may help in understanding their role in the carcinogenesis process. <bold>Aim of the Study:</bold> The study is done to evaluate the expression of OCT 4 and SOX 2, embryonic stem markers in the human normal oral mucosa and potentially malignant disorder by immunohistochemical assay. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The immunohistochemical markers OCT 4 and SOX 2 were assessed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue sections of the normal oral mucosa, hyperkeratotic lesions, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus and oral submucous fibrosis for the presence of stem cells. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> The results were statistically analyzed using descriptive analysis and chi-square test. <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> A mapping of the stem cell areas in varying regions of the oral mucosa and potential malignant oral lesions was done.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Embryonic, OCT 4, SOX 2, stem cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA26" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR45: Oral candida flora in a group of Indian patients with Thalassemia</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>M Shivaratna, Nirosha Gajjada, Prasanna MD, Surekha, Kranthi Kumar Reddy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Thalassemia constitutes large group of immune-compromised patients in our country with multiple hematological, immunological and endocrine disorders making them susceptible to local and systemic opportunistic yeast infections. Candida constitutes the main yeast flora in oral cavity. <bold>Objectives:</bold> The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis in patients with thalassemia through colonization and speciation. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with thalassemia and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The samples were collected using concentrated oral rinse technique and then streaked onto plates of Sabouraud's dextrose agar and incubated at 37°C for 48h. The isolates were then subjected for speciation with Hi-chrome agar. <bold>Statistical Method:</bold> Pearson's chi-square test is used. <bold>Results:</bold> The mean Candida count was significantly higher in thalassemia patients compared with the healthy group. In patients with age group of 0-5years and 11-15years, there is a significant increase in Candida count. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The prevalence of oral candidiasis in a group of Indian population with thalassemia is significantly less when compared to Western population. Among the positive cases, oral candidiasis is comparatively more in the age group of 0-5 years emphasizing the need of oral prophylaxis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dextrose agar, oral candidiasis, prophylaxis, thalassemia</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA27" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR47: Microwave decalcification and conventional decalcification method of teeth: A comparative study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sunil Nayak, Neerav Dutta</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maitri College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Durg, Chattisgarh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Decalcification of hard tissue is one of the most technique sensitive procedures in histopathology laboratory. Decalcification is carried out by various chemical agents with different methods. The microwave oven has been quite used for tissue processing. In this study, we have attempted to decalcify teeth using a microwave oven and compare the process with routine decalcifying agents. <bold>Aims and Objectives:</bold> The objectives of the study were to determine and compare conventional decalcification with microwave decalcification of teeth using 5% nitric acid, 5% formic acid and 14% ethylene diaminete traacetic acid (EDTA) with respect to speed of decalcification, preservation of tissue structure and staining efficacy. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> In the present study, total sample size used for both conventional and microwave decalcification was 30 extracted premolar teeth. The three solutions were dilute nitric acid (5%), formic acid (5%) and EDTA (14%). Each set consisting of the same type of teeth in each of the three decalcifying solutions were used in both manual method and microwave method. <bold>Results:</bold> The results in the present study confirmed the fact that the microwave method using nitric acid was indeed the fastest decalcifying method compared with conventional decalcification. In the conventional method, nitric acid gave poor cellular detail when compared with microwave method. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our study concluded that microwave oven decalcification is faster than conventional decalcification irrespective of the decalcifying agents used. The tissue preservation and staining efficacy was good in microwave nitric acid decalcification compared to conventional nitric acid decalcification. Both formic acid and EDTA showed good tissue preservation and staining efficacy irrespective of the method used.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Decalcification, EDTA, microwave, nitric acid</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA28" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR48: Effect of nicotine on cariogenic micro-organism: A pilot study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Amit Wasti, Gaurav Dhani, Nehal Rathode</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maitri Dental College, Anjora, Chhattisgarh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> The tobacco plant, Nicotianatabacum, has been responsible for more deaths than any other herb. However, the literature has also been endowed with its use as “holy herb”. Used for treating pain, poisonous bites, ulcers, nasal polyps and even used as tobacco vaccines against streptococcus species as highlighted in the literature. <bold>Aims:</bold> To elicit the anti-microbial property of tobacco against streptococcus mutans, streptococcus faecalis in raw smokeless tobacco. To study the relationship of duration and growth inhibition efficacy of smokeless tobacco. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Extracts were prepared by centrifugation of mixed raw smokeless tobacco with Ringer's lactate solution and with saliva. The extracts were placed in wells prepared on Mitis salivarius culture plate and incubated at 37° C for 24 hours after 0 hour, 1 hour and 2 hours of extract preparation. The inhibition zones were measured on the underside of the plate using vernier calipers. <bold>Results:</bold> Nicotine has a statistically significant zone of inhibition, which proves its anti-microbial activity against <italic>Streptococcus mutans</italic> and <italic>Streptococcus faecalis</italic>. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The use of smokeless tobacco product is not advised as an anti-caries measure in any raw form due to the known cariogenic potential of tobacco. Furthermore the use of smokeless tobacco as anti-caries measure, an attempt should be made to examine the tobacco leaves systematically for substance of high therapeutic value.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Anti-caries, nicotine, streptococcus, tobacco leaves</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA29" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR49: Methyl greenpyronin in oral epithelial dysplasia and normal oral mucosa</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Vidhya J, Lavanya VLN, Nandini C Mohan, Jagadeesh Kumar, Uma Swaminathan, Nagamalini BR</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Amrith Educational and Cultural Society (AECS) Maaruthi College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Context/Background:</bold> The nucleolus is the mirror for a series of metabolic changes that characterize cell proliferation. The histopathologic alterations in dysplastic epithelia are similar to those of squamous cell carcinoma which include enlarged, hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei with large prominent nucleoli. As the amount of preribosomal proteins increase in these cancerous cells, they may exhibit amphophilic to eosinophilic nucleoli upon staining with hematoxylin and eosin stain owing to difficulty in their recognition. <bold>Aims:</bold> This study aims to ease the identification of nucleoli by using a differential stain methyl greenpyronin (MGP) and thus aid in grading of dysplasia. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Nine cases of blindly selected dysplastic lesions and two cases of normal oral mucosa was deparaffinized; one set of slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and other with MGP. Randomly selected 100 cells in the superficial and intermediate layers were counted and number of cells with prominent nucleoli in both the sets of slides was noted. <bold>Statistical Analysis Used:</bold> Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation method. <bold>Results:</bold> Prominent nucleoli were better appreciated with MGP than with H and E. Also there was an increase in the number of prominent nucleoli noted with a significant <italic>P</italic>-value = 0.0180 for mild dysplasia in the same. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The statistical results confirm that MGP can better highlight nucleoli and can be used to grade dysplasia, with a further need for study in large sample size.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Methyl green pyronin, oral epithelial dysplasia, prominent nucleoli</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA30" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR50: Palatal rugae: True bioindicator in forensics???</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Tarunya N, Amber, Manasa V, Anjana Muralidharan P, Deepak A, Supriya P Jain</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Palatal rugae (PR) are asymmetrical and irregular elevations of the mucosa in the anterior third of the palate, arranged in a transverse direction from the palatine raphe located in the mid-sagittal plane. When identification of an individual by other methods is difficult, PR may be considered as an alternative source of information enabling the search field to be narrowed. <bold>Aims and Objectives:</bold> The purpose of this short study is to check for changes in rugae pattern in pre- and post-orthodontically-treated patients using manual technique and software-assisted techniques, subject them to statistical analysis and compare the efficacy of both the techniques. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fifty cases each of pre- and post-orthodontically-treated patients casts, divider, scale and Fiji software. Landmarks on the maxillary cast; the mid palatine raphe; and medial and lateral points of first, second and third ruga were marked. Length of each ruga, the inter-ruga distance and distance of each ruga from the mid palatine raphae were measured manually using divider and scale and with the help of Fiji software. <bold>Results:</bold> The present study showed significant change in rugae pattern in post-orthodontically-treated patients. Manual Method: Statistically significant values were obtained in relation to length of first ruga (<italic>P</italic> - value: 0.005), second ruga (<italic>P</italic> - value: 0.007) and third ruga (<italic>P</italic> - value: 0.002). Statistically significant values were obtained in relation to inter-ruga distance between first and second rugae (<italic>P</italic> - value: 0.002) and between first and third rugae (<italic>P</italic> - value: 0.003). <bold>Software Method:</bold> No significant values were obtained using this method. In addition our study showed that manual method was comparatively better than software-assisted method, which probably attributes to the measurements recorded in three dimensions. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Though PR are unique to every individual, past dental history at the time of autopsy should be considered as changes in PR pattern can be seen in post-orthodontically treated patients.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Forensic, orthodontically treated, palatal rugae, pattern</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA31" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR53: Prevalence of odontogenic pathologies: One-year single institutional study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Jissy George, B Sekar, Maya Ramesh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vinayaka Mission's Sankarachariyar Dental College, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Odontogenic cysts and tumors are lesions that tend to arise from the tooth apparatus or its remnants. These tumors originate through some aberration from the normal pattern of odontogenesis. <bold>Aim:</bold> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of odontogenic cysts and tumors from the biopsy specimens received to the department of oral pathology VMSDC, Salem during the year 2013-2014. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Data of odontogenic cysts and tumors diagnosed between 2013 July and 2014 July were collected from the histopathology register of the Department of Oral Pathology, VMSDC, Salem and it was categorized based on age, sex and site. <bold>Results:</bold> Out of the total 70 cases, 36 were males and 34 were females. Thirty of the lesions were seen in maxilla and 40 were in mandible. Twenty-four patients were in the 5-25 age group, 39 patients in the 26-50 age group and 7 patients in the 51-75 age group. <bold>Discussion and Conclusion:</bold> Most of the reported studies showed dentigerous cyst as the commonest cyst, while our study showed odontogenic keratocyst as the commonest one. In our study dentigerous cyst, peri-apical cyst and inflammatory odontogenic cyst followed odontogenic keratocyst in the descending order of frequency. Among the odontogenic tumors, ameloblastoma was the most prevalent tumor. Posterior mandible was the most common anatomic site of odontogenic pathologies in our study just like other studies. Enucleation was the most common procedure performed to treat cysts, ameloblastomas were resected or excised.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Odontogenic pathologies, tooth apparatus, pattern of odontogenesis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA32" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR54: GLUT-1: Is it a novel marker in diagnosing vascular hamartomas?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>R Raghini, Renu Ravikumar, Pratibha Ramani, Anuja Natesan, Herald Sherlin, Gheena Sukumaran</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> GLUT-1 also known as glucose transporter member 2, is a uniporter protein, encoded by SLC2 A1 gene. GLUT-1 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane. GLUT-1 has received special attention as a sensitive and specific marker of hemangiomas. The high GLUT-1 protein expression in endothelia of hemangiomas reveals the intrinsic characteristics of endothelial phenotypes and permits the distinction from other benign vascular tumors. <bold>Aim:</bold> To analyze, the immunohistochemical expression of GLUT-1 in diagnosing the vascular hamartomas from other benign vascular tumors. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Sample size <italic>n</italic> = 5, concerning with age were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Immunohistochemistry was done using anti-GLUT-1 antibody and the expression was graded in terms of proportion and intensity. <bold>Results and conclusion:</bold> The expression of GLUT-1 in vascular hamartomas and its significance shall be discussed.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> GLUT-1, GLUT-1 immunohistochemistry, hemangioma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA33" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR56: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of DNA from cytological smears: Oral rinse cytology and scrape cytology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Rupal Parihar, Manisha S Tijare, Sandeep Gupta, Vidhi Mathur, Kamal, Ami Desai</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, People's College of Dental Science and Reserch Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Oral cytology is nowadays becoming important in the early diagnosis of oral cancer which is the sixth most common malignancy in the world. The cytological methods — oral rinse and oral scrape are not only simple and rapid, but also suitable for analysis by cytomorphometry, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cytometry and molecular analyses. Polymerase chain reaction is a powerful molecular technique and recently it has been introduced in cytology for molecular analysis. <bold>Aim:</bold> The aim of the study is to assess the quality and quantity of DNA from Papanicolaou (PAP)-stained smears prepared from scrape method and rinse cytology method. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> DNA extraction of 60 samples (30 oral rinse cytology and 30scrape cytology) by the phenol-chloroform method for PAP-stained cytological smears was carried out. Quantitative assessment of extracted DNA was measured by using Picodrop method, whereas, the quality, that is, the amplifiability of extracted DNA was interpreted by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using β-globin gene. <bold>Results:</bold> Results were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and paired <italic>t</italic>-test which showed the quantity and quality of DNA was better by rinse cytology method. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Oral cytology is reemerging diagnostic tool in oral cancer, would allow the molecular biological analysis by using the PCR. Our results showed that the oral rinse cytology procedure provided satisfactory amount of DNA as compared to scrape cytological method.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> DNA extraction, oral rinse cytology and scrape cytology, PCR</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA34" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR57: Estimation of serum C-reactive protein levels and its correlation with HPV in patients with potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Akanksha Banga, Nikita Gulati, Maumita Bhattacharya, Navneet Kaur, Devi Charan Shetty, Showket Hussain<sup>1</sup></bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, ITS Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, <sup>1</sup>Institute of Cytopathology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among all cancers is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. This can be attributed to lack of awareness among common population related to oral cancers. Apart from tobacco, other risk factors like human papillomavirus (HPV) have been associated with it. The development of a serum biomarker panel for early detection and disease monitoring is, therefore, warranted. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been shown to be associated with tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, staging and survival in patients with OSCC. <bold>Aims:</bold> The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationship between preoperative levels of CRP and presence of HPV in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and OSCC to predict their aggressiveness. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Thirty histopathologically-confirmed cases of OPMDs, OSCC and an equal number of controls from North Indian population were analyzed for HPV infection and CRP expression by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. <bold>Results:</bold> On analysis of level of CRP, significantly higher level of CRP in OPMDs and OSCC compared to controls was observed. Significant differences in levels of CRP were also observed among OPMD and OSCC cases showing positivity for HPV, having higher levels of CRP. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The present study demonstrates that elevated CRP is an independent prognostic factor inOSCC. CRP level, therefore, has significant potential as a biomarker to identify patients at risk of cancer transformation or relapse.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> C-reactive protein, HPV, oral potentially malignant disorders, oral squamous cell carcinoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA35" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR59: Raison d’etre behind toothbrush bristle designs in India</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Deepti Upadhyay, Nitasha Gupta, Plabita Majumder, Sherin Nair, Arti Mewara, Narendra Nath Singh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Ninety-nine toothbrushes with hundreds of the most sought-after designs portrayed in full color. Both past and presently available toothbrushes with different bristle design claim to have a beneficial effect in the prevention of dental plaque. What role does the bristle design have in reducing plaque, which is considered to be a direct marker for the cariogenic activity, is attempted. <bold>Aims and Objective:</bold> An attempt to</p><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Compare the plaque reduction by four different manual toothbrushes bristle designs.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Explore the mechanics of toothbrush bristle designing.</p></list-item></list></p><p><bold>Materials and Methods</bold>: The study was examiner blind cross-over design assessing the plaque removal efficacy of all four brushes on a single occasion. Forty subjects aged 18-25 years participated in the study. On day 1 of each test period, the subjects were rendered plaque free and were asked to suspend oral hygiene practices for 24 hours. On day 2, the subjects were scored for plaque prior to brushing using the Turesky-Gilmore modification of Quigley-Hein plaque index. The subjects then brushed with the allocated toothbrush for 2 minutes and the post-brushing plaque scores were assessed. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Paired <italic>t</italic>-test, ANOVA and Unpaired <italic>t</italic>-test. <bold>Results:</bold> All the brushes showed a significant reduction in the post-brushing plaque scores (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001) and mean reduction in the plaque scores for all the brushes was around 71%. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The data derived from the study supports the contention of many researchers that there is no single superior design of manual toothbrush.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cariogenic, dental plaque, dental plaque index, oral hygiene</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA36" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR61: Artifacts count technical negligence: A study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Narinder Kumar, GP Rathod, Komal Rana, Shruti Mehta</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, PDM Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Artifact refers to “an artificial structure or tissue alteration on a prepared microscopic slide caused by some extraneous factors”. Some artifacts are easily distinguishable from normal or diseased tissue components and some are difficult to distinguish from such entities. Biopsy specimens of oral cavity are of small size and fine texture resulting into higher effectiveness of artifacts on them. These artifacts even lead to complete uselessness of the tissue. It is important to know and understand about artifacts as by learning to recognize them, we can avoid misdiagnosis. <bold>Aims and Objectives:</bold> To identify commonly occurring artifacts and their incidence in oral biopsies and to improve the surgical and tissue processing techniques for future biopsies to minimize the artifacts. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Total 200 oral biopsies (hematoxylin and eosin stained) were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, PDM Dental College & Research Institute, Bahadurgarh, were analyzed for various histopathological artifacts. Tissue obtained from gingiva, inflammatory lesion, decalcified sections and malignant lesions were included. Photomicrographs were taken and then artifacts calculated as an absolute number and as a percentage of the total number. <bold>Results:</bold> In tissue processing artifacts can occur at any step. Highest frequency of fragmentation artifacts (84.0%), folds (78.5%) and minimum frequency of crush artifacts (13.0%) were noted. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In present study most of artifacts occurred during sections transferring from microtome to slides as split of tissue and folds.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Artifacts, folds, fragmentation/splits, oral-biopsy, photomicrograph</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA37" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR63: Radiographic assessment of pulp stones: A retrospective study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Jose George, Rose Mary David, Rekha Krishna Pillai, Bindhu PR, Priya Thomas</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Annoor Dental College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Pulp stones are discrete calcifications and can be identified in periapical and bitewing radiographs. Stones may exist freely within pulp tissue or attached to or embedded in dentine. They are more frequently present in the coronal than in the radicular portion of the pulp with a predominating tendency to appear in the maxillary teeth especially the maxillary first molar. Pulp stones have been noted in patients with systemic diseases like cardiovascular conditions, diabetes mellitus and hypertension or in genetic diseases like dentin dysplasia, dentinogenesis imperfecta and Van der Woude syndrome. Etiopathogenesis of pulp stone is still not clear in spite of many microscopic and histochemical studies. <bold>Aim:</bold> This retrospective study was planned to correlate the association of pulp stones with age, gender, dental arch and any dental or systemic diseases. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A total of 2,500 radiographic records of our institution were examined. They were categorized on the presence or absence of pulp stones from radiographs and then assessed for relevant data including age, gender, location and dental and systemic disorders. <bold>Results:</bold> Overall prevalence of pulp stones in both the gender was 28.9% (723/2,500). Out of 723 cases, 411 females and 312 males had pulpstones. More number of pulp stones was observed in females (56.8%) than males (43.1%). Pulp stones were significantly higher in maxilla than mandible (Max. = 67.3%, M and. = 32.6%). The prevalence of pulp stones in age group from 32 to 42 years showed higher pulp stones as compared to other groups (29.3%). The prevalence of pulp stones in dental conditions includes; caries -25.5%, periodontitis- 28.8%, restored - 16.5% and orthodontically-treated teeth -18.9%. The prevalence of pulp stones in hyperlipidemic patients were 24.7%, renal stones were 21.7% and diabetic were 7.5%. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Pulp stones have been identified as useful screening method for certain systemic disorders.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Hyperlipidemic, pulp stones, screening, systemic</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA38" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR64: Assessment of apoptotic index, mitotic index and inflammation in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A light microscopic study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sherin Mathew, Rekha Krishnapillai, Bindhu PR, Priya Thomas</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Annoor Dental College, Ernakulam, Kerala, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Most chronic diseases have been associated with deregulated inflammatory response. An imbalance between apoptosis and cell proliferation is believed to underlie cancer development. Assessment of cell proliferation has become popular as a means of predicting the behavior of tumors. It is established that disruption in apoptotic pathways can contribute to onset and development of cancers. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) evolves through a sequence of changes from oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) of varying degrees to frank malignancy. In the present era where numerous sophisticated techniques to assess inflammatory response, cell proliferation and cell death have emerged as prognostic tools, an attempt is made to identify those parameters and to study any possible correlation with tumor grades. <bold>Aims:</bold> To evaluate apoptotic index (AI), mitotic index (MI), inflammatory cell infiltration in OED and OSCC and to correlate them with histological grading of OED and OSCC. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study will be a retrospective analysis of clinically and pathologically diagnosed archival cases of various grades of OED (<italic>n</italic> = 30) and OSCC (<italic>n</italic> = 30). Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained sections will be examined using ×100 magnification and from 10 fields 100 epithelial cells will be evaluated for abnormal mitoses and apoptotic cells and the index will be calculated as the number of mitotic/apoptotic cells, expressed as the percentage of total number of tumor cells. To assess the inflammatory component, the number of lymphocytes/100 inflammatory cells in five high power fields will be counted. <bold>Results:</bold> The study showed statistically significant and steady decrease in apoptotic cells and increase in abnormal mitoses with higher grades of the disease. The increase in mitosis is not matched by an increase in apoptosis, so that there is trend for AI: MI to fall with disease progression. The increase in inflammatory component was not statistically significant. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Dissociation of apoptotic and mitosis may be of crucial importance in development of OSCC in preexisting dysplasia. Light microscopy though less sensitive is a rapid, easy and economic method to study the above parameters. Larger samples can be studied to imply apoptotic markers/AI: MI index as predictors of response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Apoptosis, dysplasia, markers, mitosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA39" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR65: Histopathologic spectrum of peripheral cemento-ossifying fibromas- a descriptive study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Tess y Lukose, Ashin Joy, Lekshmi Venugopal</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mar Baselios Dental College, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam, Kerala, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Peripheral cemento-ossifying fibromas appear clinically as a gingival nodule which is well demarcated and occasionally encapsulated, composed of a cellular fibroblastic connective tissue stroma associated with formation of randomly dispersed foci of mineralized brit products consisting of bone, cementum-like tissue or dystrophic calcification. <bold>Aim:</bold> To study the histopathological spectrum of cases diagnosed as peripheral cemento-ossifying fibromas. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Eight cases reported during a period of 2011-2014 which were diagnosed histopathologically as peripheral cemento-ossifying fibromas were used for the study. Data on age, sex and site of occurrence were collected. The connective tissue stroma, mineralization pattern, inflammatory cell components and surface epithelium were studied for these lesions. <bold>Statistical Analysis used:</bold> Chi-square test. <bold>Results:</bold> Surface epithelium was ulcerated in 87.5% and atrophic in 50% of cases. The connective tissue stroma showed two patterns (1) Highly cellular connective tissue (37.5%) and (2) fibrous connective tissue with minimal cellularity (50%). The mineralization within these lesions showed three patterns (1) Thin trabeculae of lamellar or woven bone distributed throughout the lesion (25%); (2)lamellar bone appearing as a thick trabeculae occurring in a focal area (75%) and (3) globular cementoid calcifications (12.5%). The inflammatory cells were chronic consisting predominantly of lymphocytes and plasma cells with 75% of cases showing moderate inflammation. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Peripheral cemento-ossifying fibromas are usual pathologies occurring on gingiva. So it is important that pathologists should be aware of the various histopathological patterns these lesions can present.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dystrophic calcification, globular cementoid calcification, peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA40" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR71: Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava and Punica granatum on Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An In-vitro study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sneha S, Paranjyothi MV, Kumaraswamy KL, Manjunath K</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Farooqia Dental College, Mysore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Antimicrobial agents have been used to eliminate oral pathogens. The excessive use of conventional antimicrobial agents may cause microbial resistance, imbalance in oral flora and numerous adverse effects. These drawbacks have provoked researchers to search alternate novel antimicrobial agents that are safe and specific for oral pathogens. The use of plants as therapeutic agents has been gaining interest due to its reduced adverse effects. <italic>Psidium guajaya</italic> and <italic>Punica granatum</italic> are natural fruits that have shown to have antimicrobial property on various organisms. <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> is one of the major causes of failed root canal therapy, while <italic>Candida albicans</italic> being an oral commensal, can cause oropharyngeal infections. <bold>Aims and objectives:</bold> To evaluate the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <italic>Psidium guajava, Punica granatum</italic> against <italic>E. fecalis</italic> and <italic>C albicans</italic>. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Aqueous extracts of <italic>P granatum and P guajava</italic> were tested against oral diseases causing organisms like <italic>Candida albicans (ATCC- 2091) and Enterococcus fecalis</italic> (ATCC-35550). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined the statistical analysis was done using Student's <italic>t</italic>-test. <bold>Results:</bold><italic>P guajava</italic> and <italic>P granatum</italic> showed statistically significant antimicrobial activity against <italic>E faecalis</italic> and <italic>C albicans</italic>. Antimicrobial activity of <italic>P gaujava</italic> was more significant on <italic>E faecalis</italic> compared to <italic>P granatum</italic> and <italic>P granatum</italic> was more significant on <italic>C albicans</italic> then <italic>P gaujava</italic>. Students’ <italic>t</italic>-test was done. <bold>Conclusion:</bold><italic>Psidium guajava</italic> and <italic>Punica granatum</italic> may be used as potential antimicrobial agents against <italic>Enterococcus fecalis</italic> and <italic>Candida albicans</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> C albicans, E faecalis, Psidium guajava, Punica granatum</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA41" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR75: “Eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue: A clinicopathological analysis”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shetty Shravya Jaganath, Kaveri Hallikeri, Swetha Acharya</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Eosinophilic ulcer (EU) is an uncommon self-limiting lesion, the etiology of which remains obscure, although trauma plays a major role. Clinically, it manifests as a non-healing, solitary ulcer with elevated, indurated border and closely mimics lesions ranging from reactive to malignant, causing difficulty in diagnosis and can lead to severe over-diagnosis. <bold>Aim:</bold> Study and discuss a series of cases of eosinophilic ulcer of tongue with a clinico-pathological analysis. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Confirmed 10 cases of EU were analyzed clinically with a detailed history. H&E stained sections of 3-4 μm thickness were obtained to study the detailed histopathology. <bold>Results:</bold> Patients reported with complaints of pain (8/10) and non-healing ulcer (2/10) with a mean age of 52 years and an equal distribution among both the genders. Solitary ulcers varying from 1-3 cm in diameter were seen on the posterolateral border of the tongue with indurated, erythematous margins and existed from few days to several months. Patients had a history of tobacco usage (2/10) and an adjacent sharp tooth (4/10). The provisional diagnosis was either traumatic ulcer or malignancy. Histopathological examination revealed an ulcerated epithelium and stroma was chiefly composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and occasional histiocytes. These inflammatory cells were seen extending deep into muscle fibers showing degenerative changes and degranulated eosinophils were also evident. None of the patients reported with recurrence and uneventful healing was seen within 1-2 months. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Detailed histopathological analysis is important to differentiate lesions having similar clinical and histopathological features. In the present lesion, biopsy also initiated the healing process.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Eosinophilic ulcer, eosinophils, tongue</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA42" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR76: “Assessment of ABO blood grouping and secretor status in the saliva of the patients with oral potentially malignant disorders”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pragati Rai, Swetha Acharya, Kaveri Hallikeri</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Secretor status may possibly be one of the factors in the etiopathogenesis of oral precancerous lesions and subsequently cancer. As studies have shown the relationship between the pathogenesis of disease and secretor status, which is a possible factor influencing disease status. Studies have revealed the association between blood groups and specific diseases. <bold>Aims:</bold> To assess any association of ABO blood grouping with oral potentially malignant disorders [OPMDs] and to examine whether there is any difference in the saliva secretor status in the patients with OPMDs and healthy controls. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study consisted of 90 subjects, with 45 patients assigned to two groups (a) Patients with potentially malignant disorders and (b) healthy controls. ABO blood grouping was done and 1 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected in a sterile test tube and the Wiener agglutination test was performed to analyze the secretor status in both the groups. Chi-square test and odds ratio were used to assess the relationship between ABO blood group and OPMD. Chi square test was performed to assess the relationship between secretor status and OPMD. Probability level was fixed at ≤0.05. <bold>Results:</bold> The results demonstrated a statistically significant relation between OPMDs and secretor status (<italic>P</italic> = 0.00). In all, 87% of patients with OPMDs were non-secretors, while in the control group 16% of them were non-secretors. There was no statistically significant relationship between ABO blood groups and OPMDs (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05). <bold>Conclusions:</bold> The study confirms the inability to secrete blood group antigens in saliva of patients with OPMDs, which could be regarded as a host risk factor. Results couldn’t propose a relationship between ABO blood group and OPMDs.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> ABO blood grouping, oral potentially malignant disorders, secretor status</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA43" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR77: “Candid Candida showing kaleidoscopic appearance on CHROM agar”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Apoorva Bhondey, Tejashree Bhagwatkar, Yogitha Dhengar, Manjiri Thakur, Devendra Palve</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Context:</bold> CHROM agar for speciation of <italic>Candida</italic> is a differential culture medium which facilitates the isolation and identification of some clinically important species. Rapid identification of yeast infections is helpful in prompt appropriate anti-fungal therapy. Sabouraud dextrose agar media was compared with CHROM agar media. <bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the efficacy of CHROM agar in identification of <italic>Candida</italic> species present in saliva in oral cavity. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A total of 60 <italic>Candida</italic> species were isolated from the saliva of the patient affected by candidiasis, diabetes and periodontitis. Speciation of <italic>Candida</italic> was done using CHROM agar culture media and Sabouraud dextrose agar media along with anti-fungal susceptibility testing using amphotericin-B, fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole discs. Results of the study were statistically evaluated using Fisher's exact test. <bold>Result:</bold><italic>Candida albicans</italic> predominated over non albicans candida [<italic>C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata</italic>]. Frequency of candida isolation in Candidiasis group was (<italic>P</italic> = 0.6485), in diabetes group (<italic>P</italic> = 0.6499) and in Periodontitis (<italic>P</italic> = 0.999). Isolates were sensitive 100% to ketoconazole and 90.91% of <italic>C. albicans</italic> to amphotericin-B. Non albicans showed higher resistance to fluconazole and <italic>C. glabrata</italic> showed 57.14% resistance to itraconazole. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Advantage of using CHROM agar is that it facilitates the isolation and identification of <italic>candida</italic> to species level. Use of this medium is rapid, technically simple and cost effective when compared to time consuming, technically demanding expensive conventional methods. Rapid identification of Candida species on CHROM agar capability will help clinicians to choose appropriate anti-fungal agents.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Anti-fungal susceptibility, Candida, CHROM agar</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA44" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR78: Chemical versus natural</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Yogita Dhengar, Tejashree Bhagwatkar, Apoorvabhondey, Manjiri Thakur, Devendra Palve</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Formalin has long been standard fixative for clinical routine worldwide. As a result of increasing concerns about the potential carcinogenicity of formaldehyde, attempts have been made to find safer alternatives. By exploring more economical, ecofriendly and readily available substances like jaggery and sugar; they have been suggested as natural substitute for formalin. <bold>Aim:</bold> To compare the tissue fixation ability of sugar and jaggery syrup with that of formalin using hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain and to determine the best fixative among the two. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fifty tissue samples were obtained from gingivectomy (nonidiopathic) patients, cut into four pieces and placed in 10% formalin, 20% sugar syrup, 30% jaggery syrup and distilled water; 24 h tissue fixation was attained at room temperature followed by conventional processing and staining. Tissue sections were assessed for cytoplasmic, nuclear details and staining quality under light microscopy and whole procedure was blinded. <bold>Statistical analysis:</bold> Results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The mean score was lowest for tissue-fixed with distilled water and highest for formalin. <bold>Results:</bold> Mean values for tissue-fixed with sugar and jaggery syrup were similar to each other and closer to formalin. Among two natural fixatives, mean value of jaggery was superior. Preservation of tissue by jaggery gave good results than sugar after comparing with formalin. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Jaggery syrup for tissue fixation yielded good results. Hence, it can be successfully adopted in routine histopathology laboratories in place of formalin.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Formalin substitutes, jaggery syrup, natural tissue fixatives, sugar syrup</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA45" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR79: Safety: A prime concern</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Tejashree Bhagwatkar, Apoorva Bhondey, Yogita Dhengar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Xylene is one of the nonsubstitutable chemical used in histology laboratories. However, it is known to have many toxic effects. The exposure and handling of xylene is maximum during deparaffinizing tissue sections. <bold>Aims:</bold> To evaluate the efficacy of dishwashing soap (DWS) solution as a deparaffinizing agent for hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and compare it with xylene. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fifty paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were included. One section was stained with routine H and E staining method (Group A) and the other with DWS solution (Group B). One section was stained with routine PAS staining method (Group C) and the other with DWS solution (Group D). Slides in each group were scored for parameters; nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining (adequate = score 1 and inadequate= score 0), clarity of staining, uniformity of staining, crispness of staining (present = score 1 and absent = score 0). <bold>Statistical analysis used:</bold> Z-test. <bold>Results:</bold> Nuclear staining: Groups A and B (Z = −3.08, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05), Groups C and D (Z = 3.27, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05); cytoplasmic staining: Groups A and B (Z = 2.80, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05), Groups C and D (Z = 2.57, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05); clarity: Groups A and B (Z = −1.98, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05), Groups C and D (Z = −2.14, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05); uniformity: Groups A and B (Z = 0.42, <italic>P</italic> > 0.05), Groups C and D (Z = −0.21, <italic>P</italic> > 0.05); and crispness: Groups A and B (Z = 2.08, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05), Groups C and D (Z = 2, <italic>P</italic> < 0.05). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> DWS was found to be effective alternative deparaffinizing agent to xylene because it is not biohazardous, economical and faster deparaffinizing agent.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Deparaffinization, dishwashing soap, eosin, hematoxylin, PAS, xylene</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA46" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR80: Microwave versus conventional method of tissue processing: A desirable method with good quality and turnaround time</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Archana S, Usha Hedge, Sreeshyla H S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background and aim:</bold> Microwave irradiation was used to fix wide range of surgical and autopsy specimens. Microwave heating as a means of tissue fixation was reported in 1970, from this there has been increasing use of microwave in histopathology. Conventional formalin-fixed tissue and histoprocessing provide superior cellular morphology, but the problem with it is the longer turnaround time. This study aims to evaluate the microwave method of tissue fixation and processing as it aids in early diagnosis. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Goat buccal mucosa specimens were fixed processed according to microwave method and conventional method using four different fixatives. Tissues were fixed within 10 min using microwave method. Each tissue was fixed in each fixative and irradiated for 2 min in microwave. Microwave fixed tissues were divided into two groups. One group followed conventional method of processing and other group followed microwave method of processing. The control tissue was fixed in 10% formalin for 24 h and followed conventional method of processing. Sections were made and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E), evaluated according to parameters and results were statistically analyzed. <bold>Results:</bold> It was possible to conclude in this study that microwave fixation and processing with few fixatives showed good results in par with the conventional method. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Our study concluded that microwave method of fixation and processing is rapid, satisfactory and can be effectively applied in routine diagnostic pathology.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Fixation, microwave, processing, tissue sections</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA47" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR81: Stromal responses in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma: An adjunct prognostic indicator?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Priyanka N, Priyanka R Prasad, Usha Hegde</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, J S S Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Context:</bold> Carcinomas are malignant epithelial tumors, where tumor cells invade the stroma consisting of extracellular matrix (ECM) producing reactive changes in the stroma. ECM is a dense lattice network of collagen and elastin, embedded in a viscoelastic ground substance. Presently, the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging and histopathologic features are used in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The role of fibrous components and ground substance in different grades of neoplasia still remains to be defined. Incorporation of these concepts into a prognostic system may help to reflect the biologic diversity of oral cancer and predict clinical outcomes. <bold>Aims:</bold> The present study is aimed to evaluate the stromal changes in different grades of OSCCs. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Fifteen paraffin blocks of patients diagnosed with primary OSCC were taken from archives of Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Dental College and Hospital—five each of well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated SCC. Five cases of normal oral mucosa were used as controls. The sections were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and seven different special stains for different stromal elements and scored as follows: 0 = absent, 1 = weak and 2 = bright. <bold>Statistical Analysis will be done using:</bold> Chi-square test. <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> On microscopic examination of the stained slides, stromal changes were seen. Definitive results obtained will be discussed and conclusions drawn.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Extracellular matrix, special stains, TNM staging, OSCC</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA48" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR82: Evaluation of the nature of collagen fibers in KCOT, dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma using picrosirius red stain: A comparative study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Yukti Raj, Shylaja, MS Muni Sekhar, Raghu Vamshi, MD Raziuddin</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Venkata Sai Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Reciprocal interaction between dental epithelium and mesenchyme is thought to be crucial for normal odontogenesis. Thus, the mesenchymal influence of the fibrous capsules may play an important role in the maintenance of epithelial expression. Collagen is the major component of the extracellular matrix and possibly there is an alteration in the nature and structure of collagen in various pathological conditions. Studies have also shown that there is a difference in collagen using polarizing microscopy and probably these differences may play a role in their biologic behavior. <bold>Aim:</bold> Evaluation of the nature of collagen fibers in KCOT, dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma and correlating with their biological behavior. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Five diagnosed cases each of unicystic ameloblastoma, solid/multicystic ameloblastoma, KCOT and dentigerous cyst were taken and stained using Picrosirius red stain kit. <bold>Statistical Analysis Used:</bold> ANOVA with post-hoc multiple comparison test. <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> Collagen fibers in dentigerous cysts showed predominant yellowish-red birefringence and fibers in KCOT and ameloblastomas showed a predominantly greenish-yellow birefringence. Hence, our study suggests that the nature and character of collagen fibers may influence the clinical behavior of the lesion. Since ours is a pilot study, to corroborate our view, a study with larger sample size will be appropriate.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Collagen fibers, KCOT, ameloblastoma, dentigerous cyst</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA49" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR85: Cytological assessment of keratinization pattern and its histopathological correlation in oral leukoplakia</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shilpi Baghel, Gadiputi Sreedhar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Keratinization is a process of cytodifferentiation involving synthesis of the protein, keratin. Keratins are intermediate filament forming proteins responsible for maintaining structural integrity of keratinocytes which serves as important markers of differentiation, thus aids in diagnosis of various pathological conditions including precancerous and cancerous lesions. Leukoplakia a potentially malignant disorder associated with the use of tobacco; clinically appears as white patch due to hyperkeratinization. Exfoliative cytology in leukoplakia is performed to detect dysplasia or to study change in the keratinization pattern. Data based on histological studies show a correlation between the types of keratinization and the occurrence of epithelial atypia. There is limited data on the keratinization pattern in cytological smears and their correlation with histological sections. Hence, we made an attempt to compare keratinization pattern in cytological smears with histology of the same material. <bold>Aim:</bold> To define the type of keratinization in cytologic smears from oral leukoplakia and to compare the cytological smears with histological sections of the same material. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> This study was conducted on exfoliated buccal cells and histopathological sections of 25 individuals who were clinically diagnosed with leukoplakia. Exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were collected from the lesion by using sterile cytobrush. Smear was prepared and stained with routine Papanicolaou (PAP) and was assessed microscopically for the type of keratinization. The tissue was retrieved surgically form the same site in same individuals and processed for routine hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining. The stained sections were studied for pattern of keratinization and degree of dysplasia and correlated with cytological features. <bold>Result:</bold> The results revealed statistically significant differences in features of dysplasia in different grades. Statistical significance was defined as <italic>P</italic> < 0.05. Maximum number of leukoplakia cases showed parakeratosis (56%) followed by orthokeratosis (24%) and combination of both (20%) in histological as well as cytological interpretation. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Determination of type of keratinization assumes importance because with parakeratosis, mitotic index rises, indicating proliferative tendency which often leads to epithelial hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and even carcinoma.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Carcinoma, dysplasia, epithelial hyperplasia, keratinization</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA50" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR86: “Division: Death-hidden keys of the biological behavior of the tumor”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Tanushree Vijay Srivastava, Gadiputi Sreedhar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> With the advent of newer advanced techniques like immunochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry, nucleotide radiolabeling, etc., quantitation of apoptotic cells and mitotic figures by routine histopathological methods has been on the backseat over the decade. Light microscopy although less sensitive is a fairly reliable, simple and cost-effective method for mitotic figure and apoptotic cell counts which can facilitate identification of individuals who are at higher risk of developing carcinoma. Purpose of the study is to develop a simple prognostic tool that can be used on a daily basis for assessment of aggressiveness of the lesion. <bold>Aim:</bold> To find out a correlation between apoptotic count and mitotic figures count in different grades of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study sample included archival tissues embedded in paraffin blocks diagnosed as normal epithelium, OED and OSCC of different grades. Two serial sections (5mm thickness) were made from each tissue specimen. One section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain for counting of apoptotic cells and the other section was stained with 1% crystal violet stain for counting of mitotic figures. The counting was done under a binocular compound light microscope according to the morphological criteria proposed by Kerr <italic>et al</italic>. and van Diest <italic>et al</italic>., respectively. The counts were expressed as number of apoptotic cells/mitotic figures per 20 high power fields. Each slide was observed by two observers and were recorded separately and average value were calculated. <bold>Result:</bold> The mean apoptotic and mitotic counts increased from oral epithelial dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma which was statistically significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Despite an increase in the mean apoptotic and mitotic counts in the increasing grades of dysplasia, no statistical significance was observed. The mean apoptotic counts was observed maximum in well-differentiated SCC and towards higher grades a fall was noted which was statistically significant (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Tumors that exhibit less apoptosis tend to show aggressive behavior and have a greater proliferative potential. Because of subjective variability in grading of dysplasias and carcinomas, commenting on aggressiveness of lesion by counting apoptotic and mitotic bodies, could serve a useful tool in deciding treatment approach by a surgeon to fight against this deadliest human affliction.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Apoptotic bodies, dysplasia, mitotic bodies, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA51" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR91: Attitude towards oral biopsy among general dental practitioners in Gujarat state</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Takvani Mili D, Prachi Jariwala</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> In routine practice, an oral biopsy constitutes an essential diagnostic tool in application to patients with oral pathology. The dentist is required to detect and recognize oral lesions and inform the patient accordingly. Dentists must know not only where, when and how to perform a biopsy; but also how to manage the information derived from the procedure. However, oral biopsy is not routinely performed in general dental practice. The present study aims to explore the attitudes of general dental practitioners (GDPs) towards oral biopsy in Gujarat. <bold>Aim and Objectives:</bold> To explore the attitudes of GDPs in Gujarat state, India, towards oral biopsy for diagnosis of oral lesions. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A questionnaire was administered to 200 GDPs in Gujarat state region of India, consisting of several items addressing the sociodemographic and professional aspects and their attitudes towards oral biopsy procedures. <bold>Statistical analysis used:</bold> The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson contingency coefficient test. <bold>Results:</bold> The response rate was 100%, 73% GDPs had an oral surgeon consultant coming to their clinic, 72.5% of the GDPs refer the patient for biopsy to the specialist, whereas, only 26% of the GDPs perform biopsy on their own. 31.04% of GDPs do not perform biopsy due to lack of experience and skills. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Very few GDPs perform biopsy on their own due to lack of confidence and skills. There is a need for further training in biopsy procedures to gain confidence to perform biopsy procedures on their own for GDPs in addition to creating awareness with accessible pathology support.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Attitude, awareness, dental practitioners, skills and training</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA52" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR94: Odontogenic lesions revisited</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Mohd. Naser, Mithilesh Mishra, Deepak Bhargava, Vidyadevi Chandavarkar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Odontogenic lesions have been a subject of discussion forever. Odontogenic tumors and cysts can occur at any stage of individual's life. A thorough knowledge of the microscopy of these tumors is helpful in understanding their biological behavior and management. In the current study, all the cases of odontogenic lesions in the Department of Oral Pathology were analyzed and observed. <bold>Aim:</bold> To analyze all the cases of odontogenic tumors and cysts in the Department of Oral Pathology from 2011 to 2014 and to evaluate most common features in Noida population of Uttar Pradesh. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> All the cases of odontogenic lesions were taken from Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences from 2011 to 2014 and analyzed for their most common variant, age, gender and other features. <bold>Results:</bold> The study showed that among all the odontogenic lesions, odontogenic cysts (72%) were more common than odontogenic tumors (28%). Odontogenic lesions also showed a wide age of occurrence starting from 10 to 81 years. Out of all the cysts, radicular cyst was most common (50%) followed by dentigerous cyst (41%), whereas in odontogenic tumors, ameloblastoma was most common and second most common odontogenic tumor was odontome and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Among all the odontogenic lesions, cysts are more common than tumors. Radicular cyst is commonest and occurs in all the age group and ameloblastoma is the commonest tumor.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Adenomatoid, ameloblastoma, dentigerous cyst, odontome, radicular cyst</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA53" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR95: Expression of bcl2 in varying grades of oral epithelial dysplasia: An Immunohistochemical study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Heena Sadiq, Animesh Kumar Shivam, Puneet Ahuja, Thanuja R, Bhudev Sharma, Annu Yadav</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, ITS Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>The proto-oncogene bcl2 is associated with follicular lymphoma involving translocation t (14;18) (q32;q21) and is also over-expressed in various neoplasms. Investigations into the sequential over-expression of the oncoproteins in oral epithelial dysplasia are lacking and the possible role of bcl2 in oral tumor progression remains unknown. <bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the expression of bcl2 in varying grades of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Immunohistochemical analyses were carried out in 30 cases of epithelial dysplasia,10 cases each of mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and severe dysplasia. Statistical analysis was performed by using chi-square test and a probability of <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 was considered as significant. <bold>Result and Conclusion:</bold> Over-expression of this oncoprotein was seen as the grade of epithelial dysplasia increased, suggesting the role of this oncoprotein in early stages of tumor progression.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Proto oncogene, BCL-2, Oral epithelial dysplasia</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA54" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR96: “Surrogate diagnostic approach for oral submucous fibrosis: An immunohistochemical study”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Ishani Ratan, Puneet Ahuja, Anu Yadav</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, ITS Dental College Hospital and Research Centre, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disorder with high risk of malignant transformation. Recognition of this condition is so clear-cut that it is considered as a spot diagnosis due to its well-known etiology of areca nut use. But its malignant transformation needs histopathology, which is considered to be gold standard for diagnosis. The malignant transformation is often associated with changes at the genetic level that in turn is reflected by the altered expression of protein related to cell proliferation. <bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the expression of Ki67 in Oral Submucous Fibrosis. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Immunohistochemical staining was done to detect Ki67 in 10 cases of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) and compared to normal tissue. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Data were entered and analyzed and the chi-square test was undertaken to analyze the differences between the intensity levels, in normal and OSF. <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> The labeling indices (LI) of OSF for Ki67 were made and a range of Ki67 LI was observed. The Ki67 profile of OSF was found altered from normal in our study; hence, this marker could be used as surrogate markers of malignant transformation in OSF.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cell proliferation, Ki-67, malignant transformation, oral submucous fibrosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA55" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR98: Effect of pomegranate juice on dental plaque microorganism (S. mutans) and its efficacy with Listerine mouthwash</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Abhishek Prakash, Pulkit Gupta, Jazib Nazeer, Neeraj Grover, Sanjeet Singh, Nishant Singh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Divya Jyoti College of Dental Sciences and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> ‘We are what we eat’—Some of the gravest health problems can be caused by food and yet, food can also be a cure for many as an ailment. <italic>Punica granatum</italic>, commonly known as pomegranate, is found to be beneficial in reducing plaque microorganisms. <bold>Aims:</bold> To evaluate the effect of pomegranate juice on dental plaque microorganisms (<italic>Streptococcus mutans</italic>). To compare its efficacy with Listerine mouthwash. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Thirty healthy volunteers aged 25-30 years were included in the study and divided into three group containing 10 subjects (Group 1: Distilled water, group 2: Listerine mouthwash and Group 3: Pomegranate juice). Plaque material was collected before and after 20min mouthrinse with 15 ml of distilled water, Listerine and pomegranate juice. Plaque samples were send for culture. Culture media used was tryptone yeast extract cysteine with sucrose and bacitracin. Number of colony forming units (CFUs) were counted using colony counter and expressed as CFU/mg dry weight of plaque. <bold>Statistical analysis:</bold> Wilcoxon's signed rank test and nonparametric analog to a paired <italic>t</italic>-test. <bold>Results:</bold> The mean number of CFU of <italic>Streptococcus mutans</italic> before and after rinsing pomegranate juice was 101.60 and 68.30, respectively. The result of present study revealed that pomegranate juice is more effective in reducing CFU/mg compared to Listerine mouthwash. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> More controlled trials using different concentrations of pomegranate juice are necessary to verify its action upon supragingival microflora.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dental plaque, listerine mouthwash, pomegranate juice, Sstreptococcus mutans</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA56" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR99: Review of odontogenic cysts</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>E Angaiyarkkanni, M Deepasri</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Odontogenic cyst are unique in that they only affect the maxillofacial region, arise from embryological remnants of dental organ and have typical histopathological features. The correct diagnosis of Odontogenic cyst is important as some have aggressive behavior and tendency to recur. <bold>Aim:</bold> The aim of this poster is to provide a review of odontogenic cysts with regards to the site of the lesion, age and clinical presentation. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> One-hundred patients presented to the Department of Oral Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital with cystic lesions in the jaws during a 15 year period from 2000-2014 were analyzed. Fifty-nine percent of patients were male and 41% were females with age range from 10-80 years. <bold>Statistics:</bold> Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS20. <bold>Results:</bold> Among 100 patients 45% of lesions were diagnosed as Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC), 28% as Dentigerous cysts (DC) and 27% as other cysts. The lesions occurred predominantly in males, in the age-group of 21-30 years. Among children DC was common in the mandible. OKCs and DCs typically presented within the posterior mandible and ramus, equally in both gender with distinct clinical and radiographic features, which narrows the diagnosis. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> DC is the most frequently encountered lesion next to OKC. The high recurrence and proliferative pathogenicity of OKC makes it significant compared to others.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dentigerous cyst, odontogenic cysts, OKC, proliferative pathogenicity</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA57" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR101: An add-on technique to diagnose and differentiate between fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma of the jaws by using picro-sirius red stain under polarized microscope</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Akash Nehete, Pooja Prasad, Jatinder Singh, Reema Mehta, Pavan Puri, Ravikant Ganga</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Fibrous dysplasia (FD) and ossifying fibroma (OF) are common benign fibro-osseous lesions. Many cases show overlapping presentation with respect to nature of calcifications and stromal components, thereby making it difficult to give definitive diagnosis of these lesions for therapeutic considerations. <bold>Aim:</bold> To study, compare and correlate mineralized and stromal component of FD, OF and normal bone of the jaws using picro-sirius red stain under polarizing microscopy. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The study included 10 cases each of FD, OF and normal bone. Sections of 5 μm thickness of all the cases were made. Staining was done with hematoxylin and eosin stain and picro-sirius red stain, which were further analyzed in light and polarized microscope, respectively. <bold>Results:</bold> Despite the overlap in the histopathological features, few parameters were more pertinent to one lesion than the others. Curvilinear trabeculae, resting lines, peritrabecular clefting and free hemorrhage were more common findings in FD than OF, while osscicles were predominant in OF. Cellularity was considerably higher in OF than FD. Mature collagen fibers showed bright red birefringence, while immature collagen fibers were showing greenish birefringent when seen under polarized microscope. Higher amounts of mature bone were seen in FD than OF, while immature stromal fiber content was higher in FD than OF. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Picro-sirius staining will enable to differentiate between FD and OF by assessing the pattern of birefringence.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Benign fibro-osseous lesions, fibrous dysplasia, ossifying fibroma, picro-sirius red, polarized microscope</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA58" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR103: Estimation of antimicrobial properties of extracts of Bridelia scandens against candida species</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sachidanand Mallya P, Sudeendra Prabhu, Maji Jose</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> It has been well-documented that traditional medicinal plants confer considerable antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. Species of genus Bridelia is reported to be used traditionally for treating various oral diseases. However, the beneficial effects of this plant material against oral pathogen is not evaluated. Therefore, we are doing present investigation. <bold>Aims:</bold> To study the antimicrobial properties of water extract of <italic>Bridelia scandens</italic> against selected oral candidal pathogens. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The leaves after identification and authentication by botanist were collected, air-dried and pulverized to fine powder using household blender. The water extract was prepared using cold percolation method. The standard Candida species <italic>Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata</italic> and <italic>Candida tropicalis</italic> obtained from Post Graduate Institute (PGI), Chandigarh was procured. Antifungal activity is being determined by using various microbial assays. <bold>Results:</bold> All four species of Candida showed variable results with diameter of zone of inhibition ranging from 12 to 20mm on Sabouraud's dextrose agar with both 6 and 24 h peptone water subculture. Time kill assay did not yield any result even after 24 h of contact with the crude extract of <italic>Bridelia scandens</italic>. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> All four species of Candida causing oral infections are moderately sensitive to crude water extract of dried leaves of <italic>Bridelia scandens</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Bridelia scandens, Candida, crude water extract, oral infections</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA59" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR104: The knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners towards biopsy procedure</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Mariyam Fidha, Shruthi Raj, Maji Jose</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> A dentist is required to detect and recognize oral lesions and inform the patient accordingly by providing a diagnosis and adequate treatment plan for which biopsy serves as an important aid. Biopsy is a relatively facile procedure and despite its range of benefits, it is observed that practice of oral biopsy is not so widespread in general dental practice. This could be ascribed to reasons like fear of medicolegal complication, unfamiliarity with biopsy technique and lack of confidence. <bold>Objectives:</bold> 1) To assess the attitude of dental practitioners towards biopsy procedures as a diagnostic tool. 2) To evaluate the skill and efficiency of dental practitioners in undertaking a biopsy procedure. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A cross-sectional study where a questionnaire was administered to 119 private dental practitioners in Mangalore, consisting of several items addressing the sociodemographic and professional aspects and their attitudes towards oral biopsy procedure. <bold>Statistical analysis:</bold> Results from the study were tabulated and percentage calculated. <bold>Results:</bold> The response rate was exceptionally high, that is, 93.63%. Most of the dentist felt that biopsy was an important tool in diagnosis of oral lesions, but only 18.63% ventured to undertake it on their own and 54.58% preferred to call a specialist. This can be attributed to lack of training, that is, 57.15% and due to lack of experience, that is, 22.44%. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> This emphasizes the need for higher levels of importance to be placed regarding biopsy in the undergraduate and postgraduate curriculum along with organization of specific training or continuing dental education programs.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Attitude, dental practitioners, education program, training</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA60" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR105: The specialty oral pathology by chance by choice</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Syed Mohammed Miqdad, Akhila S, Maji Jose</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> The increase in the number of dental colleges and a corresponding increase in the number of postgraduate (PG) seats has led to a level of saturation and a feeling of anxiety inthe minds of budding dentists to consider oral pathology as a career option; thus interns are unable to decide as their future career. <bold>Aim:</bold> The study was designed to assess the attitude of dental students towards considering oral pathology as their future career. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A questionnaire-based study was conducted among interns of Yenepoya Dental College. A structured questionnaire was used which consisted of two parts; the first part pertaining to sociodemographic characteristic and second exploring attitudes of interns towards considering oral pathology as a specialty subject. <bold>Statistical Analysis used:</bold> Percentage was calculated. <bold>Result:</bold> Among various specialties, oral pathology is given less priority as their choice in postgraduation. Total of 55 students participated in the study with an overall response rate of 93.22%. Among the total sample it was observed that 45.76% agree that scope is limited to academic, 49.15% agree it to be a nonclinical subject, 33.90% agree that scope is mainly for research purpose and 35.59% agree that this specialty does not contribute to general practice. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The dental undergraduates have increased attraction towards clinical specialties, due to their misinterpretations about oral pathology being a nonclinical specialty that does not include clinical training, a loss of hand on dental practice, lower income, lower professionalism and greater dependency on teaching jobs as compared to other specialties of dentistry.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dental undergraduates, non-clinical specialty, oral pathology, teaching</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA61" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR107: Do mast cells play a role in pathogenesis of oral reactive lesions?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sita Mahalakhsmi B, Ravikanth Manyam, Satya Tejaswi, G Suresh Babu, S Suneela, T Sreenivasa Bharath</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Reactive hyperplastic lesions are the most frequently encountered lesions in the oral cavity. Mast cells have a main role in hypersensitive reactions. Many studies have shown the interaction of mast cells in various pathological conditions such as squamous cell carcinoma, oral submucous fibrosis, periapical granulomas etc; suggesting their role in the proliferation of fibroblasts, blood vessels and in the recruitment of inflammatory mediators. Information regarding the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of oral reactive lesions was scant. So this study was designed to attempt the possible role of mast cells in the etiopathogenesis of oral reactive lesions. <bold>Aim and objectives:</bold> To compare the mast cell count in oral reactive lesions and to correlate with inflammation, fibrosis and blood vessel density. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Thirty-five samples including 10 pyogenic granulomas, 10 irritational fibromas, five inflammatory fibrous hyperplasias, five peripheral cementossifying fibromas and five normal gingiva were selected and immunohistochemically assessed for the mast cells using mast cell tryptase antibody and the number of mast cells were counted in 10 random fields under 20X magnification. The samples were also analyzed for mast cell count with fibrosis, inflammatory component and blood vessel density. <bold>Results and Conclusion:</bold> An increase in mast cell number was observed in oral reactive lesions and the statistical significance of degranulated mast cells in irritational fibromas and inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia indicate a possible of role of mast cells in angiogenesis, recruitment of inflammatory cells and fibrosis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Fibrosis, inflammation, mast cell tryptase, mast cells, oral reactive lesions</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA62" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR108: Second opinion in oral pathology: How frequent and how important it is?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shivani Jain</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Patient management and prognosis is dependent on an accurate pathological diagnosis, which is best given after review of cases by a second observer, if necessary. Diagnostic quandaries in pathology lead to seeking of second opinion, which is a very significant way for drastically reducing errors in pathology and hence providing therapeutic and prognostic modification to the patient. <bold>Aims and objectives:</bold> The present survey aims to assess the general perspective of pathologists on second opinion in oral and maxillofacial lesions with an attempt to find solutions to diagnostic challenges, hence making second opinion more productive for the patient. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A questionnaire-based survey will be conducted amongst 50 oral and 50 general pathologists. Personal information regarding the qualification, years of experience in the specialty and designation of individual participants will be noted. <bold>Statistical Analysis used:</bold> The data collected was subjected to statistical analyses using Pearson contingency coefficient test. <bold>Results and conclusion:</bold> Eighty-five percent of the pathologists were in favor of seeking a second opinion in cases of perplexities. Reasons cited for seeking second referrals were inadequate information or understanding of the information supplied (60%); lack of expertise (13%); lack of regular exposure to oral lesions (29%); and other related reasons (17%). Sending the slide personally to a colleague in another place emerged as the most preferred mode of seeking a second referral. Second referrals reflect an acknowledged need for assistance. But it does not necessarily imply inadequacy of the primary pathologist. It is definitely beneficial from a patient's perspective, since it helps the clinician/pathologist to adopt the most appropriate treatment strategy best suited for the patient.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Oral pathology, patient benefit, second opinion, treatment strategy</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA63" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR110: Lasers artifacts in histopathology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Priyanka Sharma, Isha Dhawan, Simarpreet Virk Sandhu, Rajat Bhandari, Ramanpreet Kaur Bhullar, Preetinder Kaur</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur, Punjab, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> The breakthrough for dental laser systems came in the mid-1990s. Among the various laser types with corresponding wavelengths, diode laser systems quickly began establishing themselves as compact, competitively priced and versatile additions to the dentist's repertoire. Lasers are widely used in dentistry for various procedures and are proved to be an effective tool for soft tissue surgeries. The laser beam is characterized by sterility and minimum bleeding during the surgical procedures, but the peripheral thermal damage by the laser could create several histological artifacts causing diagnostic problems for the pathologists. <bold>Aim:</bold> This study was aimed to examine the histopathological artifacts induced by the use of diode laser. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> The spectrum of 53 biopsy specimens including soft tissue growths, epithelial pathologies, gingival hyperplasias, etc., was evaluated for laser-induced histopathological artifacts. <bold>Results:</bold> The histopathological changes were observed in epithelium as blisters, clefts; in connective tissue as carbonization, dessication; in vasculature as vascular stasis, thrombosed vessels; and in cytological morphology as hyperchromatic cytoplasm, loss of cell adhesion and nuclear changes. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Lasers can be used for obtaining soft tissue biopsies, but the incision should be larger than the traditional scalpel incision to prevent laser-induced peripheral thermal effects which may interfere with an adequate diagnosis or render the tissue to be undiagnosable.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Artifacts, incision, lasers, tissue biopsy</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA64" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR113: Ecofriendly substitute for xylene: A comparative study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Ami Rawal, Jigarpurani, Jitendrarajani, Bhupesh Patel, Grishmadoria, Kinjalrindani</bold></p><p>Faculty of Dental Sciences, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Xylene forms an unavoidable part of pathological laboratory since many years. Although extremely useful, it leads to health hazards when exposed, involving almost all parts of body. As a result, safer substitute for xylene is absolutely necessary. <bold>Aim:</bold> To assess the efficacy of dishwashing solution in deparaffinizing sections during conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining technique and to compare it with xylene. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Using 30 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, two sections each were prepared. One section was stained with conventional H and E (Group A) and other with xylene-free H and E using dishwashing solution (Group B). Slides were scored for parameters such as nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, uniformity and clarity as adequate = score 1 and inadequate = score 0 for each parameter; and wax retention and tissue distortion as present = 0 and absent = 1 and scores for each parameter were totaled. Score less than 3 was considered inadequate for diagnosis and 3-6 considered adequate for diagnosis. <bold>Result:</bold> 96.67% Group A sections stained adequately for diagnosis as compared with 100% in Group B. Time taken for staining is more in Group A as compared with Group B. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Dishwashing solution can thus be used as an ecofriendly, economical and faster deparaffinizing agent in H and E staining.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Deparaffinization, dish-washing solution, ecofriendly, health hazards, hematoxylin and eosin, Xylene</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA65" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR114: Stem cells in dentistry: Awareness, attitude and knowledge among dentists in Chennai</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Vasaki A, Elizabeth Joshua, Umadevi K Rao, Ranganathan K</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> In dentistry, there exist several controversies about the methods of harvesting and utilization of stem cells. Literature revealed that there is a dearth of information relating to the knowledge of stem cells among dentists. <bold>Aim:</bold> The objective of the study was to investigate the awareness, attitude and knowledge of the use of stem cells in dentistry among the dentists in Chennai. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> This cross-sectional study consisting of 11 close-ended questions and one open-ended question was conducted among 40 practicing dentists who possess postgraduate (PG) qualification (Group 1), 50 dentists specializing PG (Group 2) and 20 practicing dentists with no PG qualification (Group 3). The data collected and analyzed. <bold>Results:</bold> The participants were ≥28 years in age and had practice for ≥3 years. In this study, the knowledge about stem cell was higher among the Group 1 (82%) compared to Group 2 (64%) and Group 3 (30%) which was significant. About 81% of respondents were not aware of stem cell banking, whereas, 54% had poor knowledge of the use of stem cell. Majority of the respondents (32.7%) consider higher cost as the biggest obstacle to the patient for accepting stem cell therapy. Ninety-three percent were willing to acquire training in learning this new treatment strategy. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Data revealed a high level of knowledge, low level of awareness, positive attitude, and low level of knowledge about stem cells. The improvement of knowledge about the use of stem cells is achievable through heightened awareness creation on the issue.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Awareness, dentistry, knowledge, stem cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA66" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR115: Association of periodontitis with risk of oral leukoplakia</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Nikita Patel, Smita Chaware, Rishikesh Dandekar</bold></p><p>Mahatma Gandhi Vidya Mandir's Karmaveer Bhausaheb Hiray Dental College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Leukoplakia is an asymptomatic potentially malignant lesion of the oral mucosa. Besides smoking and alcohol, the risk factors for development of these lesions are still less identified. Periodontitis is related to different pathological states in the oral cavity including premalignant and malignant lesions and frequently periodontal sites are involved in leukoplakia. <bold>Aim:</bold> The purpose of this study was a search of possible influence of periodontitis on the risk of leukoplakia. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A hospital-based study was conducted and 500 patients of periodontitis were evaluated. Demographic data, details of form, type of tobacco consumption, alcohol abuse and oral hygiene status was recorded in the case history proforma. Measures of bleeding on probing and clinical attachment loss were checked for the correlation of periodontitis with oral leukoplakia. <bold>Statistical Analysis used:</bold> Chi-square test is used between two different proportions. <bold>Results:</bold> The present study shows that the prevalence of leukoplakia among periodontitis cases was 6.8%. Among these, generalized periodontitis was seen in 67.64% and localized periodontitis was seen in 32.35%. Most common sites were found on buccal mucosa, left side was found to be common and male predominance was found most common. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> In the present study, we found that the association of periodontitis with leukoplakia was highly significant among the patients having habits of smoking and smokeless tobacco form. Inflammation caused by periodontal infection can be one of the risk factor. Increased concentrations of inflammatory markers might suggest that tissues irritated by defense processes such as periodontitis are vulnerable to premalignant transformations. To determine periodontitis as a risk factor for oral leukoplakia requires a long prospective, longitudinal study with the long-term follow-up of cases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Buccal mucosa site, leukoplakia, male predominance, prevelance</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA67" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR117: Evaluation of hearing efficiency in OSMF patients</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Neeti Swarup, N Balaji, M K Sumathi, Sunitha J D, Geethanshu D, Neelakshi S R</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic disease characterized by the fibrosis of the submucosa and muscles in the later stages. An estimated 2.5 million Indians are suffering from the disease caused by arecanut chewing. OSMF causes fibrosis of palatal muscles which could lead to the blockage of Eustachian tube and consequently reduce patient's hearing efficiency to varying degrees depending upon the stage of disease. Hearing efficiency deterioration could be used as an aid in determining the progression of disease. <bold>Aim:</bold> The objective of the study was to establish a correlation between the hearing efficiency and clinical stage of OSMF. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A cross-sectional study was done in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. Twenty-five patients clinically diagnosed as OSMF were evaluated for hearing loss using ‘Pure Tone Audiometry’. Patients were grouped as ‘Mild’ comprising of Group A and B and ‘Severe’ comprising of Group C and D based on Lai DR classification. Patients suffering with previous hearing loss were excluded from the study. <bold>Results:</bold> The statistical analysis of the data of combined Group A and B and Combined Group C and D using Chi Square test revealed a <italic>P</italic> value of 0.026 indicating a significant correlation between advancing stages of OSMF and hearing loss. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The results indicate a correlation between stages of OSMF and hearing loss.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Audiometry, clinical stage, hearing loss, OSMF</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA68" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR118: Linking natural fixative with conventional fixative</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Nid hi Sinha, N Balaji, M.K. Sumathi, Sunitha J D, Geethanshu D, Neelakshi S R</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> The fixation method is a crucial step in the histopathological process, as it prevents autolysis and putrefaction of tissue. The quest for formalin substitutes as an alternative fixatives like jaggery which can give results similar to conventional fixatives. <bold>Aims:</bold> To compare the efficacy of natural fixative (Jaggery) with that of conventional fixative. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A study is conducted with 25 pathological tissue specimens. Each were cut into two halves and labeled as Group A and B fixed in formalin and jaggery respectively for 24 hr followed by normal processing and hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). The slides were examined under compound microscope to evaluate clarity, uniformity and crispiness of staining along with intensity of collagen fibers. Accordingly group A is considered as standard and group B was compared with it. Each criteria was considered, adequate if the score is 1 and inadequate if the score is 0. A score of ≤3 is graded as inadequate for diagnosis and the slides with a score of 4-6 were graded as adequate for diagnosis. <bold>Results:</bold> With student <italic>t</italic>-test, out of 25 jaggery fixed specimens, 22 were adequately fixed reveling 78.6% results with jaggery as compared to formalin. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Jaggery can be used as natural fixative in routine H&E staining as it gives the staining results almost similar to that of formalin, as it is non-carcinogenic and even economical.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Formalin, H&E, jaggery, non-carcinogenic</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA69" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR119: “Camiere's method of age estimation in children between age groups 5-14 years: An institutional study”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>B Kali Vara Prasad, Vijay Srinivas, Anuradha, Sabitha</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, St. Joseph Dental College, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Age estimation in children and adolescents is essential to answer a variety of legal questions, including status of majority and criminal liability. The most frequently used method for age estimation in children is the study of radiographs of teeth and hand-wrist. The skeletal method has drawbacks as it is more influenced by environmental factors. Dental method is more accurate as it is more controlled by genes and this yields a lower variability. <bold>Aim:</bold> To present a method for assessing the chronological age based on the relationship between age and measurements of open apices of teeth. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Digital orthopantomographs of children aged between 5-14 years were taken and were processed using Kodak Dental Imaging Analysis. The seven left permanent mandibular teeth were considered. The number of teeth with apical ends of the roots completely closed, those with open apices were considered. The distance between the inner sides of the open apex was evaluated. The measurements were normalized by dividing by the tooth length. Finally, dental maturity was evaluated. To obtain an estimate age as a function of the morphological variables and subject's gender, a multiple linear regression model with first order interactions was done. Analysis of covariance was then applied to study the possible interactions between significant morphological variables and gender. <bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> This was performed with S-PLUS 6 statistical programs. <bold>Results:</bold> Results will be tabulated and discussed.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Age estimation, apex of tooth, chronological, orthopantomograph</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA70" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR120: Review of odontogenic tumors and issues associated with its classification</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Josephi, Saranya V, Ranganathan K, Uma Devi Rao, Elizebeth Joshua, Rooban T</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Context/Background:</bold> Odontogenic tumors are lesions derived from epithelial, ectomesenchymal and/or mesenchymal elements that are, or have been, part of the tooth forming apparatus. The morphological and inductive relationships between the various parts of the normal tooth germ are reproduced, to a greater or lesser extent, in many of the tumors and tumor-like lesions of the odontogenic tissues. Most of the lesions can be diagnosed accurately based on the distinctive clinical, radiographic and histopathological aspects. However, occasionally epithelial odontogenic tumors present with diagnostic dilemma. <bold>Aim:</bold> In this poster, we aim to review and discuss the demographics and diagnostic issues in these tumors. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> A total of 100 consecutive cases clinically diagnosed as odontogenic lesions were reported to our department for histopathology and later which were confirmed as odontogenic tumors, for the past 20 years (1993-2013), were taken for the study. A cross- sectional study was done and statistics were performed using SPSS version 20. <bold>Results:</bold> Males were predominantly affected (57%) with comparatively a little higher recurrence rate than the females. The most commonly affected site was the mandible (84%) with the majority of the tumors originating from the odontogenic epithelium (80%). Ameloblastoma (88%) was the most commonly reported tumor of the epithelial origin and odontogenic fibroma, odontogenic fibromyxoma of ectomesenchymal origin (9%). Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, odontome and ameloblastic fibro-odontoma with one case of cystic odontogenic tumor was reported with epithelial and ectomesenchymal origin (11%). <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Clinical and radiographic appearances along with histopathology are necessary for the surgical pathologists to identify and diagnose these challenging jawbone lesions and to classify them.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Odontogenic tumors, tooth forming apparatus, demographics</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA71" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR121: A 10-year retrospective study on epidemiology and clinicopathological presentation of solid and unicystic variants of ameloblastoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pavana Gopinath, Sahana Srinath</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Ameloblastoma is the most common clinically significant odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin, which is slow growing, locally invasive and run a benign course in most cases. Ameloblastomas occur in three clinicopathologic situations, namely solid or multicystic, unicystic and peripheral variants. <bold>Purpose:</bold> The present study is aimed to review a series of solid and unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) cases by observing their clinicopathologic and demographic characteristics in Bangalore. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Twenty-three solid or multicystic ameloblastoma (SMA) and 16 UA cases were obtained from the archives of Department of Oral Pathology, GDCRI, Bangalore. Demographic data and clinical, radiographic and histopathopathologic findings were recorded. These data were submitted for statistical analysis. <bold>Results:</bold> Of the 23 cases of SMA, 17 (74%) occurred in females and six (26%) occurred in males with 30% of case being prevalent in the 6th decade. Of the 16 UA cases, nine (56%) occurred in females and seven (44%) in males with 56% case being most common in the 3rd decade. Radiographically, unilocular appearance was noted in most cases of UA and multilocular appearance was seen in more than 55% of cases of SMA. Mandibular posterior segment being the most frequently involved site. Microscopically, plexiform followed by follicular variant being the common histological variant among SMA and all UA cases demonstrated a monocystic growth pattern with 63% cases showing intraluminal plexiform proliferation. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> The clinicoepidemiological profile of the patients from the present study is similar to other populations, except a high female predilection and a predominant plexiform variant, in contrast to other studies.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Plexiform variant, radiograph, SMA, unicystic ameloblastoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA72" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>Review abstracts: SPORE1: Ebola: The elusive grim reaper</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Amrutha Varsha SV, Anjali P, Ujjwal Mrinal, Krishna Pradeep</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, AECS Maaruti College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>Ebola virus, a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, of the family Filoviridae, was discovered in 1976 in Congo and Sudan and its prevalence was initially limited to the African subcontinent. Recently, the reach of the virus has spread beyond borders and it is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a growing pandemic, taking a toll on human lives. Symptoms start to appear between 2-21 days after exposure and include fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, lack of appetite, with external and internal bleeding. Mortality rate, according to the WHO is 90%. This disease is difficult to limit, antivirals are ineffective and no definitive cure has been found. The only hope is early detection of the disease and symptomatic relief.</p><p>In the recent past, early detection has been frequently hampered since patients have been reluctant to provide serum samples and if provided, the transport of such samples is cumbersome. Chances of contact with the patient's body fluids are also possible. Hence, saliva samples have been used for the confirmation of the disease, due to viral shedding and consequent IgG formation. The kits are inexpensive and the method is non-invasive and creates a safer environment for both the patients and the collectors. Use of saliva, therefore, has a wide application for case management and outbreak control.</p><p>This study is a Review of the structure of the Ebola virus, pathogenesis, clinical features and the diagnostic aids used in its detection.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Diagnostic aids, ebola virus, filoviridae, pathogenesis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA73" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE2: Salivary gland neoplasms: Ductal origin</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shalinii Jaiman</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Ahmedabad Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India</p><p>Salivary gland tumors are a relatively rare and morphologically diverse group of lesions. Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. Salivary tumors are a particular challenge to the diagnostic pathologist. This is mainly because of the complexity of the classification and the rarity of many of the entities, which may show a broad spectrum of morphological diversity attributed to the heterogeneity of the cells of origin of these lesions. This morphological diversity makes this group of lesions one of the most interesting and challenging tumors in the head and neck region. Morphological diversity both between and within tumour types necessitates careful consideration of the clinical and pathological features together. Careful use of established terminology has allowed accurate reporting of case series and the prospective accumulation of prognostic information. Tumors of the salivary gland arising from the ductal system include those arising from the intercalated duct, striated duct and excretory duct. This poster is aimed at Reviewing and summarizing various salivary gland neoplasms arising from the ductal system.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ductal, heterogeneity, morphology, salivary gland tumors</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA74" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE3: Impacted tooth: The hidden culprit</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Kodali Sri Supraja</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Ahmedabad Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India</p><p>The jaws are host to a wide variety of cysts and neoplasms. Many benign jaw tumors, several cysts of both odontogenic and non odontogenic origin and salivary gland lesions can exhibit a biologically aggressive course and can be diagnostically difficult. Retained, unerupted teeth have been associated with various pathological conditions. The follicular tissue around impacted teeth has a potential to develop pathosis. These include cystic lesions, neoplasms, pericoronitis, periodontitis and pathological root resorption as well as detrimental effects on the adjacent teeth. Reports from the literature indicate that cysts and tumors do develop in a relatively small but still significant minority of patients. It has been reported that the development of large cysts around impacted teeth took 2-13 years. A suprisingly high rate of pathoses was found in the absence of any radiographically detectable sign. Important pathological conditions such as ameloblastomas, odontogenic keratocysts, or dentigerous cysts have been observed in the follicles which have the potential to develop into more serious complications. The incidence of large cysts and tumors occurring around impacted teeth differs greatly in various studies. This poster illustrates the various lesions assosciated with impacted teeth.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cysts, impacted tooth, odontogenic pathologies, radiograph</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA75" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE4: Nano-technology: All good fruits will turn bad</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Siddesh P Biradar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India</p><p>Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented growth in the area of nano-technology applied to medicine and dentistry which will bring significant evidence in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. New method of nano-engineered materials that are being developed might be effective in detecting the disease at the early treatable stage and treating illness and diseases such as cancer. With this new tool for cancer imaging and treatment, this technology has enabled the development and nano-scale devices that can be conjugated with a several functional molecules simultaneously including tumors specific ligands, antibodies, anticancer drugs and imaging probes. Since this nano-devices are hundred- to thousand fold smaller than cancer cells, they can be easily transferred through leaky blood vessels and interact with targeted tumor specific proteins both on the surface of and inside cancer cells. Therefore, there application as cancer cells specific delivery vehicles will be a significant addition to the currently available armory for cancer therapeutics and imaging. However, the development and use of nano-materials also involves a great many environmental unknowns. There is saying that “all good fruits will turn bad.” High dose of nano-particle ingestion through nano-particle cycle could be harmful to health as they can cause formation of reactive oxidative stress in the body, which give rise to inflammation, cell destruction and genotoxicity by activating the redox cycle. Thus, nano-technology represents not only wonderful benefits for humanity but also grave risks.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Benefits, genotoxicity, nano-technology, nano-devices</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA76" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE5: Oral cancer: Diverging routes and changing trends-toward a personalised approach</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Litu Mary Thampy, Mahija Janardhanan, Vindhya Savithri</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India</p><p>Head and neck cancer constitutes the sixth most common human cancer, a major burden of which is being shared by India. Being a multifactorial disease, previously it was implicated with two main risk factors: Chronic use of tobacco and alcohol. However, epidemiological studies indicate an increasing incidence of oral cancer in patients with no habit of using tobacco especially in women and young individuals. This poster is a humble attempt from our part to integrate an epidemiological survey done in our department with a Review of the possible causative factors that could be implicated in patients with no history of tobacco use and to amalgamate and analyze these factors so as to revolutionize the treatment options and to bring about an era of “<bold>PERSONALISED THERAPY IN ORAL CANCER.”</bold></p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Human papillomavirus (HPV), non-tobacco users, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA77" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE6: From bone marrow to epithelium: An insight into the pathophysiology of langerhans cells</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Deepa S, Rakesh S, Vindhya Savithri</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India</p><p>Described first by Paul Langerhans in 1868, Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic cells that play an important role in the local defense mechanisms in the epithelium. They are known to originate from the bone-marrow and then migrate into the epithelium to perform the function of antigen recognition and presentation. Studies suggest that these cells are involved in reactions to antigen challenge under both normal and pathological conditions. They are thought to represent a “first line” of sensitization of the immune system, leading to the clearance of the antigen or to pathologic phenomena. Also, LCs could possess effector function and the property of secreting many active mediators like Interleukin 1 (IL-1). They are known to play a key role in the induction of protective immune response against a wide variety of antigens and in various immune-pathologic reactions taking place at cutaneous and mucosal level. Alterations to normal LC population have been studied and reported in many number of pathologies like gingival and periodontal diseases, oral lichen planus, dermatoses and oral cancer. We present here a Review on the role played by LCs in oral health as well as in different pathologic conditions.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Clear cells, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA78" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE7: Human papilloma virus in oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: Indian scenario</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Divy a Raj, R Rathy, S Sunil, Ameena</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India</p><p>In South and South East Asian countries Head and neck cancers are one of the most common cancer but they form only 1-4% of all cancers in the Western world. Main risk factor for oral cancer in older patients are consumption of tobacco and alcohol. In younger patients role of these factors are uncertain because of the short exposure time. Studies have revealed role of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in the carcinogenisis of this group. The overall prevalence of HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is around 50%, with the highest prevalence in cancers of the tonsil and base of tongue. According to Joshi <italic>et al</italic>. the HPV prevalence in India ranges from 33.6% in the Eastern region to 67% in South India and 15% in Western India. HPV-16 is the most common type present in 30.9% of oropharyngeal carcinomas, 16% of oral cancers and 16.6% of laryngeal cancers. The route of transmission of HPV to the oral cavity is debatable, most study suggest an oro-genital transmission. The probable cause for high prevalence of HPV in oropharyngeal carcinoma may be due the invaginating crypts that provide a large epithelial surface and nonkeratinized mucosa that may facilitate viral access to basal cells and also unidentified cell membrane receptors with specific affinity for viral molecules present in the tonsils. Another possibility is the presence of Waldeyer's ring, which is an antigen presenting site which can act as reservoir for HPV. This poster highlights the prevalence of HPV in oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the Indian subcontinent.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Human papilloma virus, oral carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA79" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE8: Diagnostic histopathologic bodies in neoplasia: An overview</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Naziya N J, Rathy R, Sunil S, Neethu</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Azeezia College of Dental Science and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India</p><p>The histopathological bodies are either intracellular or extracellular abnormalities specific to certain diseases. These structures appear either within the cell nucleus, in the cytoplasm, or may be present in both, exhibiting characteristic staining properties. These represent peculiar morphological alterations in a tissue giving rise to a highly specific pattern. The presence of histopathological bodies is often an important diagnostic aid in identifying the underlying disease. As the presence of histopathological bodies is indicative of a disease, their disappearance is indicative of subsidence of the disease. The occurrence of these histopathological bodies at various stages in the course of the disease can be useful in staging of the diseases. Histopathological bodies in oral pathology have a great deal of significance in diagnosis of the diseases. The histopathological analysis of the tissue includes a detailed study of cellular and nuclear structures and their altered presentation in a given pathology. This is carried out by using a large spectrum of staining procedures and a variety of microscopic techniques. According to etiopathogenesis, the histopathological bodies can be briefly classified as histopathologic bodies seen in physiological conditions, in infectious diseases, seen in various neoplasms, seen in autoimmune diseases, seen in blood dyscrasias and seen in cystic lesions, etc. This poster highlights diagnostic histopathologic bodies in neoplasia, namely Wagner-meissnes bodies, Verocay bodies, Psammoma bodies, Russell bodies, Pustulo-Ovoid bodies, Kamino bodies and Dutcher bodies.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dutcher bodies, histopathological bodies, Psammoma bodies</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA80" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE9: Langerhan cells and its pathophysiology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Chandana M S, Chaitra S, Prathima Malagi, Ashok V</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Postgraduate Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</p><p>Langerhans cells were first observed by Paul Langerhans, 1868. These are subset of dendritic cells which are specialized for capture and presentation of antigen to T & B cells. Toll-like receptors and pattern-recognition receptors make them well-adapted for phagocytosis of microbes and particulate material. Present just above basal cell layer of epidermis and stratified squamous epithelium of mucosal surfaces. It originates from bone marrow. They are large irregular cells with basally placed nucleus having dendritic processes and characteristic birbeck granules are seen. It is seen as clear cell in hemotoxylin and eosin stains. Metal impregnation staining technique, enzyme histochemistry, immuno histochemistry, electron microscope are used to study these cells. It is well-documented that Langerhans cells play an important role in the immune responses, particularly in antigen presentation to the T lymphocytes. Thus, they should be phenotypically and functionally studied in correlation with the other cells of the immune system aim of the poster is to show origin, function, mechanism of action and their roles in different pathological conditions.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Immune response, Langerhans cells, mechanism, phagocytosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA81" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE10: Can form and numericals justify the histopathological diagnosis?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Mohammed Umer Sharieff, Mandadi Suryapriya, Ashok V, Prathima M</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Postgraduate Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</p><p>Morphometric analysis is a method where the amount of particular tissue or subcellular components are quantified. These components may be of particular cell type or the nucleus and other cell organelles, where the area and volume of individual cells can be measured to evaluate quantitative changes in nuclear diameter, cytoplasmic diameter and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Also components of connective tissue like blood vessels, ducts and inflammatory cells aggregates can be measured and quantified. Morphometric analysis plays an important role in histopathological diagnosis when compared to manual counting method, which is a very tedious and time-consuming procedure. Morphometric analysis has been introduced to aid in accurate diagnosis and decision making in cytology and histopathology. It has been used as a diagnostic aid mainly in the field of pre-malignant and malignant lesions, autoimmune disorders and blood disorders. Recent advances in morphometric analysis using computer assisted image analysis software have shown reduced inter- and intra-observer variations in histopathological diagnosis. This poster reveals the importance and application of morphometric analysis in diagnosing various histological conditions in maxillofacial pathology.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Autoimmune diseases, blood vessels, diagnosis, morphometry</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA82" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE11: Histopathological bodies aid in diagnosis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Dinesh DS, Ashok V, Prathima M, Tina Jacob</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Postgraduate Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India</p><p>The histopathological analysis of the tissue is a study of cellular structures and their morphological alterations in a given pathology. This is carried out by using various staining procedures and microscopic techniques. Identifying different types of histological bodies is one of the interesting phase in pathological diagnosis. To diagnose the underlying diseases, histopathological identification of bodies plays an important role. Most of the bacterial, viral and fungal infections are known to show specific histopathological bodies. These bodies shows positive correlation with the pathogenesis of a specific infection. The histopathological bodies are abnormalities specific to certain diseases, which could be intracellular, extracellular, or can be seen in any part of the cell. As disease progresses, various changes occur in the body which are bio-chemical in nature which leads to cellular changes. These cellular changes are visible at different stages of disease progression. In few diseases, the disappearance of histopathological bodies signifies the regression of the disease. The histopathological bodies are significant for diagnosing, staging, treatment planning and also in predicting the prognosis of the disease. This poster exhibits various interesting histopathological bodies which can be observed in numerous pathological diseases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Bodies, histopathology, microscopy, staining</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA83" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE12: Moving ahead with digital revolution: Is teaching possible without microscopes?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Manasa Syamala, Manjunath AB, Ahmed Mujib BR</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India</p><p>No one would ever imagine a pathology laboratory without a microscope. They are the most widely used scientific instruments and have not changed much over the last century in their basic model. Microscopes play a vital role in a laboratory setting and it is a distant dream to teach histology and pathology to students without the help of microscopes. But with the advancing technology, the use of digital images combined with internet facilities is leading to new directions in laboratory teaching of histology and pathology. These new teaching programs are replacing “hands-on” microscopy with many benefits, including distance learning. This helps in independent viewing of images by large numbers of people in diverse locations. These digitized slides can have a high resolution and are resistant to being damaged or broken over time. Thus, the on-going revolutions in the field of digital pathology are enabling us with new advancements in teaching histology and pathology to the students without the use of microscopes.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Digital pathology, digitized slides, microscope, laboratory</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA84" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE13: Histopathology laboratories: Chemical hazard and prevention aspect</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Anupama Singh, Rashmi Naik, Ahmed Mujib BR</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India</p><p>Histopathology is an art of analysing and interpreting the shapes, sizes and architectural patterns of cells and tissues within a given specific clinical background and a science by which the image is placed in the context of knowledge of pathobiology, to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. To function effectively and safely, all the procedures and activities of histopathology laboratory should be evaluated and monitored accurately. Ensuring safety of working personnel as well as environment is also highly important. Safety issues that may come up in a histopathology lab are primarily those related to potentially hazardous chemicals. Hospital employees often do not recognize the chemical hazards that exist in their work environment. Formaldehyde and xylene are common hazards in histology and pathology laboratories. Although xylene does not have medical/health surveillance requirements set by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), medical evaluation of employees exposed to xylene above the action level is effective occupational and environmental health practice. Formaldehyde-free fixatives and alternating clearing agents have potential in routine pathology and research to replace formaldehyde and xylene. Hence, this poster is designed to assist you in identifying and substituting or eliminating hazardous laboratory chemicals (which are problematic with respect to toxicity) with non-toxic substitute.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Elimination, formaldehyde, hazardous laboratory chemicals, xylene</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA85" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE14: Genetic engineering-the new therapy</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sana Pathan, Vikram S Amberkar, Ahmed Mujib B R</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India</p><p>Dental caries is an infectious microbial disease which affects majority of population worldwide. Altering the oral microflora, dietary restriction and plaque control are some of the methods to control dental caries. There are many examples of positive and negative interactions between different species of bacteria inhabiting the same ecosystem. This observation provides the basis for a novel approach to preventing microbial diseases called replacement therapy. In this approach, a harmless effector strain is permanently implanted in the host's microflora. Once established, the presence of the effector strain prevents the colonization or outgrowth of a particular pathogen. In case of dental caries, an effector strain called BCS3-L1 was constructed which was derived from clinical Streptococcus mutans isolate. Recombinant DNA technology was used to delete the gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and making it entirely deficient in lactic acid production. This effector strain was also designed to produce elevated amounts of novel polypeptide antibiotic called mutacin that gives a strong selective advantage over most other strains of Streptococcus mutans. In laboratory and rodent model studies BCS3-L1 was found to be genetically stable and to produce no apparent deleterious side effects during prolonged colonization. Thus, by use of genetic engineering the prevention of dental caries by BCS3-L1 replacement therapy is an example that offers the potential for a highly efficient, cost effective method for prevention of dental caries. The success of this replacement therapy can also promote its use in the prevention of other bacterial diseases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> BCS3-L1, dental caries, replacement therapy</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA86" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE15: Field cancerization in oral cancer: A Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>C Navya, V Sadhish Valavan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Best Dental College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Head and neck cancers in India accounts for 30% of all cancers in males and 11-16% in females. Among this oral cancer contributes to more than one-third of total cancers. Patients with a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) often develop multiple (pre)malignant lesions. Oral cavity is one of the commonest site for potentially malignant disorders. These pre-malignant pathologies may progress to dysplastic lesions then to invasive carcinomas. Oral field cancerization is a process of malignant transformation, which has been widely discussed for the past 6 decades. The term field cancerization was first coined by Slaughter <italic>et al.</italic>, in 1953 when studying oral cancer. The concept of field cancerization describes the tendency of patients with premalignant and malignant lesions of head and neck mucosal sites to develop multiple carcinomas of the upper aero-digestive tract. Field cancerization denotes the occurrence of genetic, epigenetic and biochemical aberrations in structurally intact cells in histologically normal tissues adjacent to cancerous lesions. This theory explains the occurrence of primary tumors at multiple sites and recurrences following complete excision and several studies show that all primary remote tumors from HNSCC patients appear to be clonally unrelated. Therefore, there is more evidence that field cancerization is due to multiple independent events. This Review highlights the concept of field cancerization in oral cancer along with molecular basis of field formation, risk assessment, early cancer detection, monitoring of tumor progression.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cancer detection, epigenetic, field cancerization, genetic</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA87" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE16: Tales from slides</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>V Sadhish Valavan, C Navya</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Best Dental College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>To become a Master or a Leader we should hear, sense, perceive and infer our surroundings. As oral pathologists, it is not just our duty to give a report of what we see under the microscope but also to elucidate what we are not seeing and what is there which should not be there, when we see through our microscopes, our slides speaks and whispers to us. Examination of microscopic sections of tissues reveals facts which are not always related to its normal histology or pathology. Processing of tissue specimens consists of lengthy procedures from the stage of surgical removal, fixation and tissue processing to the stained and mounted microscopic sections. Defects are common in tissue sections as a result of faulty procedures. These defects are referred to as artifacts. They lead to misinterpretation of histopathological diagnosis but at times, they throw limelight into diagnosis. In this Review poster, we present to you the images of various artifacts that are produced during biopsy procedure, collection, tissue processing and slide evaluation.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Artifacts, histopathology, microscopic sections, oral pathology</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA88" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE17: Nanobiosensors</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Ajinkya A Deshmukh, V V Kulkarni</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College, Pune, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Nanobiosensor is a sensor that integrates biological elements with a physiological transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector. Nanoparticles are characterized by unique optical properties. Their enhanced light scattering and absorption added to their size scale make them well suited for molecular imaging of cancers. Noble metals strongly absorb light in the visible and the near infrared and hold the greatest potential in the cancer diagnosis. Bioconjugation of gold nanoparticles with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) efficiently targets precancers and cancers. A high level of EGFR is known to be associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis of epithelial cancers. Epithelial tumor constituting the vast majority of oral malignancies and the oral cavity being accessible for endoscopy and laser light, we pretend that the oral lesions will be between the primary sites amenable for the application of these new diagnostic tools. Nanotechnology describes the science and technology related to the control and manipulation of matter and devices on a scale less than 100 nm and involves fields such as applied physics, materials science, chemistry, biology, biomedical engineering, surface science, electrical engineering and robotics. biosensor function by coupling a biological sensing element with a detector system by using a transducer. So these biochips and biosensors they are very helpful in early detection of oral precancers and cancers.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biosensors, dentistry, nanotechnology, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA89" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE19: Tumor angiogenesis markers</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Manish Kumar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India</p><p>Tumor angiogenesis is a hallmark of tumor development and progression characterized by abnormal vasculature termed tumor vessels which are formed to provide nutritional supply and oxygen to the tumor. Tumors can’t enlarge beyond 1 or 2 mm in diameter unless they are vascularized. Beyond this size the tumor fails to enlarge without vascularization due to hypoxia induced cell death. Angiogenesis has dual effect on tumor growth. Perfusion supplies nutrients and oxygen and newly formed endothelial cells stimulate the adjacent tumor cell growth by secreting polypeptides such as insulin like growth factors and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Tumor associated angiogenic factors are produced by tumor cells or inflammatory cells and two most important of them are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor, elevated levels of which can be detected in serum and urine of significant fraction of cancer patients. The degree of angiogenesis is associated with tumor aggressiveness and treatment outcome. Therefore, exact quantification of tumor vessel is useful for prognosis. Also selective detection of newly formed tumor vessels within cancer tissues using specific markers raises the possibility of molecular targeted therapy via the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Here I present a review of various tumor angiogenesis markers and their role in determining prognosis and treatment outcome of the disease.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Angiogenesis, prognosis, targeted therapy, tumor markers, VEGF</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA90" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE20: Granular cells in odontogenic lesions: An update</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Deepak Verma, Balasundari Shreedhar, Natarajan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>Granular cell odontogenic lesions are hetergenous group of neoplasms characterized by the presence of granular cells associated with apparently inactive odontogenic epithelium. The nature of granular cells in odontogenic lesions is still unclear and many theories have been proposed to find their true nature. The morphology of all granular cells is similar, but their origins are different. Because of their common yet inexplicable morphologic appearance and obscure origin, granular cell lesions continue to be a focus of laboratory investigation. Here, we have made an attempt to clear the illusions and controversies surrounding granular cells in odontogenic lesions.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Controversies, granular cells, granular cell odontogenic lesion, illusions</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA91" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE21: Maze of genes: Road map to diagnosis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Balasundari Shreedhar, Akhtar, Renuka Verma, Mudita Chaturvedi</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Career Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>Oral cancer is the sixth common malignancy, causing severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. The morbidity and mortality due to oral cancer can be reduced if precancerous lesions with malignant potential are identified and treated early. Early detection, progression, metastatic tendency, or recurrence of precancerous and cancerous lesions can now be determined by genetic studies. Gene mapping at molecular level demonstrates accumulation of genetic alterations and consequently changes in gene expression pattern in oral cancer. Molecular studies of the oral cancer have demonstrated multiple genetic abnormalities such as activation of various oncogenes. It can serve as a reference point for navigation, epidermal growth factor receptors (GFRs), tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) inactivation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at numerous chromosomal locations. Hence studies at cellular level not only allow accurate diagnosis but may also lead the passage for more bright approaches to treatment and prevention.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Gene mapping, LOH, molecular, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA92" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE22: Cytology: A kaleidoscopic view</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Mohd Saleem, Balasundari Sreedhar, Thippeswami</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Career Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>Periodic clinical examination of the oral cavity is the key to early detection of oral cancer. Oral cytology is becoming increasingly important in the early diagnosis of oral cancers, as a procedure for obtaining cell samples that can then be analyzed by sophisticated diagnostic techniques such as cytomorphometry, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cytometry and molecular analyses. The advent of techniques these advanced technique has changed the scenario and made the interpretation of findings far more reliable than earlier. The cytological study of oral cavity cells is simple and rapid, non-aggressive and relatively painless and thus well-accepted by patients for routine application in population screening programs. Hence, here with we made an attempt to highlight the importance of cytology in the field of oral pre-cancer and cancer.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> DNA, morphometry, oral cytology, screening</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA93" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE23: Antioxidants: Things to grab and beat the crab</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Chitra Prakash Pawar, Shwetha K M</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dental Sciences and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India</p><p>“Antioxidant” refers to any molecule capable of stabilizing or deactivating free radicals before they attack cells. When our cells use oxygen, they produce free radicals or Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which cause damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), cell organelles and cell membranes. Antioxidants have ability to neutralize free radicals, doing so they prevent and repair the damage. Diets like vegetable oils, citrus fruits, meat, sea food, etc. are rich sources of antioxidants like vitamin E, C, A and selenium. Many researches have documented the role of ROS in both initiation and promotion of multistep carcinogenesis. Elevated levels of ROS and lowered levels of antioxidants are found in Oral pre-cancer and cancer. Cancer inhibitory properties of antioxidants are based on enhancing immune mechanisms, depression of tumor angiogenesis activity and stimulation of cell differentiation. Treatment with antioxidants has potential of decreasing developing risk of oral cancers and reversal of pre-malignant lesions like leukoplakia. This poster is an attempt to know the role of antioxidants and their possible potential to act as chemopreventive agents in treatment of oral cancers.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Antioxidants, pre-cancer, oral cancer, risk of malignancy</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA94" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE24: Advances in optical diagnostic aids for early detection of oral malignant, potentially malignant and other lesions</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Aditya Tayal, Tarun Gupta, Ashanka Bhardwaj, Neeraj Grover</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>India is one of the top countries in the world having high oral cancer incidences (9.8 per 10,000) which accounts for 30% of all cancers in India with men to women ratio of 2:1. Oral cancer is diagnosed at advanced stages in 60% of cases which increase its recurrence rates up to 82% in 5 years. Recent surveys have shown oral cancer as leading cause of mortality accounting for 22.9% of cancer-related deaths. As histopathology stands to be a gold standard for diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions but it can help only when lesions/cancer is clinically visible, so early detection becomes necessary to overcome the high recurrence rates. Recent advancement for early detection of oral lesions is optical spectrum phenomenon of tissues, i.e., bio-optical phenomenon. This can detect even the minute changes within the tissues, such as alteration in tissue architecture and composition, expression of specific biomarkers and vascularity/angiogenesis at very early stage. Most common optical devices used are Vizilite, VELscope, DIFOTI and Identafi based on auto fluorescence phenomenon. Recent trends for optical adjunctive are optical spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, laser confocal endomicroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and confocal reflectance microscopy. Furthermore, advancement is development of Smartphone applications like Oscan, which has been developed at Stanford University by keeping rural population of developing country like India in sight. This poster aims to demonstrate emerging advancements in optical diagnostic aids of oral lesions, their advantages and disadvantages.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Diagnostic, histopathology, optical, oral lesions</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA95" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE25: Alterations in trace elements of saliva: Clinical implications</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Durga V Suryanarayana, Amrita Samanta, Suma S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, D A Pandu Memorial RV Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>Saliva is an essential factor in the oral health and its significant role in the maintenance of oral structures is well-known. Every element in the saliva is meant for a particular function and is present in determined quantities. Saliva contains organic and inorganic components. Among inorganic components, there are trace elements such as Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Scandium (Sc), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Strontium (Sr), Silver (Ag), Antimony (Sb), Caesium (Cs) and Mercury (Hg). Several pathological conditions, environmental pollution, age, gender, physical activities (exercise) and deleterious habits such as smoking, gutka chewing are proven to alter the concentration of these trace elements. Some of these conditions altering the concentrations of these trace elements may also affect the oral structures. The alterations in the concentration of trace elements may be an effect of pathological conditions and in some cases, may be diagnostic of the condition. Furthermore, these alterations may provide insight into the pathogenesis and behavior of many pathoses. Restoration of normal levels of the salivary trace elements may be of prognostic value. This Review is an exercise towards summarizing various conditions that cause quantitative changes in salivary trace elements and the clinical implications of these changes.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Saliva, organic compounds, inorganic compounds</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA96" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE26: Grossing techniques in oral pathology: An institutional Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Jatinder Singh, Rajiv S. Desai, Reema Nehete, Akash Nehete</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Grossing of oral pathology specimens forms the first and an important step in tissue processing, leading to diagnosis. It forms a connecting link between the patient and the oral pathologist. It involves a close coordination between the surgeon, oral pathologist and the histotechnologist. A correct grossing procedure helps in minimizing the processing errors while at the same time providing useful information about the specimen helping in achievement of correct diagnosis. The final report must include macroscopic and microscopic findings along with the final diagnosis. Thus, it is imperative for the oral pathologist to undertake this step meticulously. However, the importance of this step is often overlooked and neglected. The purpose of this poster is to provide insight about grossing procedure of the oral pathologic specimen of the oral cavity.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Grossing, histotechnologist, oral pathology, specimen</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA97" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE27: Chair-side diagnostic aids for potentially malignant disorders</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>A Kameswara Rao, V. N. H. Bindu, A. S. Ramya, Pravin Kumar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, GITAM Dental College, Visakhapatanam, Odisha, India</p><p>Early detection and prompt treatment of oral cancer offer a best chance for cure. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are morphologically altered tissues which have greater than normal risk of transforming into a malignancy. Several white and red oral lesions have been recognized by the World Health Organization as OPMDs. Today new technologies have provided an exciting new array of clinical diagnostic tools for localizing or emphasizing abnormal mucosa in the dental office. The chair-side adjuncts and tests available include light-based detection systems, fluorescence visualization and brush cytology. Advancements in saliva testing are also showing positive initial results. The main of the poster is to Review the available chair side adjuncts and tests available for early detection of OPMD.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Chair-side, diagnostic tools, early detection, oral potentially malignant disorders</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA98" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE28: Salivary chemokines and cytokines for early diagnosis of oral cancer</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shalu, Heera R, Latha Mary Cherian</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College, Kottayam, Kerala, India</p><p>Oral cancer is the eleventh most prevalent cancer worldwide, of which most common oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which makes up 90% of all oral cancers. Mortality for oral cancer is high because most patients seek care only when the disease is advanced and the survival rate decreases as low as 15-50%. Early detection of oral cancer is needed for improving survival rates and prognosis for patients with the disease. The patients with oral cancer and oral potentially malignant lesions have elevated levels of specific chemokines in oral fluids which may be used as a marker of both the early detection of malignant disease and progression to malignancy of potentially malignant lesions. Salivary biomarkers offer an easy, inexpensive, safe, and non-invasive approach for disease detection. This Review will discuss the potential of cytokines and chemokines as salivary biomarkers for the early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cytokines, oral squamous cell carcinoma, salivary biomarkers</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA99" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE29: Mass choreography: Orchestrating the mechanism of collective cell migration</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sreela KK, Heera R, Latha Mary Cherian, Shalu</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College, Kottayam, Kerala, India</p><p>Cell movements are fundamental for growth and development, gaining insights into various important biological processes such as wound healing and also in cancer metastasis. Under both physiological and pathological conditions, cells can migrate individually or collectively in tightly or loosely associated groups. Collective cell migration occurs when two or more cells that retain their cell-cell junctions within and around them including the polarization of the cells at the leading edge. Collective cell migration results from a co-ordinated conduct of physical forces acting through cell-cell junctions and also with the extracellular matrix through molecular mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that cellular mechanics and molecular regulatory pathways are important for the migration of multicellular clusters. This poster aims to provide an overview of the cellular and molecular regulation of collective migration and also its impact on tumor invasion and metastasis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cell junctions, collective, invasion, migration of cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA100" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE30: Amplification for detection: A case of Dilofilariasis with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Poonam Sawant, Bhanupriya, Jochima Cota, Karla Carvalho</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India</p><p>An unusual presentation of human intraoral Dirofilarial infestation, within an epithelium-lined cyst is reported in this poster. It is known that canine Dirofilariasis is a frequent finding in the southern states of India. While canines are the definitive hosts, humans are incidental hosts and acquire Dirofilaria when bitten by mosquitoes—the intermediate vector. The essential characterization of the genus and subgenera of Dirofilaria into D. immitis and D. repens is dependent on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hence, a species-specific assay was developed for this case, the results of which will be highlighted in this poster. This poster, thus, aims at achieving two objectives. First, to increase the awareness of this emerging Zoonosis among the dental fraternity and to emphasize the use of PCR as a diagnostic tool in typing of such parasites. Second, to aid in speedy diagnosis, timely management and prevention of further complications of the same.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Assay, dilofilariasis, mosquitos, PCR</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA101" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE31: Palate: Diagnostic dilemma in a dicey area</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Tajindra Singh, Anita Spadigam, Anita Dhupar, Shaheen Syed</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India</p><p>Palatal masses are commonly encountered in clinical practice and they usually exhibit an overlap of clinical and biologic features producing diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Palate acts as a dividing shelf between oral and nasal cavity. Masses and lesions of the hard palate should raise immediate concern on the part of clinician because of their proximity to the vital structures of the orbital cavity and base of the skull. The unique position of the palate in the head and neck region makes it a possible site from which not only infection but also tumor cells can take multiple paths. Thus it will be not wrong at this stage to consider palate as a dangerous area of the oral cavity, which makes it necessary to rule out malignant or locally aggressive and recurrent lesions by histologic diagnosis as early as possible, so that the definitive treatment can be accomplished thus limiting the associated morbidity and mortality.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Aggressive, dilemma, masses, palate</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA102" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE32: Oral field cancerization: A review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Athir a C P, Sarvani Murthy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Hasanamba Dental College and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India</p><p>Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity constitutes about 90% of all oral malignancies. Despite of all advanced treatment modalities the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma remains poor. The occurrence of second primary cancer and multifocal development of the same can be explained by the concept of field cancerization. The term “field cancerization” was introduced in 1953 by Slaughter <italic>et al.</italic>, to describe histologically abnormal tissue surrounding squamous cell carcinoma, particularly in the upper aerodigestive tract, which arises as a result of preconditioning of tissues by long term exposure to carcinogens. Recurrence of cancer may be due to the malignant transformation of benign preconditioned fields of epithelium which contain keratinocytes at different stages of malignant transformation. This paper gives a brief review on principle of field cancerization and its various theories along with molecular findings and chromosomal aberrations studied in the concept of field cancerization and its importance in prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinomas.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Chromosomal aberrations, field cancerization, oral squamous cell carcinoma, prognosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA103" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE33: Application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in oral lesions</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shilpa K S, Sarvani Murthy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Hasanamba Dental College, Hassan, Karnataka, India</p><p>The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a test that uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance. ELISA is a popular format of “wet lab” type analytic biochemistry assay that uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a substance, usually an antigen, in a liquid sample or wet sample. The technique of ELISA was created by Doctor Dennis. E Bidwell and Alister Voller and the first purpose was to detect various kind of diseases. The ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, antibody concentration determination, monoclonal antibody screening, home pregnancy test, virus test (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, Ebola, etc.) and plant pathology, as well as a quality-control check in various industries. ELISAs combine the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of simple enzyme assays, by using antibodies or antigens coupled to an easily assayed enzyme. ELISA tests are more accurate, high sensitivity, strong specificity, no need of radioisotopes. Antigens from the sample are attached to a surface. Then, a further specific antibody is applied over the surface so it can bind to the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme and, in the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. The subsequent reaction produces a detectable signal, most commonly a color change in the substrate. This poster elicits the application of ELISA in diagnosis of various oral lesions like hepatitis, HIV, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Pemphigus, etc.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> ELISA, Ebola, liquid sample, oral lesions</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA104" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE34: The invasive tumor front and prognosis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sakshi Singh, Sarvani Murthy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Hasanamba Dental College and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India</p><p>Malignant tumor of oral cavity account for approximately 30% of all head and neck cancers and 95% of these are Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Patients with OSCC can die from failure to control the primary lesion or regional lymph node metastases. An analysis of the prognostic factors in addition to tumor, node, metastases (TNM) staging or the histopathological grading is important for predicting the prognosis and achieving a high-survival rate in these patients. The invasive tumor front (ITF) has been defined as the most progressed, 3 to 6 tumor cell layers or detached tumor cell groups at the advancing edge of the OSCCs. The ITF frequently shows a lower degree of differentiation, migration, apoptosis and a higher grade of cellular dissociation in comparison with other parts of the tumor. The histological features of OSCC may widely differ from area to area within the same tumor and it is believed that the most useful prognostic information can be deduced from the invasive tumor front, where the deepest and presumably most aggressive cells reside. Numerous molecular events of significance for tumor spread, such as gain and loss of adhesion molecules, secretion of proteolytic enzymes, increased cell proliferation, budding and initiation of angiogenesis occur at the tumor-host interface or invasive front. This poster will discuss the significant pathologic changes occurring at the ITF and its importance in early detection and prognosis in OSCCs.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Early detection, invasive tumor front, oral cancer, prognosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA105" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE35: Labortary animals: Smaller creatures, larger applications</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Amani Mahajan, Kalpna Thakur, Sheilesh Singh Panwar, Gagandeep Bhalla</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India</p><p>Animal experimentation also known as animal testing, animal research and in vivo testing is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-250 BC) were among the first to perform experiments on living organisms. In dental and scientific research, the use of laboratory animals is necessary to carry out many investigations that may not be taken on man to control biological variability. The experimental animals used in dental research are monkeys, dogs, mice, ducks and fish, etc. Laboratory animals allow research on multiple diseases including cancers, malformations deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and repair, detection of mutations, inherited metabolic disorders, etc. A variety of animal models for human diseases play essential roles in the biomedical research including pathogenic analysis and development of new drugs for rare or incurable diseases. Laboratory animals are widely used for routine cultivation of viruses. They play an important role in viral pathogenesis. Mice are the most widely employed animals in virology. The different routes of inoculation in mice are intracerebral, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal. After the animal is inoculated with the virus suspension, the animal is observed for signs of disease, visible lesion, or is killed so that infected tissue can be examined for virus. These mice allow researchers to perform experiments in a system that mimics the conditions in human and to use these mice as models for drug development and research, gene and immune therapies and human cancer development and metastasis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Experimental animals, laboratory, research, therapy</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA106" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE36: Tumor vaccines: Fiction to fact</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Tania Aneja, Abhiney Puri, Sucheta Bansal, Meetali Guleria</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India</p><p>Oral cancer is one of the major reasons for morbidity and mortality worldwide. It encompasses a range of benign and malignant tumors arising from various diverse and complex structures that have major physiological functions like speech and swallowing and esthetic importance. Despite significant advances in radiation, surgery and chemotherapy, substantial gap remains in its effective control. Therefore, advances in new therapeutic modalities such as tumor-specific immunotherapy for patients with locally advanced or recurrent oral cancers are urgently needed. Cancer immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, are novel investigational modalities for cancer treatment. In contrast to chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens that are often associated with severe side effects, cancer immunotherapy stimulates the body's immune system and natural resistance to cancer, thus offering a gentle means of cancer treatment that is less damaging to the rest of the body. The goal of immunotherapy is to produce anti-tumor effects through activation of the patient's immune system or through patient supplementation with natural substances and thus to ultimately destroy the cancer. Cancer vaccines can be broadly classified into two types as therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines, with former focused on cancer immunotherapy and later on cancer immunoprevention. Majority of tumor vaccine research in dentistry is limited to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccines. This poster deals with the currently available HPV vaccines, the ongoing researches, trials, challenges and prospects of tumor vaccines.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Immunotherapy, oral cancer, tumor research, vaccines</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA107" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE37: Cytopathic effects: Utility in diagnostic pathology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Ibrahim, Tania Aneja, Meetali Guleria, Rajat</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahiib, Himachal Pradesh, India</p><p>Cytopathic effect or cytopathogenic effect (abbreviated CPE) refers to damage to host cells during virus invasion. Some viruses cause characteristic cytopathic effects; thus, observation of the cytopathic effect is an important tool for virologists concerned with isolating and identifying viruses from infected animals or humans. Common examples are rounding of the infected cell, fusion with adjacent cells to form a syncytia (polykaryocytes) and the appearance of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies may represent either altered host cell structures or accumulations of viral components. Cytopathic effects have been shown in conjunction with non-viral infections as well, such as those changes seen in fibroblasts during the early lesion of periodontal disease. Not all viruses cause a measurable cytopathic effect.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cytopathic, inclusion bodies, syncytia, virus</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA108" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE39: Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) extraction from oral tissues: A Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Kotha Sunitha, Yamuna Macha, Maharudrappa Basnaker</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, HKES’S S. Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India</p><p>Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) is a genetic blue print that makes a living being. It is a ubiquitous, i.e., found in every cell of eukaryotes. It is a molecule that builds genes, so that the genes carry all genetic information that determines inherited characteristics. With tremendous advances made in the field of molecular biology techniques, the analysis of genomic DNA has become a matter of routine. Isolation of DNA can be obtained by two methods, i.e., invasive from blood and non-invasive from skin, oral cavity, sweat. However, there is a growing need for better, cost-effective and non-invasive methods for sample collection and DNA extraction. Isolation of DNA from blood is not always possible in few cases, where the individual cannot, or is unwilling to give blood, for medical or religious reasons. In addition, repeated sampling is not always feasible by this method. Hence, an alternate non-invasive and inexpensive methods and sources to extract DNA from individuals is warranted, i.e., from skin, sweat and oral cavity. Hence, an attempt is made to discuss the non-invasive techniques and oral tissues for isolation of DNA from oral cavity, i.e., from extracted tooth, saliva, buccal mucosal cells, etc.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> DNA, oral tissues, saliva, tooth</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA109" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE41: Fine-needle aspiration cytology in oral lesions</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Navneet Kaur, Nikita Gulati, Akanksha Banga, Maumita Bhattacharya</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, rgI.T.S Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a well-established diagnostic technique. It is an alternative diagnostic method that in recent years has gained wide acceptance in many medical and surgical specialities. The sampling procedure for FNA cytology is quicker to perform than core biopsy and in most instances FNA cytology does not require local anesthetic. FNA cytology is generally less traumatic than core biopsy and is associated with a low complication rate. FNA cytology also has an added advantage that the results are available relatively quickly and is relatively inexpensive to perform. Although the method has been in existence for 150 years, its usefulness, safety and diagnostic accuracy have been demonstrated repeatedly only during the last 20 years. Studies have shown diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in tumors and tumor-like conditions in oral and maxillofacial region. The diagnostic accuracy of the method was 98% with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 99%. FNAC of head and neck masses proved to be a useful tool in diagnosing metastasis with good certainty.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Aspirate, cytology, sensitivity, specificity</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA110" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE43: Saliva testing as a nontraditional diagnostic tool; Can it be a bloodless revolution</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pratya Singh, Umesh Chandra Prasad G</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, K. D Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>The most commonly used laboratory diagnostic procedures involve the analyses of the cellular and chemical constituents of blood. To monitor health status, disease onset, progression and treatment outcome non-invasively is a most desirable goal in the health care. Specific biomarkers associated with health or disease, a technology platform to rapidly discriminate the biomarkers delivery and a non-invasive method for collecting biological samples are prerequisites to achieve this desirable goal. Saliva, a biofluid that is readily available through non-invasive collection, has long been recognized to achieve this goal. There has been a growing appreciation that saliva can reflect virtually the entire spectrum of normal and disease states. However the barriers to widespread implementation of saliva diagnostics derive from technological problems such as sensitivity, miniaturization, high throughput, automation, cost and speed. These barriers to detection of markers in saliva have largely been overcome through techniques emerging from many different fields: biology, chemistry, physics and engineering. The vision and challenge of saliva diagnostics is to discover the diagnostic potential and optimize engineering technologies for this biofluid. If the scientific values and diagnostic utilities of saliva are as good as or better than other bio-media, it's easy and non-invasive collection will eventually place saliva as the biomedium of choice in clinical diagnostics. As a result, dentists will have greater involvement in the identification and monitoring of oral and certain non-oral disorders. This poster reviews the diagnostic potential, new discoveries, technological advances and barriers to widespread implementation of saliva in diagnostics.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Diagnostic tool, discovery, saliva, technological advances</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA111" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE44: Molecular pathogenesis of human papilloma virus (HPV)-induced squamous cell carcinoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Roquaiya Nishat, Sujatha R, Harish Kumar, Alokenath Banerjee</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India</p><p>Human papilloma virus (HPV) are a heterogeneous group of small non-enveloped epitheliotropic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses targeting basal cells of stratified epithelia at mucosal/cutaneous sites. According to various studies, HPV malignancies represent 5-20% of all head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and 40-90% of those arising from the oropharynx. More than 90 HPV types have been fully sequenced. HPV 16 is by far the commonest genotype detected in oropharyngeal carcinomas. HPV-associated cancers represent a distinct pathological entity characterized by variations in risk factors and molecular gene alterations. Viral oncogene transcription and oncoprotein expression are controlled by cellular signaling cascades. Expression of special viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 are required for maintaining malignant growth by inhibiting tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb. This poster provides an insight into the molecular pathogenesis of HPV induced head and neck cancer.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Human papilloma virus (HPV), oral squamous cell carcinoma, oncoproteins</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA112" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE45: Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway and ameloblastoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pallavi Mishra, Shyam Sundar Behura, Abikshyeet Panda, Alokenath Bandopadhy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India</p><p>Odontogenesis is a highly coordinated and complex process which is regulated through different signaling pathways, which includes Hedgehog's transforming growth factor (TGF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt. The Hedgehog signaling pathway transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper development. It is one of the key regulators of animal development. Mammals have three hedgehog homologous—desert hedgehog (DHH), Indian hedgehog (IHH) and SHH or sonic hedgehog. The SHH signaling pathway plays a critical role in tooth development and any disturbance in this pathway may lead to pathogenesis of various odontogenic neoplasms. Ameloblastoma is a locally destructive and invasive tumor which develops from the cell rests of the enamel organ, or remnants of Hertwig's sheath, epithelium of odontogenic cyst, developing odontogenic cyst, disturbances of the developing enamel organ, basal cells of surface epithelium of the jaws. It is now proposed that understanding of altered SHH signaling pathway may provide non-surgical treatment options. This poster highlights the association of SHH signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of Ameloblastoma for better diagnosis and treatment approach.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, odontogenic tumors, sonic hedgehog signaling pathway</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA113" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE46: Tumor markers</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Deepsagar Thadudari, Pavan G, Madhusudan Rao T</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</p><p>Tumor markers are the substances those present in or produced by tumor itself or produced by host in response to a tumor that can be used to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue or to determine the presence of a tumor. These are normally proteins and may be detected within exfoliated or distributed cells or as circulating agents within peripheral blood or plasma. Tumor markers are precious tools for screening a healthy and high-risk population for the presence of cancer, making a diagnosis of specific type of cancer, along with determining the prognosis and monitoring the course of disease in the patient, at the time of remission or during the course of treatment. This poster focuses on currently available tumor markers and their recent development in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Diagnosis, prognosis, tumor markers, tool</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA114" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE47: Epithelial mesenchymal interactions: Significance in histogenesis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Rohini T, Madhusudhan Rao, Keerthi M, SRK Nandan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</p><p>Epithelial mesenchymal interactions (EMIs) are described as series of programed, sequential and reciprocal (complex and multiphase) communications between the epithelium and mesenchyme with its heterotypic cell population that result in differentiation of one or both cell population. It represents a process that is essential for cell growth, cell differentiation and cell multiplication. EMIs are associated with normal physiological processes in the oral cavity such as odontogenesis, dentino enamel junction formation, salivary gland development, palatogenesis and pathological processes such as oral cancer. This poster focuses role of epithelial, mesenchymal interactions in odontogenesis, salivary gland development, palatogenesis and oral cancer.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, odontogenesis, oral cancer, palatogenesis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA115" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE48: Biphasic tumors</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>G Hephzibah, Pavan G Kulkarni, Shyam Prasad Reddy, S R K Nandan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>A biphasic tumor is a truly histological term that refers to a neoplastic tissue which is characterized by two different cellular components. The two cellular components may originate from the combination of ectodermal and mesenchymal derived tissues or within ectodermal or mesenchymal elements. Molecular studies are helpful in identifying the origin of biphasic tumors and they support their categorization. Categorizing biphasic tumors is not likely to highlight diagnostic standards, but it may sensitize the therapeutic planning and post-operative monitoring. This poster focuses on the histological description of the lesions that are suggested to be biphasic tumors.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biphasic tumors, diagnosis, histology, mesenchymal</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA116" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE50: Mitochondria as a novel strategy for cancer therapy</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Arya C K, Anila Karunakaran, M K Ram</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, Kannur, Kerala, India</p><p>The mitochondria being the cellular powerhouses are the primary source of energy for the cells and in malignancy, cells generally display a higher energy demand. Also cancer cells survive well under hypoxic conditions because of their defective mitochondrial energy metabolism. Reactive oxygen species formed due to mitochondrial respiration causes damage to mitochondrial deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) leading to either sensitization of the cell toward cell death signaling or alters cellular response to apoptotic stimuli. Mitochondria regulate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Hallmarks of cancer cells include their resistance to apoptosis and their mitochondrial dysfunction. Targeting the mitochondria thus plays a major role in anti-cancer therapy.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Anti-cancer, apoptosis, dysfunction, mitochondria</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA117" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE51: Femtosecond lasers microtome: A novel sectioning method</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Humeera Mohammed Ghaus Mulla, Vinit Patil, Rajendra Baad, Sushma Gugwad</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India</p><p>A microtome is an instrument used to prepare thin sections of human, animal, or plant tissue for microscopic examination. Usually, the microtomes used to perform the sectioning mechanically. As a pre-requisite for this sectioning; the tissue has to undergo special preparations, such as fixation in formalin or liquid nitrogen and embedding in resin or paraffin to preserve its structure and to gain stability. A laser microtome is a novel sectioning instrument that can solve the problem. A multipurpose sectioning instrument equipped with femtosecond laser technology enables non-contact cutting inside biological tissues and various materials without causing thermal damage. In contrast to the conventional microtomes, it cuts with the help of photons, is contact-free and enables the cutting of tissue in its native state. Special preparation techniques are not required. The heart of the laser microtome is a femtosecond laser that emits light in the near-infrared range. The near-infrared range is well-suited for processing biological material because most biological tissues have a very low absorption coefficient in this part of the spectrum. Thus, manipulation of tissue can even be done inside the material. This scientific presentation is an attempt to highlight the various facets of this novel sectioning method.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Femtosecond, low absorption coefficient, multipurpose, novel sectioning method</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA118" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE52: Stem cell therapy in oral submucous fibrosis: A ray of hope</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sonali Dilip Sankpal, Wasim Kamate, Rashmi Gangavati, Vidya Kadashetty</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, Kimsdu, Karad, Maharashtra, India</p><p>In the new millennium, where biology and biotechnology have replaced chemistry, the world is exploring “biological solutions to biological problems.” Stem cells are unspecialized cells that develop into specialized cells, which in turn make up the different types of tissues in the human body. Stem cell treatments are a type of genetic medicine that introduces new cells into damaged tissue in order to treat a disease or injury. Many medical researchers believe that stem cell treatments have the potential to change the face of human disease and alleviate suffering. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is chronic, insidious disease caused by areca nut use and is associated with both significant morbidity including pain and reduced mouth opening and an increased risk of malignancy. Traditional treatment modalities for OSMF include nutritional therapy, immunomodulatory drugs like glucocorticoids, placental extract, local drug delivery, physiotherapy and surgical management. Advanced research in this field has led to a rapid progress in tissue repair and regeneration of oral tissues in oral submucous fibrosis. Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCS) and autogenous mononuclear bone marrow stem cells are emerged to use in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It is evident that the stem cell therapy has played role in the improvement of the signs and symptoms through neoangiogenesis, anti-inflammatory effects and anti-fibrinolytic effects. This Review will outline the recent trends in stem cells therapy in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis including its potential complications.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Immunomodulatory, neoangiogenesis, oral submucous fibrosis, stem cell</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA119" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE53: Biomimetic nano-particles in treatment of oral cancer. Are we close enough?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Rashmi Gangavati, Wasim Kamate, Sonali Sankpal, Rajendra Baad</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, Kimsdu, Karad, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Nano-technology techniques may have interesting applications for detecting cancer and may aid in giving patients more personalizing treatment protocols. Cancerous cells must travel long distances through the body to infect other organs. This new technology can detect at the nano level this softness or flexibility of the cancerous cells. Recently, a new strategy for synthesizing biomimetic nano-particles has been inspired by the body's own long-circulating entities, red blood cells (RBCs). Such a system disguises drug nano-carriers as “self” using membrane materials directly derived from RBCs. Nano-technology can be used to fight cancer in two ways; for detection of cancer and in the destruction of the cancer. The RBC membrane-coated polymeric nano-particles represent a new class of long-circulating nano-carriers that are camouflaged by RBC membrane and can be used to deliver drug payloads with the polymeric core. In concept, if drug carriers were to be prepared from autologous RBCs, they would be fully biocompatible with little immunogenicity. Such applications of using RBCs as drug carriers have been reported and shown great promise in terms of their drug loading and circulation half-life properties. Nano-particles are subjected to state-of-the-art engineering in order to increase their affinity for diseased cells, which will culminate in the treatment of the cells. This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body. This Review will cover the application of nanotechnology using RBCs in the treatment of oral cancer.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biomimetics, immunogenicity, nano-carriers, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA120" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE54: Tooth deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA): God's signature</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Aneeshya Jose, Hafeeda Kunhabdulla, Reshma M, Faiz Aboobacker</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, KMCT Dental College, Calicut, Kerala, India</p><p>Forensic odontology is defined as that branch of forensic medicine, which in the interest of justice, deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and the proper evaluation and presentation of such evidence. Mouth allows a myriad of possibilities in forensic science. Since teeth possess distinctive and unique features along with resistance to extreme conditions, deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) from the tooth can be isolated for forensic odontology. Dental DNA is useful for the identification of individuals in mass disasters, aviation disasters and parental disputes. Dental profiles are created and this includes a biological or comparative identification along with post-mortem dental profiles. In the recent era, dentists are key personnel for identifying the individual dentition which in turn can be used to find out/exclude a suspect in a crime investigation. This paper presentation emphasis on the importance of tooth as a source of DNA in forensic odontology along with the method of isolation and DNA profiling and how this innovation in dentistry can serve as an adjuvant in forensic medicine.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> DNA profiling, forensic, personnel identification, tooth</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA121" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE55: The ghost in our genes</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Aakanksha Peer, Rupesh Kumar Chaturvedi, Sherin Nair, Narendranath Singh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>The long-believed dichotomy between nature (genes) and nurture (environment) has suddenly been proved false by the emerging discovery of epigenetic molecular mechanisms that bridge these two aspects. To understand the link, structured scientific Review and meta-analysis of scientific publications in English language from past 10 years was done from various books, journals in central library and National Medical Library (NML) and various search engines like PubMed, Wiley, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Epigenetics is the study of acquired changes in chromatin structure that arise independently of a change in the underlying deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotide sequence. Key components involved in epigenetic regulation are DNA methylation, histone modifications and micro ribonucleic acid (RNA). Epigenetics can be affected by various environmental factors like diet, drugs, stress, physical activity and addictive substances (tobacco & alcohol), which can modify the expression of genes associated with development, ageing and carcinogenesis. Epigenetics may also play a role in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular, neurologic, autoimmune, reproductive, inflammatory and infectious diseases. Epigenetic modifications caused by tobacco chewing, smoking, diet, bacteria and inflammation affect the oral health and may contribute to aberrant epigenetic mechanisms as seen in oral pre-cancers and cancers. In the near future, epigenetic variations found in oral dysplastic cells can act as a molecular fingerprint for malignancies. DNA from oral rinses and buccal swabs can be used for determining both DNA methylation status and histone modifications. Epigenetic marks can prove to be novel markers for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in oral cancer as well as other oral diseases. We cannot change our genes, but we may soon be able to change the epigenetic marks on our genes!</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> DNA methylation, epigenesis, genes, micro RNAs</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA122" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE57: Methanogenic archaea: No longer a myth</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>S Amutha, G Kanimozhi, S Nithya, Harikrishna Prasad</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, KS Rangasamy Institute of Dental Science and Research, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Archaea are prokaryotes, which includes a number of organisms which can survive in wide range of temperature (−15° to 122°C), pH (3 to 9) and completely anoxic environment through special structural, chemical and metabolic adaptations. They lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall and their membrane lipids have hydrocarbons attached to glycerol by ether linkage. They multiply by binary fission, budding, fragmentation, or other mechanisms. Methanogens are largest member of this group. They are strict anaerobes that obtain energy by converting carbon-dioxide and hydrogen into methane. They thrive in environments rich in organic matter and help bacteria to degrade it by maintaining low hydrogen partial pressure. They are of practical importance because methane is a clean burning fuel, an excellent source of energy, has been used in bio-gas, sewage treatment plants for many years. Methane absorbs infrared radiation which contributes to green house effect and global warming. Some Methanogens are found in humans—M.smithi in gut and vagina, M.oralis in oral cavity (sub-gingival plaque, periodontal pockets and root canals). Acquisition occurs through environmental contamination and once they find favorable substrate, stable colonization is established. Their occurrence in sites of infection with reasonably high proportions and prevalence has created special attention to identify the role of Methanogens in health and disease. Methods used to detect Methanogens include direct microscopic examination, anerobic cultivation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gas chromatography, Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This poster discusses in brief about Methanogens, methods to identify/detect and their clinical significance in oral disease.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Anerobes, detection, methanogens, oral disease</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA123" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE58: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A molecular key in diagnosis of oral disease</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shreedevi B</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, K V G Dental College, Sullia, Karnataka, India</p><p>The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. There are around 30 variations in PCR. Procedure of PCR includes thermal denaturation of the target DNA, primer annealing of synthetic oligonucleotide primers and extension of the annealed primers by a DNA polymerase. It is an excellent technique for the rapid detection of pathogens, including those difficult to culture. In diagnosing oral diseases, PCR is used for detection of periodontal and cariogenic pathogens, micro-organisms involved with endodontic infections, detecting viruses present in host cells, human papillomavirus and hepatitis C virus and also used in diagnosing leukemia, lymphoma, benign and malignant neoplasm's, circulating cancer tumor cells and solid tissue cancers in cases where only a small number of cancer cells are present. It is also used in forensic identification. The focus of this poster is to describe the current status of PCR which has become a research standard diagnostic tool.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Circulating tumor cells, detection, forensic, PCR</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA124" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE59: Touch imprint cytology and frozen section: As an intra-operative diagnostic tool</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sreejyothi</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, K V G Dental College, Sullia, Karnataka, India</p><p>Touch imprint cytology (TIC) and frozen section (FS) are routinely used intra-operative diagnostic procedures to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen, to identify extent of disease or evaluate margins, to identify metastases, or simply identify a tissue for pathological assessment. Both of these techniques have its own merits and drawbacks and it is still unclear which is preferred. Imprint method has many advantages in comparison with FS. If the amount of tissues for FS is limited, the imprint techniques can be used to cover a larger portion of the specimen. The cytological details provided by imprint method are superior to those provided by FSs because tissues are already fixed and absence of freezing artifacts. Cryostat contamination can be avoided in FS if potentially infectious specimens are diagnosed by imprint method. Advantage of FS over imprint method is that areas of invasion of the tumor cells and its extension can be diagnosed clearly. This poster enlightens us about the two intra operative procedures that help to avoid surgical repeat.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Artifacts, frozen sections, imprint cytology, tumor invasion</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA125" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE60: Stem saved is life saved</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Y Suryaramya, M Dinesh Lal, Vinay Kumar Heramath, V Suresh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Stem cells from dental tissues and umbilical cord have been banked and isolated for the use of many medicinal and tissue engineering purposes. Dental stem cells and umbilical cord cells have their own advantages in their therapeutic usage. Banking and isolation of stem cells from both sources poses a biggest challenge. This is an attempt to bring out the stem cells of cord blood and dental pulp on a single platform and view at larger perspective.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cord blood, banking, dental tissues, stem cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA126" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE61: Specific tumor markers vs variables</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Vinay Kumar Heramath, V Suresh, D Jyothsna</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Lenora Institute of Dental Sciences, Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Over the years many tumor markers have evolved and vanished. Series of tumor markers have been used as adjuvant diagnostic tool and also the biological behavior of tumor. This poster analyses whether so many markers are required as adjuvant diagnostic tools for specific lesions when we have gold standard stains for the diagnosis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Adjuvant, biological, diagnosis, tumor markers</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA127" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE62: Cell junction in oral health and disease</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique, Amisha Shah</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, MA Rangoonwala Dental College, Pune, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Specialised junctions occur at points of cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix, between nerves, nerves and effector cells like muscles and gland in multicellular organisms. These cell-cell contacts have multiple and diverse roles in regulating aspects of tissue adhesion, signalling, communication, differentiation, migration, proliferation, maintaining shape, permeability, polarity and development, thereby maintaining tissue integrity. They transfer intracellular signals that regulates contact induced inhibition of cell growth, apoptosis, gene expression and new vessel formation. Various junctions include the tight junctions, gap junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes and synaptic junctions. Each junction comprises complex networks of proteins, the precise composition of which may vary in a site-specific and differentiation-specific manner. The molecules responsible for creating cell junctions include various cell adhesion molecules such as occludins, claudins, selectins, cadherins, integrins, connexions and immunoglobulin superfamily. Any structural defect of the above said molecules may result in various pathologies of the oral cavity such as in edema, sepsis, vesiculobullous lesions, oral malignancy and their metastasis, periodontal diseases, salivary gland diseases, viral diseases like measles, herpes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), myasthenia gravis and syndromes such as ectodermal dysplasia, Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KIDS) syndrome, etc. This poster aims at highlighting various junctions that have a possible role in various pathologies of the oral cavity.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cell junctions, malignancy oral cavity, pathologies</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA128" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE63: Ebola: The echo of Africa</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Nasim Namazi, Supriyakosti, Ajit V Koshy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, M. A. Rangoonwala Dental College, Pune, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Ebola is a fast-spreading endemic fatality that has been making headlines and has become a priority for the World Health Organization (WHO) to find a way to control and treat this viral menace. The virus which was earlier confined to animals has spread to human being causing serious fatal hemorrhagic fever. It was named Ebola after the first outbreak in 1976, which occurred near river Ebola, in the Democratic republic of Congo. Recently, a fatal outbreak of virus has been reported in four neighboring West African countries: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria. Till date, 1,779 cases have been identified and 1,000 deaths have been recorded. There are ongoing researches to find a vaccine for this virus, but much is in the initial animal trials. However, a recent report that this trial vaccine was administered on an American doctor who was infected with the virus. The effectiveness of this human administration is awaited. But many are pushing for its use on the larger population as clock ticks by. This poster could highlight the structure of virus, its mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical signs and symptoms, epidemiology, prevention, treatment and recent research advances.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ebola, epidemiology, transmission, trial vaccine</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA129" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE64: Chemical waste disposal in histopathology laboratory: A review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Farhana Ashraf, Ajit V Koshy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, M A Rangoonwala Dental College and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India</p><p>In routine processing of tissues in histopathology laboratory, various chemical agents are employed. Many of these are to be disposed off routinely, some of them are hazardous and others have short shelf life. A proper knowledge for their disposal is mandatory, as many laboratory personnel are unaware and mainly dispose the chemicals through the sewer systems, which may further reach ground water and cause other environmental hazards. Thus, it is very important to identify chemicals that can be disposed off safely in normal trash or sewer systems and those chemicals which may be recycled or reduced when possible, or placed in appropriate containers to be picked up by safety services. This poster explains and suggests various disposal methods employed for toxic chemicals used in histopathology laboratory.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Chemicals, disposal, histopathology, laboratory</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA130" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE65: To beat or not to beat: Role of primary cilia in odontogenesis and odontogenic pathologies</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Bindushree RV, Lalitha J Thambiah, Deepak V, Shibani Shetty</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mathrusri Ramabai Amdekar Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>A primary cilia is a sensory organelle, it is a microtubule-based non-motile antenna-like structure that emanates from the surface of virtually all cells in mammalian body. It receives both mechanical and chemical signal from other cells and environment and transmit the signals to the nucleus to elicit a cellular response. It is anchored to the cell by the basal body. Cilium consists of a highly ordered basic structure of nine peripheral microtubule doublets arranged around central microtubules (9+2 axoneme). Primary cilia has 9 + 0 axoneme. Primary cilia have been implicated in hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt signaling and both pathways play a critical role in odontogenesis. Primary cilia are essential for the integration of Wnt and Hh signaling and in the absence of a functional primary cilium. Hh signaling is diminished and Wnt signaling is simultaneously increased in the dental mesenchyme. This is thought to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of various odontogenic pathologies via odontogenic cyst and dentigerous cyst. This scientific poster attempts to explain the role of primary cilium in pathogenesis of odontogenic cyst and dentigerous cyst.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dentigerous cyst, primary cilium, sonic hedgehog pathway, Wnt pathway</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA131" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE66: Role of trimolecular signaling system in bone pathologies</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Maheshwari S, Lalita J Thambiah, Deepak V, Vijay Kumar Jain</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Math rusri Ramabai Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>Bone remodelling is a cyclic and continuous physiological process achieved by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Receptor Activator of nuclear factor — kB ligand (RANKL) RANK/OPG (Osteoprotegrin) a trimolecular control factor complex signaling system discovered in mid 1990s belonging to the superfamily of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is essential for skeletal homeostasis. RANKL/RANK signaling regulates osteoclast formation, activation and survival in normal bone remodelling and in a variety of pathologic conditions characterized by increased bone turn over. RANKL is synthesized by osteoblasts links to osteoclasts surface receptor RANK and stimulates bone resorption through osteoclastogenesis. OPG is secreted by osteoblasts as a decoy receptor for RANKL protects bone resorption by preventing osteoclastogenic effect by binding OPG to RANKL and prevents binding of RANKL to RANK. This system is critical for skeletal health, tooth eruption and shedding. The disruption of RANKL/OPG may be a chief factor in etiopathogenesis of many bone pathologies. RANKL/RANK signalling is also required for lymph node formation and mammary gland lactational hyperplasia and OPG also protects arteries from calcifications. Thus RANKL/OPG ratio is an important determinant of bone mass and skeletal integrity. This signalling system can be used as a marker for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of Bone disorders.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Bone remodelling, RANK/RANKL/OPG, Tumor necrosis factor</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA132" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE67: An expedition into the ambiguity of ghost cells</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Afshan Anjum, Lalitha J Thambiah, Deepak V, Soundarya N</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mathrusri Ramabai Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>Ghost cells are swollen and keratinized cells, without any nuclei, with a clear conservation of basic cellular outline, endowed with resistance to resorption and tendency to develop foreign body granulomas. They are eosinophilic and show aberrant keratinization. The term “ghost cells” had its origin in two American seminal articles by Thoma and Goldman in 1946. Ghost cells are seen as a histological feature in Calcifying Cystic Odontogenic Tumor (CCOT), Odontomas, Craniopharyngioma, Pilomatrixoma and Ameloblastic fibroma. b-catenin is expressed aberrantly in tumors expressing ghost cells, the formation of ghost cells has been considered as an unusual or aberrant form of cellular keratinization called as ghost cell keratinization. The Wnt-b-catenin-T cell factor/lymphoid enchancer factor (TCF/Lef) pathway is involved in the expression of hard keratins. It has been documented that rising levels of free β-catenin drive the formation of complexes with TCF/Lef factor and upregulate the wingless Wnt-cell to cell signals. The end result is an abnormality of β-catenin degradation and thus builds up β-catenin in cytoplasm or nucleus resulting in stimulation of cellular proliferation or inhibition of cell death, overall resulting in aberrant keratinization. The Ghost cells may be accentuated in routine paraffin sections by van Gieson, Goldner, or Ayoub-shklar histochemical stain. This scientific poster is aimed to Review the molecular characteristics, pathogenesis and demonstration of ghost cells in various pathologies.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> β-catenin gene, ghost cells, keratinization</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA133" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE68: Oral neonatal lesions</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Karuna Kumari, Snehashish Ghosh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>Pediatric patients present with various intra-oral conditions that mandates early diagnosis, accurate treatment or reassurance and possible referral for a thorough dental evaluation. Periodic Review of oral cavity of a newborn can help the dental team to easily recognize common and rare abnormalities affecting children. The various oral conditions that might be present in the newborn includes natal and neonatal teeth, clefts, ulcerations, bacterial, viral, fungal infections, cysts, alveolar lymphangioma, tumors, developmental disorders, ranula, mucocele, congenital lip pits, etc. This poster aims to Review the current literature on the diagnosis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Congenital, dental, neonates, newborns, neoplasms, oral lesions</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA134" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE69: Biotooth: Challenges and progress</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>S Revathi, V Ramesh, P D Balamurali, Karthikshree V Prasad</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, Pondicherry, India</p><p>Stem cell-based tissue engineering is a promising branch to replace lost or damaged tissues in humans. A tooth may be lost due to trauma, caries, or periodontal reasons. Current implant-based methods of whole tooth replacement fail to reproduce a natural root structure and as a consequence of the friction from eating and other jaw movement, loss of jaw bone can occur around the implant. Bio-engineering of whole tooth called “biotooth” has given hope to dental replacement and regenerative therapy. Tooth development relies on reciprocal tissue interactions between ectoderm-derived dental epithelium and cranial neural crest-derived mesenchyme. To generate an implantable tooth germ in vitro, one of the cell sources, either epithelial or mesenchymal population, needs to be inductive, as long as the other is responsive. A major challenge in stem cell-based bioengineering tooth is to identify appropriate sources of stem cells that have odontogenic potential. Currently, two approaches are available practically, either “Bioengineered tooth germ” or “Bioengineered whole tooth unit,” can be transplanted into adult edentulous area. Recently, exfoliated keratinocytic cells from gingiva and skin or human urine-derived cells (induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSC) can be reprogrammed to induce the odontogenic potential to regenerate tooth-like structures, providing an appealing stem cell source for future human tooth regeneration. Thus, this Review briefly discusses the challenges and approaches for stem cell-based regeneration of whole tooth.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biotooth, keratinocytes, regenerative, stem cell</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA135" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE70: Role of myofibroblasts: A Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Premraj P, Revathi S, Ramesh V, Nirima Oza, B Premalatha</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, Puducherry, India</p><p>Myofibroblasts are specialized fibroblasts with contractile apparatus, which are heterogenous and multifunctional depending upon their environment. Due to their contractile features, ability to synthesize extracellular matrix components and cytokines, these cells have been implicated in the normal wound healing as well as pathologic fibrocontractive disease and in progression of many tumors, including squamous cell carcinoma. Different group of cells can contribute to the formation of myofibroblast depending on the microenvironment, with the help of specific set of cytokines and growth factors, but the most important of which is transforming growth factor-β. Myofibroblasts always express α-smooth muscle actin, which is considered to be an important marker for identification. It can also express vimentin, desmin and myosin, depending upon the underlying pathology. In case of invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinoma, there exist a double paracrine mechanism between fibroblast and differentiated myofibroblasts. They are also implicated in other oral diseases like inflammatory, reactive lesions, benign odontogenic tumors and odontogenic cyst. It is important to understand how these cells exert their effects on stromal and epithelial tissue compartments, mainly because they can provide new insights into mechanisms associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Invasion, myofibroblasts, metastasis, transforming growth factor (TGF) beta</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA136" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE71: Salivary markers in oral cancer detection</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sheetal, Monika Chaudhary</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, Puducherry, India</p><p>Oral cancer is 6<sup>th</sup> most common cancer worldwide and has low survival rate. Mortality and morbidity associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma can be greatly reduced if tumor marker which can detect oral cancer at an early stage are available. Oral and systemic diseases may affect salivary glands directly or indirectly and influence the quantity and composition of saliva. In the development of neoplastic disease, progressive genotypic and phenotypic alterations are detected in the affected cells and these mutations can be identified in the bodily fluids draining the tumor. The presence of oral cancer biomarkers in saliva is a known fact due to direct contact between saliva and oral cancer lesion and detection of these markers may be useful in diagnosis of the diseases. Salivary biomarkers are non-invasive, inexpensive, easily measured and indicate disease states has profound consequences for clinical practice and may open up new strategies for diagnosis, prognosis and potential therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cancer biomarkers, inexpensive, non-invasive, saliva</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA137" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE72: Oral lichen planus versus oral lichenoid lesions</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Rajshri Uttam Gurav, Kehkashan Ehsan Azmi</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission`s Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic systemic disease of established immune-mediated pathogenesis. It commonly involves the mucosa of the oral cavity. The typical age of presentation is between 30 and 60 years and it is more frequently seen in women. The etiopathogenesis is poorly understood. Oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs) are disease conditions with definite identifiable etiology. OLLs are known to be a difficult diagnosis because of its close resemblance to oral lichen planus; however, there are some discriminating features between the two conditions. The potential risk of malignant transformation in OLLs (3.2%) is higher as compared to OLP (1.09%), which makes these entities of clinical significance and thereby increases the need of proper understanding of its diagnosis and management. Thus, the aim of this poster presentation is to elaborate on the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, management and malignant transformation of OLP and OLLs.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Diagnosis, lichenoid, malignant, oral lichen planus</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA138" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE74: Hamartomatous lesions in oral cavity</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Lekshmi Venugopal, Tessy Lukose, Ashin Joy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mar Baselios Dental College, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam, Kerala, India</p><p>A hamartoma is a benign, tumor like malformation made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues found in areas of the body where growth occurs. It is considered a developmental error and can occur at a number of sites. Developmental remnants may be considered hamartomatous if they form discrete tumor like masses. Hamartomas result from an abnormal function of normal tissue, although the underlying reasons for the abnormality are not fully known. They grow along with and at the same rate as that of the surrounding tissues and unlike tumors, only rarely invade or compress surrounding structures significantly. Usually they regress once the subject reaches its growth limit. Hamartomatous lesions in the oral cavity can be broadly classified under the headings of odontogenic origin and non odontogenic origin (vascular, osseous, neural crestal, syndromic,). This poster is aimed at creating an awareness on the hamartomatous lesions of oral cavity which is important in the proper diagnosis and treatment planning.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Benign, hamartoma, odontogenic, oral cavity</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA139" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE75: Tissue microarray bringing speed to histopathology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sumit Jaiswal, Priyanka Naramdeo, Arvind Jain</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mairti College of Dentistry and Research Center, Anjora, Chattisgarh, India</p><p>Revolutionary advances are underway that will dramatically change our understanding of oral diseases. The phenomenal progress being made in biomedical research is in large part fuelled by advances in our overall knowledge of the human genome, development of microarray technology that allows comprehensive and unbiased evaluation of global biologic pathways and networks, as well as expanded computational abilities. Expectations are that nearly all clinical areas in dentistry and oral pathology will be affected by advances in molecular pathology, which in turn, promises to lead to more accurate diagnosis, effective disease monitoring and development of targeted and specific therapies. This poster provides a brief overview of microarray technologies.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Advanced technology, disease diagnosis, microarray, monitoring</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA140" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE76: Glandular odontogenic cyts and its mimickers: A histopathological overview</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Smita Rathod, Vipul Pawar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission`s Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p>The Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is a rare developmental cyst of the jaws that was described in 1988 by Gardner <italic>et al</italic>. as a distinct entity. GOC is defined as “a cyst arising in the tooth-bearing areas of the jaws and characterized by an epithelial lining with cuboidal or columnar cells with crypts or cyst-like spaces within the thickness of the epithelium.” The exact microscopic criteria necessary for diagnosis of GOC have not been universally accepted. Furthermore, some of the microscopic features of GOC may also be found in dentigerous, botryoid, radicular and surgical ciliated cysts. Thus, these lesions are collectively called GOC mimickers. GOC displays “an aggressive growth potential” and a high recurrence rate which ranges between 21-55%. Thus, it necessitates differentiation between GOC and GOC mimickers. The aim of this poster is to Review the histopathological features of GOC and GOC mimickers.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dentigerous, histopathological, GOC, mimicker</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA141" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE77: Old players with new goal: “Immune score”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Nikitha Narayanan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission`s Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p>The host immune system seems to play a convincing role in cancer development and progression as well as control of metastasis. Suggestive evidence for pre-existing anti-tumor immunity in patients with cancer conforms that the tumor-bearing hosts is capable of mounting an immune response to tumor-associated antigens. The in situ adaptive immune reaction has been demonstrated to have a strong correlation with recurrence and overall survival, thus emphasizing an immune classification of tumors based on a simple immune score quantifying the density and location of immune cells within the tumor. We hereby present a Review poster on immune score and their and their probable novel role as a component of cancer classification, thus, harmonizing the need for immunologic biomarkers as a key prognostic factor.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biomarkers, cancer, immunity, prognosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA142" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE78: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): An overview</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sukesh Kumar V, Kranthi Kiran Reddy E, Prasanna MD</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, MNR Dental College, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Chromatography is an analytical technique based on separation of molecules due to difference in their structure or composition. High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a liquid chromatography used to separate and quantify compounds that have been dissolved in solution. HPLC system is generally used for identification, quantification and resolution of compounds with a very good reliability, safety and versatility. They have wide range of application like determining the safety of drugs, biomonitoring environmental pollutants. In forensic science, quantification and analysis of human biological fluids, minerals, vitamins and in analyzing the quality of food. HPLC nowadays is used for determination of tumor markers, amino acids and rare trace elements, which help in diagnosis of the disease and its progression. In this presentation, an attempt is made to Review the different aspects of HPLC in terms of its principles, types, instrumentation and applications.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biomonitoring, diagnosis, high-performance liquid chromatography, tumor markers</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA143" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE79: Targeting autophagy: A new approach to cancer therapy</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sameer Bhardwaj, S P Mosby, Manjunath Badni</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Gwalior, Rajasthan, India</p><p>Cancer is one of the major threats to public health worldwide. Although there are different traditional treatment approaches against cancer like surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, there is still need for more improved and specialized treatment modalities to fight against cancer. In recent years, new strategies have been approached by the researchers like immunotherapy, hormone therapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, gene therapy and targeting physiological processes like autophagy as a treatment tactic to alleviate and treat cancer. Autophagy is a physiologically controlled self-degradation process utilized by cells to maintain cellular homeostasis and to support cell survival in response to starvation, hypoxia and metabolic stress. In the context of cancer, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword, as both suppressor and facilitator of tumorigenesis. So, different autophagy modulators, either autophagy inducers or autophagy inhibitors can be used for the therapeutic benefits in cancer treatment approach, depending upon the type, stage, genetic context and pathway of progression of cancer. Targeting autophagy modulators appears to be positive and realistic approach for cancer treatment. This poster highlights on the autophagy modulators and their path of action for cancer therapy.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold><bold>Autophagy, cancer therapy, hypoxia, realistic approach</bold></p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA144" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE81: Artifacts in immunohistochemistry; make out and take out</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pankaj Suhagiya, R S Puranik, Shreenivas S Vanaki, Mahadevi B Hosur</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, P M Nadagowda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India</p><p>Occurrence of artifacts in routine histopathological and biochemical procedures is expected to happen. Even immunohistochemical procedure is not an exception. In face of availability of literature in regard to artifacts in conventional histopathology, there is dearth of information in regard to the same in immunohistochemistry (IHC). Artifacts though observed post-analytically at interpretation stage, can occur at both pre-analytical and post-analytical stages. These can befall starting from fixation to end stage of addition of chromogen. The recognition and acquainting with regular pattern of staining so as to differentiate true positive staining versus false positive staining and the frequent problem of background staining may have greater impact on the final surgical pathology diagnosis. This poster presents the commonly observed artifacts at various levels of IHC procedures. Recognition and corrections of the same will have impact on the treatment of disease. This necessitates the neophyte pathologist to be familiar with such artifacts while employing IHC as a diagnostic tool. Know, aware and recognize.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Artefacts, chromogen, immunohistochemistry, pathologist</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA145" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE82: Myofibroblast: Foreshadow in oral cancer</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>P Poornima, C Aparna Rao, P Shilpa, G Ashalata</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Myofibroblasts are specialized fibroblasts with smooth muscle-like features characterized by the presence of contractile apparatus. The main progenitors appear to be locally resident fibroblasts, but depending upon micro-environment, the other sources of origin may be smooth muscle cells, pericytes, fibrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells and epithelial cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These cells secrete and synthesize anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, inflammatory mediators, extra-cellular matrix proteins and metalloproteinases. Therefore, they play important role during embryogenesis, organogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, fibrosis, oncogenesis and multi-system diseases. A continuous molecular crosstalk between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is required during embryonic development and probably plays an important role in pathologic processes like wound healing and tumor progression. Many of the epithelial tumors are characterized by the changes in the connective tissue cells and various extra cellular components called as stromal reaction. One of the stromal reaction is the appearance of specialized fibroblasts called myofibroblasts. These cells were also thought to act together with host immune cells to support blood vessel formation, basement membrane disruption, invasion and metastasis. Trans-differentiation of myofibroblasts occurs during the invasive stage of carcinomatous epithelium and further loss of tumoral differentiation does not affect the number of cells. The presence of myofibroblasts is also thought to be associated with tumor prognosis. Our poster presages the role of myofibroblasts in oral carcinogenesis and gives an insight into the mechanism associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Carcinogenesis, myofibroblasts, trans-differentiation, tumoral differentiation</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA146" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE83: Gene: The Global Positioning System (GPS) of the human body</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Geetha H L, Sana Khaled, Bhargavi Krishna, P Venkat Bhaghirath</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</p><p>A great majority of oral and craniofacial diseases have a genetic base. In some, it is identifiable and in others it is not. The genetic influence on these diseases encountered represents only the tip of an iceberg. Underlying molecular genetics mechanisms of diseases can be deciphered with unbiased strategies using recently developed technologies which have been applied in scanning for genetic variations, gene expression profiles and epigenetic changes for oral and craniofacial diseases like developmental anomalies — cleft lip and palate, inflammatory diseases—dental caries and periodontal diseases, immune-mediated diseases—lupus erythematous and neoplastic diseases—oral squamous cell carcinoma. The analysis of the microbiome and its genomes will pave the path for more effective, therapeutic and diagnostic technologies for scaling the new heights in dental sciences and our poster Reviews the scope of gene usage in modern dentistry.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Epigenetic, genetic, microbiome, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA147" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE84: Velscope: A non-invasive tool in detection of precancerous condition</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Komal Rana, GP Rathod, Narinder Kumar, Shruthi Mehta</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Prabhu Dayal Memorial Dental College and Research Institute, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India</p><p>Oral cancer has a tendency to be detected at late stage which is detrimental to the patients because of its high mortality and morbidity rates. Early detection of oral cancer is therefore important to reduce the burden of this devastating disease. In this Review article, the most common oral precancerous lesions are discussed and the importance of early diagnosis is emphasized. In addition, the most common non-invasive oral cancer devices that can aid the general practitioners in early diagnosis are also discussed. Recent advancements in oral cancer research have led to the development of potentially useful diagnostic tools at the clinical and molecular level for the early detection of oral cancer. The gold standard for oral cancer diagnosis remains tissue biopsy with histological assessment, but this technique needs a trained health-care provider and is considered invasive, painful, expensive and time-consuming The most common ones that have been marketed to dentists include: VELscope (LED Dental Inc., Vancouver, Canada), introducing the VELscope Vx Enhanced Oral Assessment System, which centers on a wireless, handheld scope that uses natural tissue fluorescence visualization to help discover oral mucosal abnormalities that might otherwise have been overlooked. VELscope Vx is the world's most widely used adjunctive device for the discovery of oral mucosal abnormalities such as:</p><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Viral, fungal and bacterial infections</p></list-item><list-item><p>Inflammation from a variety of causes (lichen planus and lichenoid reactions, allergy to amalgam fillings, etc.), squamous papillomas, salivary gland tumors, cancer and pre-cancer, other oral mucosal conditions.</p></list-item></list></p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Oral cancer, pre-cancer, research, velscope</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA148" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE85: Inflammation ignites the way to metastasis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Swati Nema, Shreenivas Kallianpur, Manisha S Tijare, Sandeep Gupta</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Peoples College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India</p><p>Oral malignancy is a major health problem worldwide, with approximately 500,000 new cases reported annually. As per recent data, one person dies in every 6 second due to cancer in India. Similar to actors changing costumes during a performance, cancer cells undergo many rapid changes during the process of tumor metastasis, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Co-existence and interplay of inflammation and the lesional tissue can be noted right from the precancerous changes to a well established cancerous lesion. Once tissue homeostasis is lost, in this altered microenvironment, inflammation might play key role in cancer progression and metastasis. To obtain a malignant phenotype, the cell needs to acquire genetic or epigenetic mutations or loss of heterozygosity, to trigger transformation. This malignant phenotype must then be maintained. Inflammation not only facilitates and sustains primary tumor growth but also has an impact on tumor tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, metastasis, all while suppressing the innate anticancer immune response. Thus, this Review is an attempt to discuss recent insights into the crosstalk between the inflammation and cancer metastasis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cancer metastasis, EMT, inflammation, MET</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA149" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE86: Epithelial dysplasia: Risky and non-risky</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shreya Shrivastava, Shreenivas Kallianpur, Manisha S Tijare</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, People's College of Dental Sciences, Bhanpur, Bhopal, India</p><p>Dysplasia is abnormal, atypical proliferation of epithelial cells. A lesion in which the part of the thickness of epithelium, is replaced by cells shows varying degree of atypia (World Health Organization, WHO). The challenge in the diagnosis of the lesion is to identify the potential by accurately grading the dysplastic features. As per the literature, the diagnosis and grading of oral epithelial dysplasia is based on combination of architectural and cytological changes. Many systems of grading epithelial dysplasia have been proposed but none of them has proved out to be clinically useful. This is because the evaluation of diagnosis and grading of oral epithelial dysplasia is subjective and has been subjected to intra- and inter-observer variation. The aim of this Review is to provide guidelines for the close follow-up of the patients with such lesions. These guidelines would improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and as a result, the efficacy of treatment of oral epithelial dysplastic lesions.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Architectural changes, atypia, epithelial dysplasia, grading</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA150" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE87: Deciduous teeth stem cells (DTSCS): A brief Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Reshmi A, Sunjith Sudhakar, Bindu J Nair</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India</p><p>Dental pulp from deciduous teeth represents an advantageous source of young stem cells. In this poster, we have attempted to Review deciduous teeth stem cells (DTSC) niche, methods of isolation, induced pluripotent (iPS) cells derived from DTSCs, advantages of DTSCs over Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) and DTSC banking.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Banking, dental pulp, deciduous, stem cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA151" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE91: Calcifying odontogenic cyst: A report of five cases and Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>M Saravanan, Shiva Prabu P R, Madhavan Nirmal, Veeravarmal</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Raja Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Avadi, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) shows extensive diversity in its clinicopathological appearances and biological behavior. The COC usually occurs intraosseously, the extraosseous occurance is also documented. The majority of COC are cystic in architecture and appear to be non-neoplastic and some present as solid variant and they might be benign or malignant. The aim of this poster is to present the clinicopathological variantions observed in COC cases reported in our institution and also to Review the existing literature data. The five cases of COC were re-evaluated with special focus on the nature of the lesion either as cysts or neoplasms and also analyzed the diversity in the clinical presentation and histopathology. The clinical manifestation analysis showed broad age distribution from first decade to seventh decade, the site of occurrence was mostly mandible and showed male predominance. It presented as both cystic variant and solid neoplasm. Non-proliferative cystic lining, ghost cell formation and dystrophic calcification are the histological features observed in three cases. The cystic lining and connective tissue wall revealed ameloblastoma changes, ghost cells, calcification and daughter cysts were also evident in two cases. In all the cases, the clinical parameters were in consistent with the literature data. On Review, the three cases were characterized by non-proliferative lining, two cases were in combination of ameloblastoma and COC and none of the case revealed any features pertaining to odontoma.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, COC, clinical presentation, proliferative</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA152" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE92: Histopathologic inclusion bodies in infections: An overview</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>L Nishanthi, Rajeshwari H Sangamad, Savita J K</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>The histopathological analysis of tissue includes a detailed study of cellular and nuclear structures and their altered presentation in a given pathology, which can be demonstrated by various staining procedures. One of the specific features observed is the presence of histopathological bodies or the inclusion bodies. These inclusion bodies are either nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. When genes from one organism are expressed in another, the resulting protein forms inclusion bodies. The presence of histopathological bodies is often an important diagnostic aid in identifying the underlying disease. These bodies are shown to have positive correlation with the pathogenesis of a specific infection. As the presence of histopathological bodies is indicative of a disease; their disappearance is indicative of subsidence of the disease. The occurrence of these bodies at various stages in the course of the disease can be useful in the staging of diseases. These features are often indicative of the etiology of the disease and some of these are pathognomonic. They are significant for diagnosing, staging, treatment planning and also for predicting the prognosis of the disease. The present poster is an attempt to compile different histopathological bodies seen in various infections with special emphasis on microscopic features of the same.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Councilman bodies, diagnosis, dohle bodies, inclusion bodies, Negri bodies</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA153" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE93: Occupational hazard: Health risk associated with pathologists and safety in laboratory</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pallavi Dashatwar, Bhagayshree Bhagwat, Yunus Mohd Shaikh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Post Graduate Research Institute, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Pathologists play an important part in diagnosis and treatment planning of various diseases. Their work is associated with potential health hazards including injuries involving infectious human tissue, chemicals which are assumed to be carcinogenic, long periods of microscope and computer work. Danger associated with a substance or process may not be realized until some unforeseen accident, illness, or death occurs. The control of many infectious diseases following the introduction of antimicrobial drugs has moreover added a new and insidious danger to pathology as there is likelihood; that a particular specimen may not contain pathologic material this can lull pathologists in sense of false security. Another less-emphasized fact is that of handling of toxic chemicals used routinely in laboratory such as xylene. Long exposure to xylene can cause headache, depression, impaired concentration, dermatitis, skin allergies and shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, reduced grasping power of muscle. Physical hazards such as knife injuries, centrifugal accidents, which carry dual risk of injury from airborne fragments of glass or metal and possibility that content of centrifuge bucket may be infective and become aerosolized. The aim of the present poster is to Review information on the various health related risks while working in pathology laboratory and possible measures of prevention and also the need for all health professionals to have basic training regarding the same along with all aspects of first aid.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Carcinogenic, chemicals, occupational hazard, pathologists</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA154" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE94: Promoter hypermethylation patterns of p16, dapk and mgmt in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>K R Don, A Shakeel Ahmed, Prathiba Ramani, Herald J Sherlin</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer worldwide that is highly lethal due to its recurrence and metastasis. Methylation is a common epigenetic mechanism that leads to gene silencing in tumors and could be a useful biomarker in OSCC. The prevalence of P16, DAPK and MGMT promoter hypermethylation in OSCC has been evaluated for several years while the results remain controversial. <bold>Objective:</bold> The aim of this systematic review is to critically analyse and perform a metaanalysis on the various studies in literature that have reported the promoter hypermethylation of P16, DAPK and MGMT genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. <bold>Search strategy:</bold> Articles were searched and selected through PUBMED. A thorough Google search and Hand search from the relevant journals was also performed. Finally, a total of 16 potentially relevant articles were reviewed. <bold>Results:</bold> The overall estimated prevalence of P16 methylation among 932 OSCC cases in 15 studies was 43%, DAPK methylation among 330 OSCC cases in five studies was 39.7 % and MGMT methylation among 509 OSCC cases in eight studies was 39.8%. Heterogeneity of results among studies prevailed. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> We can conclude from our systematic review that a higher prevalence of methylation of P16, DAPK and MGMT genes occur in OSCC cases. Further studies are required to substantiate the role of methylation of P16, DAPK and MGMT genes as a marker in OSCC.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> DAPK, MGMT, OSCC, P16, Promoter hypermethylation</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA155" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE95: Screening in time saves life</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shailja Sharma</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Seema Dental College and Hospital, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India</p><p>Screening is the method used for the detection of a disease even in absence of any evident signs and symptoms. The early detection of disease may allow for interventions that alter the natural course of disease process. Screening halts the disease process and presents any adverse outcomes of the same. Oral cavity is often said to be a mirror of our body. Thus early detection of any oral mucosal lesion benefits not only the oral health but also the systemic well being of the patient. By keeping these views in mind my poster illustrates “how screening in time saves life</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Detection, disease, oral, screening</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA156" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE96: Magnetotactic bacteria: A new tool for diagnosis and treatment</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Gomakumar K U, George Jacob, Arun Mohan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of prokaryotype gram-negative bacteria seen in the fresh water and extreme environments. This group of bacteria have a unique and significant property of swimming in the flow of geo magnetic field by the membrane-bound magnetic iron minerals magnetite (Fe3O4) controlled by various magneto-specific protein like MamA, MamK. This group of organism on culturing and bio-modification can be used for biomedical uses like identification of gene expression, immunization, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, hyperthermia guided by the magnetic field with an efficient and specific outcome with good biocompatibility than artificial methods.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Bio-modification, magnetotactic, MamK, MamA</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA157" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE97: New paradigm in diagnosis of oral cancer</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Krishnaprasad R S, Sudha Rani</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Oral cancer is associated with high mortality and morbidity rate, largely as a result of late diagnosis. The prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma remains poor in spite of advances in therapy. Early diagnosis and treatment remains the key to improved patient survival. Squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity is not difficult to diagnose once they become symptomatic and the lesion will be atleast in stage 2 and associated lymphadenopathy. Early diagnosis and treatment are rewarded with optimal survival and minimal dysfunction. The need for critical diagnostic tools has led to the advent of novel techniques and technologies in diagnostic pathology and these includes laser capture micro dissection, lab on chip, multispectral digital microscopy, salivary proteomics, deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) analysis, spectroscopy, biomarker, tomography in addition to adjunct techniques like brush biopsy, toluidine blue vital staining and auto fluorescence. We intend to take a look into these newer diagnostic techniques available to the pathologist in this poster.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Detection, laser, oral cancer, proteomics</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA158" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE98: Common artifacts in histopathology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Prerit Kumar Verma, Vandheer Kunal, Deepak Bhargava, Vidyadevi Chandavarkar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, New Delhi, India</p><p>Artifact is defined as being any structure or feature that has been produced by the processing of the tissue. Artifacts may be produced at any stage beginning from the time of biopsy to the final stage of mounting. These artifacts result in alteration of normal morphologic or cytological features thus interfering or obscuring the interpretation of histopathological diagnosis. Artifacts may be encountered during surgical biopsy procedure, fixation, tissue embedding, microtomy, mounting, staining and cover-slipping. Few studies have been published in literature wherein they have compared the artifacts produced by punch and scalpel biopsies and found less artifacts with punch biopsy. The most commonly observed artifact in microscopic tissue is entrapped suture material leading to tears in sections. Few artifacts have been proven as diagnostic clues to histopathology. This Review incorporates all artifacts which occurs during each stage of histopathological processing of tissues, in an attempt to identify the artifacts, their causative factors and appearance histopathologically so to differentiate them from that of pathological entity.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Artifacts, biopsy, histopathology</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA159" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE99: Biomarkers: Boon in diagnostics</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Bhavna Tyagi, R P Singh, Deepak Bhargava, Ritika Sharma</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>Oral cancer is one of the major global threats to public health. Despite the fact that the oral cavity is easily accessible, most oral cancers are not diagnosed until an advanced stage, which is believed to be the major reason for the low survival rate and points to the urgent need for clinical diagnostic aids for its early detection. The rationale for molecular-targeted prevention of oral cancer is promising. Biomarkers of genomic instability, including aneuploidy and allelic imbalance, are possible tools to measure the cancer risk of oral premalignancies. Biomarkers are therefore, an objective measure or evaluation of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers of cancer could include a broad range of biochemical entities, such as nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, lipids and small metabolites, cytogenetic and cytokinetic parameters as well as whole tumor cells found in the body fluid. Over the past two decades, using salivary biomarkers specifically for early cancer detection has attracted much research interest. A comprehensive understanding of the relevance of each biomarker will be very important not only for diagnosing the disease reliably, but also help in the choice of multiple therapeutic alternatives currently available that is likely to benefit the patients. In the current post-genomic era, various technologies provide opportunities for high-throughput approaches to genomics and proteomics; which have been used to evaluate altered expressions of gene and protein targets in saliva of oral cancer patients. Hereby we present a poster on the potential biomarkers for screening and the molecular pathology analysis for oral cancer.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biomarkers, genomics, oral cancer, proteomics</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA160" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE100: Patterns: The ocean of lesion & pathologists -thristy for the diagnosis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shikha Khatana, Yulia, Shweta Rehani</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, India</p><p>Diagnosis is a distinctive characterization in precise term, so interpretation of any lesion can be a challenge. In today's scenario there are numerous technologies available for the pronouncement of any lesion. However, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) remains a gold standard. For the histopathological analysis, a proper knowledge about the patterns and the subpatterns is mandatory. The classification and grading of tumor pattern and the subpattern are bases on the histopathologic observations are enlisted. Still its clarity remains a confront for the histopathologist. This review is an attempt to elaborately discuss various patterns and subpatterns by correlating the schematic diagram and light microscopy diagram.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Diagnosis, pathologists, patterns, tumor</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA161" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE101: Role of siRNA in oral cancer</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>R Karthick, M Kasthuri</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Small interfering RNA (siRNA), or silencing RNA, is a 20-25 base pair length, double-stranded RNA molecule. siRNAs are the natural molecules to which cells have evolved many responses. It plays important role in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the genomic expression by triggering promoter gene methylation and chromatin condensation. It guides the cleavage of mRNA and also plays a role in antiviral defense. The role of siRNA in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma and its use in therapeutics will be reviewed.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Carcinogenesis, genomic, siRNA, therapeutics</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA162" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE102: Salivary miRNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>V Anbazhagan, R Babu</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs, which regulate translation and degradation of target mRNAs. Single miRNA can target multiple mRNAs and thereby potentially affect several important cellular pathways involved in tumorigenic processes. They control many key functions of the cell which can lead to carcinogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, the signature patterns of representative miRNAs may hold meaningful diagnostic value or serve as predictors of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in cancer. Some of miRNA are secreted into saliva by exocytosis. Specific salivary miRNA signatures which can be used to detect the OSCC and to predict the prognosis will be reviewed.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> micro RNA, OSCC, prognosis, saliva</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA163" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE103: Circulating tumour cells: An enigma or a reality?</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>G Gnananandar, J Jenita Jacobina</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma is ranking first among males and fourth among females in India. In spite of major advances in diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), survival rates have remained poor. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood stream, play an important role in establishing metastases. It is important to identify patients suffering from non-localized tumor with “circulating” tumor cells to determine the tailor made, systemic therapy in addition to local resection and irradiation. Thus detecting metastases at an early stage is needed for better prognosis and survival. CTCs as new prognostic marker to detect the metastatic potential will provide a novel insight into tumor burden and efficacy of therapy. The recent advances and its application in OSCC will be reviewed.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Circulating tumor cells, metastasis, oral cancer, prognosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA164" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE104: Cheiloscopy: A bright journey ahead of obstacles</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Malathi Manne, Syed Afroz Ahmed, Divya V, Hitasree B N</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Forensic odontology is one of the most unexplored and intriguing branches of forensic sciences. It primarily deals with the human identification based on recognition of unique features present in an individual's dental structures. Forensic investigations dealing with personal identification incorporates the application of fingerprints, anthropology, odontology, deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) profiling and many others. Cheiloscopy is one among them which is fast emerging and can be used as an effective tool for personal identification. The importance of cheiloscopy is linked to the fact that lip prints are unique to an individual, except in monozygotic twins. Apart from individualization, a wide array of studies revealed the immense role of lip prints in determining the gender. Moreover, lip patterns remain the same throughout life and are uninfluenced by environmental changes, diseases and trauma. Though many studies are conducted in the field of cheiloscopy, it has its own limitations. The scope of this presentation is to enumerate in brief, the various limitations of cheiloscopy, the knowledge of which might initiate the efforts in overcoming them in the subsequent studies, thus enabling cheiloscopic technique to emerge as a promising tool for personal identification and sex determination.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cheiloscopy, forensic odontology, limitations</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA165" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE105: Nanotechnology: Paving a future in dentistry</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shivani Neelam, Syed Afroz Ahmed, B N Hitasree, Malathi Manne</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Science is the fuel for the engine of technology. With the modern scientific capabilities, it has become possible to attempt the creation of nano materials and its application in science and technology called as nanotechnology. It is a combination of nanomedicine and biotechnology which is a science of manipulating matter measured in the billionths of meters or nanometers, roughly the size of two or three atoms. Nanotechnology deals with research and development of an applied science at the atomic or molecular level with possible consequences of their use to human health and environment. It is increasingly finding its application in the treatment of diseases such as dental caries, tooth hypersensitivity, orthodontics, oral anesthesia, tooth repair and in early detection of oral cancer, accurate staging at a micro tumor level and therapy. It also offers shift from non-specific, highly toxic and expensive drugs to highly specific, less toxic and inexpensive drugs. In future, all the procedures of dentistry may be performed using equipments and devices based on nanotechnology, which will have the ability to correctly diagnose a problem and provide solution in a shortest possible time. Nanotechnology is fast developing and its far reaching potential is now making it one of the most important and exciting areas of science.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biotechnology, nanotechnology, nanodentistry, oral cancer</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA166" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE106: Protein microarrays: A promising tool for cancer diagnosis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>B N Hitasree, Syed Afroz Ahmed, N Shivani, M Malathi</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Molecular detection techniques continue to increase its utility in clinical microbiological laboratories. Molecular diagnostic advancement depends on the ability of multiplexing technologies to identify more than one gene simultaneously from the same specimen. One such approach is microarray analysis. A “microarray” is a collection of microscopic features (most commonly deoxyribose nucleic acid, DNA) which can be probed with target molecules to produce either quantitative (gene expression) or qualitative (diagnostic) data. Protein array-based approaches include antibody microarrays that are used to identify and quantitate target proteins of interest and also to accelerate and improve diagnostics by screening a large number of relevant parameters simultaneously, whereas protein affinity assays are used to study the interactions between proteins and immobilized binding molecules such as peptides, low molecular weigh compounds, oligosaccharides, or DNA. These are rapid, automated, economical and highly sensitive techniques, consuming small quantities of reagents. Hence, microarrays could be used in combination with other diagnostic methods to accelerate and improve the diagnosis by screening at thousands of genes concurrently.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cancer diagnostics, gene expression, protein microarrays</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA167" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE107: Patterns in pathology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pradeep L, Kokila G, Jyothi Mahadesh, Praveen Kumar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College, Tumkur, Karnataka, India</p><p>It is vital for the oral pathologist to be well-known with the various histological growth patterns and sub-patterns, which are highly pathognomonic for few tumors or particular type of tumor. These various growth patterns help oral pathologist in diagnosis and thereby aid in management of these conditions. The most common histological patterns encountered are glandular/pseudoglandular pattern, non-glandular epithelial/epithelioid pattern, round cell pattern, spindle cell pattern, biphasic pattern, surface epithelial patterns associated with/affected by neoplastic process. These are further divided into various sub patterns by their emergence in various lesions and conditions. The origin for the development of these various histological patterns is believed to be formed from epithelial mesenchymal interaction while the cellular repositioning, cellular redeployment are due to epithelial mesenchymal transition.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Emergency medical technician (EMT), histopathology, neoplastic, patterns</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA168" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE108: An insight of various pathological cell bodies</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Wakambam Monalisa, Kokila G, Charan Gowda, Hidangmayum Denish Sharma</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, Tumkur, Karnataka, India</p><p>The histopathological examination of the tissue consists detailed study of cellular and nuclear structures and their altered appearance in a given pathology. The normal cells in certain conditions, due to disease progression, viral multiplication, or genetic disorder are modified, to become pathological, which may be pathognomonic. These histopathological cell bodies can be visualized either within the cell nucleus or cytoplasm or may be present in both showing distinctive staining properties. It is of extreme importance for the oral pathologist to be familiar with the various histopathological bodies as it serves an important diagnostic aid in identifying certain diseases. This poster proposes to illustrate the various histopathological cell bodies in normal and pathologic condition.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Diagnosis, oral diseases, pathological bodies, pathognomonic</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA169" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE109: Salivary biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant oral disorders (PMODS)</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Anita R A Priya, K Rajkumar, Ramesh A Kumar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the key to improve the low 5 years survival rate. Although rather easily accessible compared to other cancers, the diagnosis of OSCC can be challenging since most lesions will be small and asymptomatic and are easily overlooked or misjudged. Early detection would have a great impact on survival, mortality and morbidity of OSCC. Oral cancer may be preceded by visible clinical changes in the oral mucosa usually in the form of white (leukoplakia) or red (erythroplakia) patch (two-step process of cancer development). Prevention and early detection of such potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) not only decrease the incidence but also helps in improving the survival of those who develop oral cancer. The gold standard for the diagnosis of OSCC is still a biopsy of the suspicious lesion. Obviously, taking a biopsy is not suited for screening purposes for early oral cancer detection due to its invasive nature, high cost and need for specially trained medical personal and equipment. Salivary biomarkers represent a promising non-invasive approach for early oral cancer detection and an area of strong research interest. One of the most easy to obtain and non-invasive sources for disease biomarkers is saliva, being a mirror of the body and having shown high discriminatory power for OSCC. The development from normal to OSCC cells can lead to altered expression of proteins and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) because of proximity of saliva. These Reviews briefly discuss the potential of salivary biomarkers in early diagnosis, treatment and in assessing prognosis of PMODs and OSCC.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biopsy, biomarkers, oral cancer, saliva</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA170" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE110: Facts about artifacts: A Review in oral cytology</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>M G Aadithi, K Rajkumar, Raghavendhar K Karthik</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Oral cytology is the study of interpretation of cells that are either exfoliated or gently scraped from epithelial surfaces for the purpose of diagnosing diseases. Though the art and science of cytology is well-established as an investigative tool, the challenge for its diagnostic utility lies in the reproducibility of results. Sensitivity and specificity of cytological interpretation is very much based up on clinico-pathological correlation. Also, subjective error (both intra-observer and inter-observer variability) in cytological interpretation is considered as one of the drawbacks in the utility of cytology as a diagnostic tool. Interestingly, representative sample of cells taken from the region of interest of a lesion are processed through a series of steps, which are not exactingly technique sensitive. Consequently, the sample is often subjected to multiple factors (iatrogenic and extraneous) either during sample collection, fixation, staining, or mounting that may “contaminate” the sample and result in artefacts, which in turn reduces the diagnostic utility of the sample. Artefact is a substance or structure not naturally present in the cellular sample being observed but formed by artificial means, during sample preparation. Artefacts greatly reduce the diagnostic utility of a tested sample. A variety of artefacts can occur during the different steps of smear processing and staining. This Review demonstrates a pictorial compilation of various artefacts that occur in routine cytological practice and attempts to highlight the possible causes that would be useful in troubleshooting and prevention of the same.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Artefact, causes, oral cytology, troubleshooting</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA171" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE111: Oncoproteomics: A Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sunil S Prakash, K Rajkumar, Preeti</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p>Oral cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, especially in developing countries. Prime reason which has been attributed for high rates of mortality and morbidity is delay in diagnosis and subsequence treatment. Relentless research in the field of oncology has led to advent of several novel procedures for early diagnosis as well as prognosis. Oncoproteomics is the study of proteins and their interactions in a cancer cell. Oncoproteomics have the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and screening based on proteomic platforms. This can complement histopathology, help in selection of therapeutic combinations which can target cancer-specific protein network, enable real-time assessment of therapeutic efficacy and toxicity and will also help in individualized treatment regimen.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Oral cancer, oncoproteomics, target-specific, treatment regimen</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA172" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE113: Bite mark analysis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Gaurav Singh Rajawat, Manjunath S M, Yuvraj Angad Singh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Suren dra Dental College and Research Institute, Sriganganaga, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India</p><p>The individuality of human dentition frequently allows the forensic odonto-stomatologist (FOS) to reach a strong opinion of association in areas of identification and bite mark analysis. Bite mark analysis is an important field, this highly specialized field constitutes the commonest form of dental evidence presented in criminal court. Such analysis can often be useful during the investigation of violent crimes, especially those involving sexual assault. Bite marks are one of the several visual expressions of active human abuse. The efforts of forensic odontologists, in conjunction with the recent technical advancements in bite mark analysis support the uniqueness of the human dentition and have contributed to the conviction of numerous child abusers. Like fingerprints and DNA, bite marks are unique to an individual. The advent of DNA analysis and its recovery from bite marks has offered an objective method of bite mark analysis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Abuse, analysis, bite marks, human dentition</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA173" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE114: Nanotechnology: In recent advances</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Monika Kumari, Manjunath S M, Hershita</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Surendra Dental College and Research Institute, Sriganganaga, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India</p><p>Nanotechnology or nanoscience refers to the research and development of an applied science at the atomic or molecular level. Nanotechnology is fast developing and is set to transform dentistry in a huge way. It has been considered as multidisciplinary field of scientific research about different types of nanoparticles as well as the application of new nanomaterials and nanodevices in numerous areas of human interest. Potential benefit of nanomaterials and nanorobots applied in medicine and dentistry is of main concern when thinking about nanoadvances. The growing interest in the dental applications of nanotechnology is leading to the emergence of a new field called nanodentistry. A day may soon come when nanodentistry will succeed in maintaining near-perfect oral health through the aid of nanorobotics, nanomaterials and biotechnology.</p><p>Nanotechnology provide innovative tools that shed greater light on life cycle of normal cells and the point at which molecular processes and changes within the cells become correlated with development of cancer. Considerable progress has been made in the application of nanobiotechnology in cancer, that is, nano-oncology. It plays an important role in the discovery of biomarkers of cancer. Finally, nanotechnology is playing an important role in personalized therapy for cancer. This poster is about nanotechnology and its application and its use in diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cancer, nanomaterials, nanotechnology, robotics</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA174" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE115: Stem cells and their applications in oral and maxillofacial region</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Supreet Kaur Sahu, Manjunath S M, Nancy</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Surendra Dental College and Research Institute, Sriganganaga, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India</p><p>Stem cell research nowadays is being pursued in the hope of achieving major medical breakthroughs. Scientists are striving to create therapies that rebuild or replace damaged cells. Tissues grown from stem cells that will offer hope to people suffering from various ailments. Regenerative endodontics is a delivery and creation of tissues to replace diseased, missing and traumatized pulp. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP's) are important for the formation and regeneration of root dentin. In the recent advance study, the understanding of pluripotent stem cell biology and emerging technologies to reprogram somatic cell to a stem cell-like state are helping stem cell therapies for a range of disorders. Stem cells are present both in the deciduous and permanent pulp tissue. The stem cells present in the pulp tissue can be isolate, cultivated and expanded <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p><p>This poster is about the stem cells and how it can be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cancer therapy, pulp, tooth, stem cells</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA175" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE118: Polonium: A health hazard in tobacco</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>P Srilakshmi, N Chaitanya Babu, Ambika H S, Priyadarshini</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>The chewing of tobacco is associated with increased risk of oral cancer. several carcinogens have been identified they are TSNA—Tobacco specific N-Nitrosamine, 1-3 Pyridyl -1 butanone are formed from nicotine during curing aging and especially during fermentation of tobacco. One of the causative factor for cancer inducing mechanism in human is radioactive elements present in tobacco leaves, used in manufacture of cigarettes. Radiation dose is due to naturally occurring radionuclides that are considered to be one of the most significant causes of cancer. Cigarettes contain significant amount of polonium, a uranium daughter product naturally present in soils seem to be selectively absorbed by tobacco plant where they decay into radioactive polonium. Radium is also present in phosphate Fertilizers that are often used in tobacco farming. Polonium is a health hazard only if it is taken into body, studies of smokers have shown that inhaled polonium can be highly localized in lungs with about twice as much polonium formed in the ribs of smokers compared to non-smokers. The effects of such can cause carcinogenic to oral tissues.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Carcinogenic, nitrosamines, oral cancer, tobacco chewing</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA176" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE119: The inside out of developmental anomalies of the teeth: A kaleidoscopic view</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Saima Siddiqui, Priya N S, Kavita Rao, Umadevi H S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p>The central focus of oral health has always been the “tooth” and any deviation from normal is the point of significance. The anomalies stemming from the tooth carry a significant clinical importance as they influence the function and esthetics of the tooth. The effect of genes on tissues is well-established and tooth is rather not spared. The interaction of genetic and environmental factors contributes majorly to the anomalous teeth. It is the quintessential role of clinician as well as Oral pathologist to bridge the gap of the lacunae present in the arena of tooth anomalies by unfolding the facts pertaining to it. Here is a tiny attempt to emphasize on the events of transformation of normal to bizarre events along with morphological and diagnostic hints of anomalous tooth. The overall facts pertaining to developmental anomalies of teeth will be depicted in this poster.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Developmental anomalies, facts, function, teeth</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA177" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE120: Amelogenesis imperfecta: Report of 2 cases & review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Teena Joseph Manimala, Kavita Rao, Priya N S, Umadevi H S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a group of inherited diseases that exhibit quantitative or qualitative tooth enamel defects in the absence of systemic manifestations. AI has been classified as hypoplastic (60-73%), hypomaturation (20-40%), hypocalcified (7%) and hypoplastic hypomaturation with taurodontism. In this poster, we present two cases of AI which reported to our department.</p><p><bold>Case Reports:</bold></p><p><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>A 10/M patient reported with discomfort while chewing and yellowish discoloration of his teeth. I/O examination revealed yellowish discoloration of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth. OPG revealed thin layer of enamel over the dentin. Ground section of the tooth revealed irregular thickness of enamel with loss of scalloping of DEJ. The overall features were diagnostic of Hypoplastic AI.</p></list-item><list-item><p>A 9/F patient reported with yellowish discoloration on upper front teeth. Examination of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth revealed pitting and discoloration. Radiograph revealed thin layer of enamel over dentin. Ground section of the tooth revealed irregular thickness of enamel with loss of scalloping of DEJ. The overall features were diagnostic of Hypoplastic AI.</p></list-item></list></p><p><bold>Discussion:</bold> Mutation or alteration in any of the genes encoding specific enamel proteins such as Enamelin gene, Amelogenin gene, Kallikrein 4 gene, Matrix Metalloproteinase 20 gene and DLX3 have been linked with AI. Permanent teeth are affected more commonly than primary teeth. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Early treatment of AI is necessary to restore aesthetics, function and to prevent any adverse psychological effects on children.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Amelogenesis imperfecta, enamel proteins, mutation, permanent teeth</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA178" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE121: Angiolipoma: Case report and review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Abhinav K Viramgama, Umadevi H S, Kavita Rao, Priya N S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Angiolipoma (AL) is a rare variant of lipoma, where adipose tissue and vascular components are intermingled. AL is very rarely found in the soft tissues of the oral region. The tumor occurs commonly in the trunk and extremities, especially in the forearm.</p><p><bold>Case Report:</bold></p><p><list list-type="order"><list-item><p>A 7-year-old female patient reported to our college, with the chief complaint of swelling in the upper left back tooth region of the jaw since 15 days. Swelling was small in size and gradually increased to the present size (3 × 5 cm). Computed tomography (CT) revealed well circumscribed, fluid filled and a non-infiltrating lesion.</p></list-item><list-item><p>A 54-year-old female patient reported to our college, with the chief complaint of a swelling in front of the left ear lobe since 3 years. On examination, the swelling was found to be soft in consistency.</p></list-item></list></p><p><bold>Discussion:</bold> Angiolipoma was first reported by Bowen in 1912. In the oral cavity it was first reported by Davis <italic>et al.</italic>, as a tumor occurring in the hard palate. Angiolipoma can occur at any age, but is relatively common in adolescence and in the young adults. Cytogenetic analysis shows the normal karyotype of Angiolipoma in contrast with the various other types of benign lipomatous tumors, most of which show rather specific clonal chromosomal aberrations. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Angiolipoma is very rarely found in the soft tissues of the oral region, with only 21 cases being reported in the literature. Here, in this poster, we report two cases of angiolipoma.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Angiolipoma, oral, rare, soft tissue</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA179" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE122: Nanobiopsy: Emerging new research tool</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Rucha Sunil Kore, Rutuja Kempwade, Priya Joshi</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vasantdada Patil Dental College and Hospital, Kavalapur, Sangli, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Biopsy is the surgical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of the disease. Biopsy is considered as a gold standard for definitive diagnosis. Recently, Robotic Nanobiopsy has been developed by researchers which is a nanotechnology based tool. This system takes samples of living cells without killing them. It uses a glass nanopipette of 50-100 nm in diameter to pierce the cell membrane to extract a volume of 1% of cell and is based on a customized Scanning Ion Conductance Microscope (SICM). The tip is so fine that it causes minimal cell destruction. Researchers have used this technique to extract and sequence RNA from individual human cancer cells and mitochondria from human fibroblasts and sequence the mitochondrial DNA. It can also be used to deliver material into cells, opening up ways to re-program diseased cells. It is a versatile platform for anyone trying to understand what is happening inside the cell. Biopsy can be taken from a living cell and we can go back to the same cell multiple times over a couple of days without killing it. This poster aims to highlight the importance of Nanobiopsy along with its technique and scope.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biopsy, mitochondrial DNA, nanobiopsy, robotic</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA180" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE124: CAJAL bodies: Stem cell therapy in oral and maxillofacial region</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Manoj Upadhaya, Priya Sahni</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India</p><p>Stem cells constitute the source of differentiated cells for the generation of tissues during development and for regeneration of tissues that are diseased or injured postnatally. In recent years, stem cell research has grown exponentially owing to the recognition that stem cell-based therapies have the potential to improve the life of patients with conditions like Alzheimer's disease, cardiac ischemia, bone diseases, or tooth loss. Stem cells are found in various body tissues like embryo, bone marrow, etc. Among these tissues, the dental stem cells are considered a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for tissue engineering. Dental stem cells have the potential to differentiate into several cell types, including odontoblasts, neural progenitors and osteoblasts. The dental stem cells are highly proliferative. This characteristic facilitates ex vivo expansion and enhances the translational potential of these cells. Notably, the dental stem cells are arguably the most accessible source of postnatal stem cells. Collectively, the multipotency, high proliferation rates and accessibility make the dental stem cells an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue regeneration. This Review discusses fundamental concepts of dental stem cell biology and tissue engineering within the context of regenerative dentistry.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dental stem cells, regeneration, tissue engineering</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA181" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE125: Oral manifestataions in tuberculosis patients: A cross-sectional study</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Gurdeep Singh, Priya Sahni</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India</p><p><bold>Background:</bold> Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium TB that can affect any part of the body, including oral cavity. It is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. The oral lesions of TB, though uncommon, are seen both in primary and secondary stages of the disease, the clinical presentation of tuberculous lesions of the oral cavity varies widely including ulceration, diffuse inflammatory lesion on gingiva, lymphadenopathy, granulomas and fissures. The lesions may occur at any site on the oral mucous membrane, but tongue is the most commonly affected site, followed by palate, buccal mucosa and gingiva. Diagnosis of TB at an early stage can help in preventing complications and potential contamination. <bold>Aim:</bold> Aim of the study is to evaluate the oral manifestations in patients with both primary and secondary TB for early diagnosis and prevention of spread of disease. <bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> Clinical appearances of the tuberculous lesions found at various sites in oral mucosa were recorded using specially structured performa. Fifty patients, comprising 46 men and 4 women of aged-group 21-68 years, admitted in Kamala Nagar Government Hospital of Chest and Diseases Jodhpur were examined. The data collected is under process for statistical analysis. <bold>Results</bold>: Awaited.</p><p><bold><italic>Keys words:</italic></bold> Lymphadenopathy, tuberculous lesions, tongue, ulcers</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA182" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE126: Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) aberrations in oral squamous cell carcinoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Prachi R Bhandare, Sheeba Alex, Poornima, Gokul Sridharan</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Yerala Medical Trust Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Oral carcinogenesis is the result of accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations affecting various cellular pathways influencing its response to deleterious environmental factors and altering its modulation of other regulatory genes ultimately resulting in altered cellular phenotype and function. An association between abnormal deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) content and increased risk of progression of oral epithelial dysplasia to carcinoma has been proven. DNA aberrations may occur in the form of small intra-genic mutations, such as point mutations and insertions/deletions, or large alterations including genomic deletions and amplifications. Despite all the research and considerably improved treatment modalities, the 5-year survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not improved in the last few decades. Understanding the genetic basis of oral carcinogenesis is pivotal to knowledge of the causal events driving progression of the neoplasm. Identified DNA aberrations may be used clinically as biomarkers to identify high-risk patients, in therapeutics for treatment selection or gene therapy and/or in pharmacogenomicsaiding individualized biologically based treatment decisions that can improve the survival and/or quality of life for patients suffering from oral squamous cell carcinoma. This Review compiles relevant literature findings on DNA aberrations pertaining to oral squamous cell carcinoma with a better understanding of its clinical implications.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biomarker, carcinogenesis, DNA abberations, survival</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA183" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE127: Tumor engineering</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Pratyusha Gaonkar, Sangeeta Patankar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Yerala Medical Trust Dental College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p>Understanding cancer biology is a prime requisite for formulating different treatment modalities. The recent insight about carcinogenesis mechanisms, including the role exerted by the tumor micro-environmentand cancer stem cells in chemo-resistance, relapse and metastasis has made it evident that only “TUMOR ENGINEERING” will assist the development of efficient therapies. The different tumor models used previously are xenograft, gel embedding, spheroid-based assays and cell monolayer methods. These traditional cancer models are notorious for their low incidence of tumor formation, inconsistent results for the chemotherapeutic effects of drug molecules of interest and a poor predictive capability for the clinical efficacy of novel drugs. Also, the traditional 2D culture does not closely mimic in vivo environment and often overlooks important variables such as dimensionality and micro-environment signaling, which has an effect on cancer phenotype, aggressiveness and drug resistance. On the other hand, tissue engineered tumor models have advantages such as reproductibility, extracellular matrix similarity, phenotype similarity making them suitable tools for mimicking the in vivo tumor environment. A tissue engineered cancer model should ideally be a bottom-up 3D reconstruction of the tissue using selected cells (cancer stem cells or tumor cell mixtures) on a suitable scaffold which is able to match the topographic and mechanical aspects of the native tissue. This poster Reviews the potential of tissue engineered cancer constructs in understanding the biology of tumors and serving as a better model for drug testing.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Biology of tumors, cancer model, engineering, tissue</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA184" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE128: Oncolytic virotherapy: A novel approach for oral squamous cell carcinoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Keyuri Jayesh Kotak, Komal Khot, Sheetal Korde Choudhari</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Yerala Medical Trust Dental College and Hospital, Post Graduate Institute, Kharghar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p>The resistance of cancer to conventional therapies, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, or combination of these and the limited efficacy and toxicity of these therapies have lead to development of innovative anticancer therapies. In patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, 5-year overall survival rate is as low as 55% due to aggressive biologic behavior and recurrence. Two-third of the patients who die from this disease do not show evidence of distance metastasis and so locoregional control of malignant cells is needed. Non-replicating gene therapy vectors, cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses are used of this purpose. “Oncolytic viruses” are the ones that can replicate specifically in and destroy tumor cells. This property may either be inherent or genetically engineered. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus, adenovirus and vaccinia virus have shown promising results. They kill cancer cells by 1) selectively targeting tumor cells through engineered mutations that prevent their binding and replication in normal cells and 2) expressing foreign gene that causes cell death directly or indirectly. Two recent phase I/II clinical trials document efficacy and provide compelling evidence of successful treatment by intra-tumorally delivered virus. Systemic delivery of radioisotope conjugated with viruses helps in monitoring virus spread and replication in the body and in detecting micrometastatic tumor cells. Challenges such as of poor tumor specificity, penetration, virus sequestration in liver and spleen and induction of antiviral immunity must be overcome with further research.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Immunity, locoregional, micrometastasis, oncolytic</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA185" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE129: Forensic entomology: An insight for forensic odontologists in crime investigations</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Anuradha Rajaram, Pradeep D Somannavar, Ramakant Nayak, Vijayalakshmi K</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India</p><p>Forensic entomology is the science which deals with study of insects/arthropods in criminal investigations. The insect which colonizes the corpse are used to estimate the post-mortem index (PMI), i.e., the time interval between the death and corpse discovery. Forensic odontologists are called upon more frequently to collaborate in criminal investigations and hence should be aware of forensic entomology which can be used as an adjunct in forensic investigations. The first incidence were insects where used in criminal investigations was in 13th century, China. The first application of forensic entomology was in France in 18th century where the entomological data acquitted the current occupants of the residence from where the skeletonised remains of a child were found. In the present scenario, the role of forensic odontologists is not confined to hard tissue examination alone. Forensic odontologists being a part of forensic team have necessitated the need for an increase awareness of emerging science like forensic entomology and its application in forensics. This Review is aimed at providing an overview to forensic odontologists on the possibilities of using forensic data based on insects and their larvae morphology, growth histories, species distribution and toxic contents in their tissue in criminal investigations.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Crime, entomology, forensic, investigation</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA186" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE130: The silent saboteurs: Unmasking our own oral spirochetes</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Chandra A Rekha, Vijayalakshmi Kotrashetti, Kishore Bhat, Ramakant Nayak</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India</p><p>What if a group of microorganisms emerge subgingivally at a much higher population density during the onset of inflammatory lesions than detectable in healthy sites? What if their sheer numbers dominated among the microflora in the severely diseased periodontium and their presence correlate with progressive periodontal disease activity? What if they selectively suppress key pathways of local immunity? What if they are highly proteolytic that disabled cellular migration and chemotaxis? Infectious disease specialists such as oral pathologists would target this group of micro-organisms for intensive investigation to find out the relation of these with the disease progression. One such group of microorganism is oral spirochetes which satisfy all of the above criteria that will categorize them as “Periodontal pathogens.” But they get little respect and attention among the practicing community as these organisms, visualized in dental plaque, still poses many problems to researchers and clinicians. Even though more than 60 different phylotypes of oral spirochetes are known to exist, only 10 have been cultivated so far. In spite of great extent of work being done, cultivation and recognition of oral spirochetes remains one of the most challenging and difficult tasks for a microbiological lab. This could be owed to fastidious and stringent requirements for anaerobic atmosphere and complex nutritional supplements for the growth of this organism and also due to the adherence property of oral treponeme species, both to host cells and matrix proteins in vitro. In view of these, different methods have been developed to detect and quantify spirochetes such as microscopic techniques, immunological assays, enzymatic methods and molecular methods. This poster highlights the methods of isolation and various techniques used in identifying them and their role in the periodontal disease progression and prognosis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Enzymatic methods, molecular methods, oral spirochetes, periodontal disease</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA187" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE132: Nanotechnology: A checkmate for oral cancer</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Namita Shrivastava, Sushruth Nayak, Sandhya Shrivastava, Prachi Nayak</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India</p><p>Nanotechnology has the potential to provide treatment modalities to fight cancer. Nano-materials have physical, electrical and optical properties which can be utilized for sensing and detection of cancer at the earliest that provide a greater survival possibility in 21<sup>st</sup> century. Several treatment modalities are been widely accepted for the treatment of cancer, among which nanotechnology is the recent one. Nanotechnology has been found to be very effective in the detection, recurrence and the spread of oral cancer after the initial treatment. Cancer nanotechnology is the latest trend in the oral cancer therapy. The nano-particles can be utilized to detect cancer by utilizing optical, magnetic and fluorescent properties. Two recent techniques, namely, the bio-active immune stimulation and the attacking integrin expressing vasculature which uses nano-particles are in the research phases. Therefore, in future, nanotechnology can lead to significant improvements in oral cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cancer, nanotechnology, nano-particles</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA188" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE133: Fluoresence spectroscopy</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Maumita Bhattacharya, Navneet Kaur, Nikita Gulati, Aakansha Banga</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, I.T.S. Dental College, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p>Oral cancer has become one of the significant global health problems. The procedure for oral cancer is histopathological analysis of biopsied lesion, followed by visual examination. The major objective of histopathological study is to diagnose the grade of dysplasia and malignant changes in a potentially malignant lesion. However, histopathology following biopsy is subject to significant diagnostic variability due to difficulty in clinically identifying the most malignant site for biopsy. Also multiple biopsies to the discomfort of patients and the process is invasive and time-consuming in nature. A number of new diagnostic aids to conventional oral examination have recently been introduced to assist in the early detection of oral neoplasia. In particular, autofluorescence imaging has emerged as a promising adjunctive technique to improve early identification of oral premalignant lesions. Fluoresence spectroscopy is a recent non-invasive which is used in distinguishing normal from cancerous tissue for the detection of oral malignancy in its primitive stage and for biopsy guidance. Optical spectroscopy techniques such as laser-induced fluorescence and diffuse reflectance of epithelial tissues were utilized for extracting morphological and biochemical changes associated with tissue progression towards malignancy. The clinical imaging in vivo feasibility study clearly demarcated spectroscopic contrast between malignant and normal lesions, which was found to be consistent with the findings of contact-probe study and helped in evaluating the performance of spectroscopic-guided biopsy.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Autofluorescence, dysplasia, fluorescence, neoplasia, spectroscopy</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA189" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE134: Targeting the epidermal growth factor: An itinerary to treat ameloblastoma</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Hari Priya Ponnapalli, Vijay Srinivas G, Anuradha, Sabitha</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, St. Joseph Dental College, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p>Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor regulates proliferation of both normal and neoplastic cells and expressed in normal developing teeth suggesting that epidermal growth factor (EGF) participates in the differentiation of ameloblasts. Varying EGFR expression activates multiple downstream pathways which are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Enhanced activity of EGFR has also been associated with 60% of non-small cell lung carcinomas, 60-80% of metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC) and 80-90% of head and neck squamous cell cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer and ameloblastoma. One-third of all epithelial cancers expressing high levels of EGF receptors and in many cases, this correlates with a poor prognosis. Recently, new and promising strategies for treatment of various types of neoplasms have been developed and targeted therapy could potentially eliminate the need for extensive and/or repeated surgery. That is, monoclonal antibodies against growth factors and small molecule inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase enzymatic activity that inhibits downstream intracellular signaling of growth factors. If we block the binding of EGF to the EGF receptor, targeting what turned out to be a cellular oncogene, we could inhibit the activity of a receptor that was relevant to cancer. Ameloblastoma is the most common epithelial odontogenic neoplasm derived from EGFR—expressing odontogenic epithelial sources. This literature Review is anticipated for why not we target the EGFR overexpression in ameloblastoma and regresses the extensive surgery.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, EGFR, immunohistochemistry, surgery</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA190" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE135: An insight into the diagnosis and treatment of aphthous stomatitis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shilpa Dutta Malik</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Seema Dental College and Hospital, Rishikesh, Uttarakhan, India</p><p>Aphthous ulcers are the most common type of ulcers involving mainly the non-keratinized mucosa of oral cavity, other non-keratinized mucosal involvement such as that of oropharangeal mucosa and genitalia also occur. Formation of these ulcers are always preceded by burning sensation over the mucosal surface, succeeded by formation of a papule which eventually get ruptured and leads to the formation of round shallow painful ulcer covered by a grayish white pseudomembrane surrounded by an erythematous halo. Further, these ulcerations are divided into minor aphthous, major aphthous, herpetiform aphthous and aphthous ulcerations associated with bechet's disease. Etiopathogenesis though largely unknown, can be contributed mainly to hypersensitivity to S.sanguis, Herpes simplex virus infection, cell-mediated immmunological cytotoxicity, antibody dependant cytotoxicity, etc. Investigatory findings in aphthous are limited to the detection of underlying cause which can either be vitamin B-12, folic acid, or iron deficiency. Histopathologically, antischkow cells can be detected in biopsy specimens. Although the ulcers heal themselves within a week or two, still specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are used for treating the condition. This poster presentation is an attempt to focus upon the diagnosis and management aspects of recurrent apthous stomatitis.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Aphthous ulcer, diagnosis, recurrent, stomatitis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA191" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPORE136: Oncolytic immunotherapy: Virotherapy meets immunotherapy</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Richa Singh, S P Mosby, Manjunath Badni, Shivali Vaid</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India</p><p>In the war against cancer, there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic strategies, as despite recent advances in both surgery and chemo-radiotherapy, mortality rates for advanced cancer remains high. Immunotherapy has emerged as the fourth pillar in the existing triad of cancer treatment and in this, Oncolytic Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving area of therapy and presents itself as a potent anticancer approach, with both systemic and local antitumor effect. Oncolytic Immunotherapy is the use of oncolytic virus to lyse tumors and induce a systemic tumor specific immune response. Genesis of oncolytic viruses came from the observations that acute viral infections were associated with spontaneous regression of various cancers. So, for a long time, therapeutic efficacy of Oncolytic Viruses was thought to depend on direct viral oncolysis (Virocentric view). But recent researches and trials have shown that oncolytic viral therapy is also inducing indirect oncolysis mechanisms by induction of antitumor immunity (Immunocentric view). Thus, the paper deals with the fundamentals of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, mechanism of action involved in Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), pros and cons, approved oncolytic viruses for therapy and the trials in relation to head and neck cancer.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Antitumor immunity, immunogenic cell death, oncolytic immunotherapy, oncolytic viruses</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA192" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>Case Report abstracts: SPOCP01: Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma of mandible: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Gopal Chandra Halder, Sayani Dutta, Santanu Patsa, Debasmita Mitra</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma is a rare aggressive malignant tumor predominantly occurring in the mandible (77%) and between 5<sup>th</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> decades of life. It was first described by two separate groups of researchers, Hansen <italic>et al</italic>. and Waldron <italic>et al</italic>., in 1885. In the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of 2005, clear cell odontogenic carcinoma was denoted as a malignant tumor of odontogenic origin. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Current case is of a 70-year-old man who developed a 2 cm-3 cm asymptomaticexophyticsoft reddish growth extending from 34 to 36 regions with surface ulceration since last 1month. Patient's medical history is not significant. After obtaining patient's consent and undergoing routine blood reports, etc., incisional biopsy was taken. Histopathological (H/P) evaluation revealed sheet and islands ofcells with abundant clear cytoplasm and eccentric nucleus having well-defined cell membrane separated by connective tissue septa. Histology features were suggestive of clear cell odontogenic carcinoma. The patient was referred for screening of the chest and abdomen. Chest radiograph show a large radiopaque area at apical region of left lung. Computed tomography (CT)-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed malignant cells with necrotic areas suggestive of metastatic deposits. <bold>Summary:</bold> It is a rare aggressive malignant lesion in oral cavity with benign clinical features. During diagnosis and treatment planning of clear cell odontogenic carcinoma, one should take care for evaluation of any lung deposits from the primary site, whereas, the possibility of metastasis from renal cell carcinoma to the jaw should be kept in mind.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Clear cell, metastasis, odontogenic, renal cell carcinoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA193" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP03: Glandular odontogenic cyst: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>N Uma Devi, Saravanakumar, V Poorani, Aparna K</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> The glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is rare lesion of jawbones first described in 1988 by Gardner <italic>et al</italic>. It is new entity included in most recent edition of World Health Organization's (WHO's) “Histological typing of odontogenic tumours” from 1992. GOC is a rare developmental cyst of the jaws. The histological features of GOC strongly suggest an origin from the remains of dental lamina. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 49-year-old female patient, came with complaint of swelling in the lower part of the face, which is soft in consistency and tender on palpation. Orthopantomogram (OPG) reveals defined unilocular radiolucency with thinning of the cortical plates and bicorticalbony expansion. Occlusal derangement was seen. Histopathological examination showed a cystic capsule with stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness, mucous and ciliated cells. Intraepithelial cysts and dense and well-vascularized connective tissue can be observed. <bold>Summary:</bold> A case of GOC, a rare developmental cyst of the jaw, is hereby presented similar to previous studies. Our case had mandibular involvement, with swelling and pain as complaints. The radiological and histological features were also in accordance with previous reports, showing a well-defined radiolucency with well-defined borders and remains of dental lamina, respectively. The disagreement was related to gender predilection for men and a slow-growing process; while the present case was a woman who reported rapid growth.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dental lamina, glandular, odontogenic cyst, rapid growth</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA194" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP05: Plasma cell granuloma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sowmya Venkatesh, Siddharth Pandit, Dinkar Desai, Nitin M Gonsalves</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Plasma cell granuloma (inflammatory pseudotumor) is an uncommon non-neoplastic lesion. Its occurrence in the oral cavity is very rare with no age and sex predilection. The incidence, etiopathogenesis, biological behavior and appropriate treatment are unclear and little is known about the prognosis. It may arise due to periodontitis, periradicular inflammation, presence of a foreign body, or idiopathic reasons. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 35-year-old male patient presented with a painless swelling in the left upper front tooth region since 6 months. Examination revealed a tender solitary soft swelling measuring about 1.5 × 2 cm. The swelling was bleeding on palpation and during excisional biopsy profuse bleeding from the lesion was evident and it was provisionally diagnosed as hemangioma. Histopathological examination revealed the lesion as plasma cell granuloma. <bold>Conclusion and summary:</bold> This case report describes the rare occurrence of plasma cell granuloma affecting the maxilla resembling a vascular malformation where histopathological examination confirmed plasma cell granuloma. The purpose of this report is to recognize the importance of histopathological diagnosis and prompt treatment of such cases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Heamangioma, plasma cell granuloma, vascular malformation</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA195" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP06: Mixed odontogenic tumor: Ameloblastoma with CEOT</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Cheemalavagupalli Mounija, Huldah S, Vidya K S, A Ravi Prakash</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Ameloblastoma along with calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) are type of odontogenic epithelial tumors without ectomesenchyme. They are mostly benign and rarely convert into malignant neoplasms. Ameloblastoma is benign, locally invasive tumor, whereas, CEOT is an uncommon benign, noninvasive odontogenic tumors occurring in mandible. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 26-year-old female patient presented with a painless swelling in the front tooth region of mandible since 6 months, which was gradually increasing in size. On extraoral examination, facial asymmetry and a diffuse, nontender and hard swelling noted measuring about 8 × 4 cm. Intraorally, tumor was extending from 36 to 46 region and associated teeth were mobile. Provisionally it was diagnosed as unicystic ameloblastoma. Incisional biopsy revealed six to 10 layers of epithelium showing tall columnar basal cell layer with hyperchromatic nuclei and reversal of polarity resembling ameloblasts. Histopathologically, it was diagnosed as unicystic ameloblastoma. Excisional biopsy showed odontogenic epithelium with peripheral tall columnar and central stellate reticulum-like cells, features suggesting ameloblastoma. In some areas sheets of polyhedral tumor cells with prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm and intercellular bridging with diffuse masses of amyloid-like material were seen suggesting CEOT. <bold>Conclusion and summary:</bold> Though ameloblastoma and CEOT are different entities, here we report a case of mixed odontogenic tumor showing histopathologic features of both ameloblastoma and CEOT in the same histopathological section. Considering the complicated nature of odontogenic tumors and very rare case of this combination we met, we presented this hybrid tumor ‘a mixed odontogenic tumor’.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, CEOT, hybrid, odontogenic tumors</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA196" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP08: Fibroblastic myofibroblastic tumors: The great mimickers with gruelling diagnostic intricacy</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>K Shanmuga Priya, J Jenita Loura, Madhavan Nirmal, Veeravarmal</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Mesenchymal tumors with fibroblastic and myofibroblastic components account for approximately 12% of soft tissue tumors. The concept of intermediate or “borderline” fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors has been refined for lesions with a tendency for local recurrence or very rare metastases that may not be predictable on clinical or morphologic grounds. The intricate histological similarities, differences in biological potential and clinical and molecular variations create a considerable diagnostic dilemma that possibly affects the treatment options. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 14-year-old female reported with a painful swelling in the right lower posterior jaw for six months. Facial asymmetry extends from the right parasymphysis region to the angle of the mandible. Intraorally, a diffuse swelling was present in the right buccal sulcus of size 3 × 4 cms. The radiographs revealed right buccal cortical expansion with an altered trabecular pattern. Histopathology exhibited a fibrous connective tissue with numerous cells having plump vesicular nuclei resembling myofibroblasts in an inflammatory background. Immunohistochemistry revealed calponin and alpha smooth muscle actin positivity in spindle cells. <bold>Summary:</bold> The differential diagnosis included nodular fasciitis, inflammatory malignant fibrous histiocytoma, desmoid fibromatosis, inflammatory leiomyosarcoma, myofibroma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. The diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) was made by exclusion of other fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors and based on the immunohistochemistry profile findings. This case report describes the rare occurrence of IMT as a centroblastic variant in the mandible and reviews the existing knowledge about this tumor in literature.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Centroblastic, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, mandible</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA197" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP09: Keratoameloblastoma: A detectable mystic touch</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>N Vishwapriya, N Bharathi</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Raja Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Ameloblastoma is the second most common and most intriguing of all odontogenic tumors. It is highly polymorphic, attributed to the multipotentiality of odontogenic epithelium. Keratoameloblastoma is one of the histological variants of ameloblastoma, which demonstrates abundant keratin production as a peculiar feature. The aim of this poster is to familiarize budding pathologists about this rare variant of ameloblastoma and to Review the English literature. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 30-year-old female patient reported with the complaint of pus discharge from the anterior part of the lower jaw since 6 months. Intraoral examination revealed sinus opening in relation to 37. There was a multilocular lesion in the body of the mandible, extending from 46 to 37, with an impacted 43 in OPG. The microscopy revealed sheets of odontogenic epithelium arranged in papillary pattern; the columnar basal cells demonstrated reverse polarity. The superficial cells are mostly squamous type with few clear cells and the cystic spaces were occupied with abundant keratin layers. <bold>Summary and Conclusion:</bold> The occurrence in the anterior region of the mandible in a female patient is rare. The presence of keratin included the intra-osseous epidermoid cyst and odontogenic keratocyst as the closest differential diagnosis for this tumor. The palisading basal cells with reversal of polarity, the firm attachment of it to the underlying connective tissue and the papillary outgrowth excluded both the conditions. Thus, it was finally diagnosed as papilliferous keratoameloblastoma.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Keratoameloblastoma, multilocular lesion, odontogenic epithelium</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA198" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP10: Aggressive central giant cell granuloma: A case with diagnostic predicament</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Roshni Sharma, Sahana Srinath</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign aggressive osteolytic lesion. It was first described by <italic>Jaffe</italic> in 1953. It occurs most commonly in patients under the age of 30, with a female predilection. The etiology of CGCG is undefined; some consider it to be of inflammatory origin while some consider it as a neoplastic process in an aggressive fashion. WHO has defined CGCG as “an intra-osseous lesion consisting of cellular fibrous tissue which contains multiple foci of hemorrhage and aggregation of multinucleated giant cells”. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Here we present a case report of a 21-year-old female patient who presented with swelling on the right side of mandible measuring about 5 × 4 cms with no secondary changes. Intraoral examination showed diffuse swelling with vestibular obliteration. Radiographically, presence of unilocular, ill-defined radiolucency with resorption of roots of adjacent teeth, was noted. Microscopically it showed bony trabeculae and osteoid formation with osteoblastic rimming. The osteoblasts showed angular appearance with slight pleomorphism. There were multiple multinucleated giant cells in a highly cellular background. Differential diagnosis of low-grade osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma and CGCG was considered. The final diagnosis of aggressive CGCG was given. <bold>Conclusion and summary:</bold> This case helps to demonstrate the variation in histopathologic features of CGCG and provides a need to update the treatment procedure as treatment differs for different lesions.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Aggressive central giant cell granuloma, multinucleated giant cell, osteoid</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA199" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP12: An unusual occurrence of cementoblastoma in a pediatric patient with Review of literature</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Garima Rawat, Aadithya B Urs, Hanspal Singh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Cementoblastoma, also known as true cementoma, is a rare benign neoplasm of odontogenic ectomesenchyme origin representing only 1-8% of all odontogenic tumors. It is characterized by proliferating cementum-like tissue occurring in juxtaposition to the roots of erupted permanent teeth. It occurs predominantly in second and third decades of life and more often in the posterior region of the mandible. Very few cases of cementoblastoma associated with a deciduous tooth or having a maxillary presentation have been reported in the past. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Here, a rare case of a 10-year-old boy who presented to the department with a swelling in maxillary posterior region since 1 month with the radiographic presentation mimicking odontoma is being discussed. The histopathological study revealed cementoblastoma. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> Though cementoblastoma is a rare condition affecting the primary dentition, it is important to increase the awareness regarding this type of lesion among dentists to enhance early diagnosis and prompt treatment.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Cementoblastoma, cementoma, maxilla, primary dentition</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA200" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP13: Calcifying ghost cell odontogenic tumor with clear cells: A new entity???</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Kirti Kureel, Aadithya B Urs, J Augustine</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Calicifying ghost cell odontogenic tumor (CGCOT) is an uncommon developmental odontogenic tumor first described by Gorlin <italic>et al.</italic>, in 1962. It represents a heterogeneous group of lesions that exhibit variety of clinicopathologic and behavioral features. Clear cells are epithelial cells composed of pale or clear cytoplasm and include both odontogenic and non-odontogenic tissues. These cells most frequently result from artifactual changes, cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, lipids, mucins, intermediate filaments, immature zymogen granules, hydropic degeneration of organelles and paucity of cellular organelles. <bold>Case Report:</bold> We report a case of an 18-year-old female patient presented to the department with the main complaint of painful swelling in the left maxillary region for the past four months. On thorough clinical examination, ulcero-proliferative growth was seen in the left maxillary alveolar ridge and tuberosity region along with impacted 28 in the maxillary sinus. Microscopic examination revealed histomorphological diversity with features of typical CGCOT and a significant clear cell component constituting more than 50% of the tumor mass without any features of malignancy. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> Odontogenic neoplasms with significant clear cell components are quite uncommon. Differential diagnosis of such lesions include clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) and clear cell variant of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). The case emphasizes on the rarity of occurrence of such lesions and actual categorization of these lesions in deciding the treatment plan.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Calcifying ghost cell odontogenic tumor, clear cells, ghost cells, maxilla</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA201" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP14: Neurofibroma: A rare manifestation of type 1 neurofibromatosis</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sudhasmruti Mishra, Punyasloka Pati</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, S.C.B Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Neurofibroma, a relatively common group of autosomal dominant benign tumor of peripheral nerve tissue is estimated to have an occurrence of 1 in every 3000 births. Neurofibroma is seen either as a solitary lesion or as a part of the generalized syndrome of neurofibromatosis. Neurofibroma type I known as Vonrecklinghausen disease of skin is the commonest. Oral manifestations are infrequently detected. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A case of plexiform neurofibroma of the mandible that occurred in an 8-year-old female child is reported along with its clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings. <bold>Summary:</bold> This case is reported because of its rarity, as there are very few case reports of intraosseous plexiform neurofibroma of the jaws that occur as a manifestation of neurofibromatosis type I.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Intraosseous, jaw, neurofibroma, plexiform</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA202" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP15: Unicystic ameloblastoma with granular cell transformation: An unusual histopathologic presentation: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Anjum Baker, K Karpagaselvi, Bhavna Pandey, Divya S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Unicystic ameloblastoma, a less aggressive variant of ameloblastoma displays a cystic cavity lined by ameloblastomatous epithelium. Granular cell transformation in unicystic ameloblastoma is rare, with granularity attributed to increased presence of lysosomes in cytoplasm. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 22-year-old female patient with swelling and intermittent pain in the lower left jaw since six months with a history of similar symptoms in the same region three years back for which extraction of 36 and socket curettage were done. Inspection revealed buccal cortical plate expansion. Orthopantomograph showed well-circumscribed multilocular radiolucency with sclerotic borders, from distal surface of 33 to mesial root of 37. Histopathology revealed cystic epithelium showing palisading columnar basal cells with nuclei displaying reversal of polarity. Stellate reticulum-like cells with focal areas of granular transformation with eccentric nucleus and granular cytoplasm were noted. Intraluminal projections, ghost cells and dysplastic dentin were appreciated besides an ameloblastic follicle in capsule. Special stains and immunohistochemical analysis were done to determine origin of granular cells. <bold>Summary and conclusion:</bold> Presenting a cystic lesion lined by ameloblastomatous epithelium with intraluminal & mural features along with granular cell transformation in stellate reticulum-like cells. Granules stained positive with PAS and for IHC markers S-100 and CD-68, supporting macrophage lineage of cells thus confirming unicystic ameloblastoma with granular cell transformation. Wide marginal excision of the lesion was done and the patient is free of recurrence since six months. The rarity of this transformation and possibility of confusion with other granular cell lesions requires further research of this locally invasive neoplasm.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, granular cells, unicystic</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA203" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP18: Maxillary basal cell ameloblastoma: Report of a rare case</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>G Sravani, Jaya Kiran, G Venkateswara Rao</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Ameloblastoma is a benign, locally aggressive tumor arising from the odontogenic ectoderm. Out of several histologic patterns of ameloblastoma, the basal cell variant is a rare entity and histologically may resemble a basal cell carcinoma or a basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. Maxillary ameloblastomas are more belligerent with a rapid progression into adjacent vital structures when compared to mandibular counterparts. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 30-year-old male patient presented with a chief complaint of swelling and loosening of teeth in upper right back tooth region from past 40 days. On intraoral examination, a solitary, diffuse, oval swelling of 1 × 2 cm on the right posterior palatal region was noticed. Radiograph revealed a fairly radiolucent lesion associated with root resorption in relation to 17 and 18. Computerized tomography showed a large lesion extending into the right maxillary antrum. On histopathological examination the lesion was diagnosed as basal cell variant of ameloblastoma. Immunohistochemical analysis was done for confirmation and to know the behaviour of the lesion using markers CK19 and ki-67, respectively. <bold>Summary:</bold> Ameloblastomas occurring in the maxillary lesions are to be carefully evaluated because of their close association with the adjacent vital structures. The basal cell variant of ameloblastoma is very rare and the purpose of this case report is to expose such a rare variant that has occurred in an unusual location and to provide a brief review for literature.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, basal cell, maxillary, vital structures</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA204" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP19: Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia: A case report with review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Bhuvan Nagpal, Usha Hegde</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) is stromal infiltration of eosinophils in a tumor and is not associated with tumor necrosis or ulceration. TATE in malignancies is associated with different sites such as oral cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, esophagus, colon, cervix, external genitalia, skin and gastrointestinal tract. Eosinophilic infiltration around the sites of carcinoma invasion is believed to play important roles in biological behavior and is a result of host response to tumor cells. Although eosinophils are commonly encountered in human cancer, their functional role in malignancy remains an ambiguity. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 58-year-old female patient presented with a shallow ulcer on the palate i. r. t. 27, 28 involving marginal and attached gingiva. Past medical and dental history was noncontributory. On clinical examination, left submandibular lymph nodes were enlarged and tender on palpation with slightly raised surface temperature. FNAC from submandibular mass was suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. Incisional biopsy from ulcer confirmed the diagnosis of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, with the striking feature of tissue eosinophilia. On hematological investigations, differential and absolute eosinophil count was not significant. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> The Review of literature demonstrated a tendency to reconsider TATE as a favorable prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma, but TATE has also been related to a poorer prognosis or even to no influence on patient's outcome reflecting this issue is still a matter of controversy.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Eosinophils, squamous cell carcinoma, tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA205" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP20: Clear cell variant of peripheral ameloblastic carcinoma: Case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>KV Rama Devi, Muni Sekhar, Shylaja S, Bhavani SN</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, S V S institute of dental sciences, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Peripheral ameloblastoma (PA) is a relatively uncommon odontogenic tumor that is histologically identical to the classic intraosseous ameloblastoma. PA comprises 2% to 10% of all tumors. Clinically, it presents as a painless, sessile, firm and exophytic growth with a relatively smooth surface. Histologically, most of the epithelial islands exhibit palisading of columnar basal cells, but a stellate reticulum is seldom conspicuous. While some lesions appear follicular type, vast majority were of acanthomatous type. A number of cases also exhibit clear cell changes. Malignant variant of PA is rare with a total of 6 cases being published. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 55-year-old male patient presented with a chief complaint of swelling in lower front tooth region. Clinically it was firm exophytic gingival growth of approximately 5 cm in diameter lingual to 31, 32 and 33. Histopathological examination revealed a stratified squamous parakeratinized, extensively proliferating epithelium. Basal cell layer of the surface epithelium showed ameloblastomatous proliferations. Lesional cells were arranged in the form of islands, sheets, nests and in network-like pattern with peripheral tall columnar cells exhibiting reverse polarization. Predominantly both the central and peripheral cells exhibited vesicular nucleus with clear cytoplasm resembling clear cells. Few mitotic figures were also exhibited. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> Currently, it is well understood that PA is less aggressive as compared to its central counterpart. With the increase in the incidence of PA with features of malignancy, should we consider that PA and solid/multicystic ameloblastoma are similar in their biological behavior?</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastic carcinoma, clear cell, malignant, peripheral</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA206" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP21: Peripheral glandular odontogenic cyst: Unusual location</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>V Kranthi, MS Munisekhar, Shylaja, Bhavani SN</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is an uncommon developmental odontogenic cyst occurring mostly in middle-aged men in anterior mandible. It presents as a central slowly growing, asymptomatic swelling. Radiographically, it presents as a well-defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucency. Histopathologically, it is lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium containing glandular structures filled with mucin-like material and cuboidal eosinophilic cells. Here, we report one such rare case presenting as a soft tissue swelling on the hard palate, probably the first in such location. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 49-year-old male patient visited our hospital with a complaint of swelling in the upper left back tooth region since 2 months. No bony changes were evident on radiographs. However, CT scan revealed superficial erosion of the hard palate with well-defined margins on the left side. Histopathologic examination revealed a cystic lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells at focal areas. Epithelial plaques and few mucous acini were seen within the connective tissue capsule and a diagnosis of GOC was arrived at. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> Our diagnosis of GOC in such a location where mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is relatively common raises an alarm if GOCs are as rare as they were thought to be and if that in the past some of the GOCs could have been reported as MEC, as they both resemble histologically. Hence, GOCs may be included in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue swelling of the jaws.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Glandular odontogenic cyst, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, mucous acini, plaques</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA207" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP22: Follicular variant of keratocystic odontogenic tumor in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Seema Sharad Salve, Ruchika Ravikumar Agrawal, Shubhangi Durgaprasad Mishra, S R Barpande</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), formerly odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), is a benign, uni- or multicystic, intraosseus tumor of odontogenic origin with a characteristic parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The tumor has a potential for aggressive and infiltrative behavior and is associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), often heralding the diagnosis. Radiographically KCOT can be of different types: follicular, envelopmental, replacemental, extraneous and collateral. Amongst these, follicular type of KCOT, first described by Browne in 1970, surrounds the crown of unerupted tooth and radiographically mimics a dentigerous cyst. It is relatively uncommon. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Here a case is presented of 13-year-old female patient having a bilateral swelling in anterior maxillae. Moderate hypertelorism and palmar and plantar pits were also observed. Orthopantomography (OPG) revealed impacted 13, 23 and 33 associated with radiolucency enveloping the crowns of the affected teeth. Aspiration of the lesion yielded yellow colored fluid with keratin flecks suggesting a keratinizing cyst. Surgical enucleation of both the maxillary cysts was done. Gross specimen revealed a cystic lesion attached to the neck of the tooth. Microscopic features of both the lesions were strongly suggestive of KCOT. Overall features were suggestive of NBCCS. <bold>Summary:</bold> This presentation reports follicular variant of KCOT occurring bilaterally in a patient with NBCCS.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Basal cell carcinoma, KCOT, maxillary, nevoid</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA208" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP23: “Basal cell adenoma of the maxillary sinus mimicking ameloblastoma”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Priya Anil Bhagde, SR Barpande, JD Bhavthankar, JG Humbe</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Basal cell adenoma (BCA) is a rare entity belonging to the group of basaloid tumors, comprising approximately 1-2% of salivary gland tumors. Over 80% of cases appear in major salivary glands. Histologically, BCA is characterized by presence of basaloid cells arranged in solid, trabecular, tubular, or membranous patterns. These cells have two different morphologies. First cell type is a cuboidal or columnar cell, found peripherally. Second cell type is largely located in the center of the tumoral nests. It has been referred in classic texts that the tumor adopts an ameloblastoma-like pattern. These neoplasms are frequently mistaken with canalicular adenoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. Due to prognostic implications, differential diagnosis is mandatory. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 70-year-old male reported with unhealed wound in the mouth since 6 months after, he himself pulled out a mobile tooth (17). CECT (Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography) revealed neoplastic mass involving right side maxillary and ethmoid sinus, masticator space and infratemporal region. Histopathologically islands and tubules of epithelial cells were seen having two cell populations, peripheral columnar and central round cells. At places, central cells displayed discohesiveness giving stellate reticulum-like appearance. Immunohistochemical markers like calretinin, calponin, CK 19, Ki-67 and b-catenin were assessed. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> This entity is summarized as great mimicker and may mislead clinician causing diagnostic threat to the patient. In the present case, it mimicked ameloblastoma; immunohistochemical analysis aided in final diagnosis of locally aggressive BCA. It warrants adequate cure rate with only conservative resection. So, recognizing and aiding proper therapy is must.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, basal cell adenoma, immunohistochemistry, maxillary sinus, prognosis</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA209" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP24: Adenoid cystic carcinoma of palate: Report of a solid variant</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Anchal Srivastava, SR Barpande, JD Bhavthankar, MS Mandale</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCCs) are uncommon tumors, comprising less than 1% of all head and neck cancers and 20-25% of all salivary cancers. The most common symptom is a slow growing mass followed by pain due to the propensity of these tumors for perineural invasion. The tumor is most often clinically deceptive by its small size and slow growth, which actually overlies its extensive subclinical invasion and marked ability for early metastasis, making the prognosis questionable, aptly referred to as “wolf in sheep's clothing”. Cribriform, tubular and solid are the three recognized histopathologic patterns. One of the important prognostic factors is the histological grade determined by the percentage of solid component in the tumor. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 68-year-old male patient reported with a chief complaint of pain on right side of lower jaw, which radiated to right ear since 15 days. Patient also gave history of an ulcer on palate since 1 month. His right submandibular lymph node was enlarged, tender and mobile. Intraoral examination revealed an ulcer 1*1.5 cm in diameter present in posterolateral region of soft palate extending from distal of 15 till tuberosity region. Ulcer extended mesially till midpalatine raphe. Borders were well-defined with rolled out margins. <bold>Summary:</bold> AdCC with a solid histopathologic pattern are associated with a worse prognosis than those with a cribriform or tubular arrangement; therefore, early detection, prompt treatment and long-term follow-up is essential in clinical management.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> AdCC, cribrifrom pattern, perineural invasion</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA210" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP25: Capillary hemangioma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Jyoti Prakash</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bankman Colony, Patna, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of infancy that display a rapid growth phase with endothelial cell proliferation, followed by gradual involution. It is relatively rare in oral cavity. <bold>Case Report:</bold> An 8-year-old female patient reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology with gradually enlarging non-tender swelling on left side of face along with some erythromatous changes. Intraoral examination revealed extensive lobulated non-tender highly vascular swelling on both buccal and palatal gingiva extending from canine to molar region. There was bleeding on slightest provocation. The mass was pulsatile and reducible. Orthopantomograph revealed no bony abnormality. Incisional biopsy was done and histopathological examination of the section stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed superficial stratified squamous epithelium and the lamina propria showing multiple lobules of capillaries of varying sizes and shapes, clusters of endothelial cell proliferation and formation of new capillaries in fibro-collagenous tissue. The overall H/P features are suggestive of capillary hemangioma. The patient was kept under observation for natural involution and sclerothermy was recommended. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> Capillary hemangiomas are usually not present at birth. They may appear during the first year of life, gradually increases till second year and then there is slow and spontaneous involution. At around 7 years of age, there is complete involution. About 10-20% hemangioma do not involute and require post-adolescent ablative treatment. We present a case of capillary hemangioma in an 8-year-old female patient in whom the natural involution is yet to occur.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Capillary hemangioma, endothelial cell, lobulated swelling</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA211" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP26: Intraosseous neurofibroma of the mandible: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Suwasini, Madhuresh Kumar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bankman Colony, Patna, India</p><p>Neurofibroma is a benign tumor of nerve tissue origin, derived from cells that constitute the nerve sheath. Neurofibroma is seen either as a solitary lesion or a part of generalized syndrome of neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen disease of the skin). The solitary form does not differ from the disseminated form or the multiple form of the disease except that systemic and hereditary factors present in the disseminated form are absent in the solitary type. In the present poster, we are presenting a case of intraosseous neurofibroma of mandible in an 11-year-old male patient who reported to the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, B.I.D.S.H, Patna, with a fast enlarging, firm, non-tender soft tissue growth on right side of mandible i.r.t molar and retromolar region. OPG revealed gross destruction of angle and ramus of mandible on right side with bony trabeculation in between and thinning down the inferior border of mandible. CT scan revealed expansive as well as osteolytic lesion on right side of mandible with patchy radiopacities. Histopathological features revealed randomly arranged spindle cells with wavy nuclei in stroma. Immunohistochemistry analysis shows positivity for S-100 protein. Histopathological examination and immunoprofiling confirmed the case as neurofibroma. We present this case because solitary intraosseous neurofibroma in the oral cavity is a rare benign tumor with very few cases reported in literature.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Neurofibroma, nerve tissue origin, Von Recklinghausen disease</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA212" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP27: Scleroderma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Bhagyashree Bhagwat, Yunus Mohd Shaikh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Post Graduate Research Institute, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Scleroderma is defined in terms of clinical manifestation as a condition of obscure origin characterized by symmetrical stiffness of the skin, vascular insufficiency and various characteristic forms of systemic involvement. The hallmark of this disease is thickening and tightness of the skin due to deposition of dense collagen in the body. Scleroderma may be confined to the skin (localized) or it may be generalized (systemic sclerosis). The peak occurrence of this disease is in the 30-40 years age group and it affects more women than men. <bold>Case Report:</bold> In this case report, a 35-year-male with hypo-pigmentation was examined. His face showed a mask-like appearance. The patient had stiffness in the joints, along with restricted body movements. His fingers showed pseudo clubbing appearance and claw-like features. On intraoral examination, restricted mouth opening, perioral oral bands and ankyloglossia were noted. <bold>Summary:</bold> In the present case, the condition was noted in a male patient, which is rare. The purpose of this case report is to review the literature related to scleroderma, discuss the possible etiology and investigations for diagnosis of the disease. We also attempt to emphasize the need to carry out appropriate investigations to arrive at the final diagnosis as it has been seen that the patients of scleroderma are mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis, leukoderma, genodermatosis etc.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Final diagnosis, investigations, leukoderma, scleroderma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA213" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP28: Rubinstein-taybi syndrome: A case report and Review</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shaikh Mohd Yunus, Bhagyashree Bhagwat</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a human genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation and physical abnormalities, including broad thumbs, big and broad toes, short stature and craniofacial anomalies. The oral manifestations include small oral opening, pouting lower lip, retro/micrognathia, higher arched, narrow palate and talon's cusp. The cause of RTS is still unclear, but it is associated with a microdeletion at 16p 13.3 region in the CREB-binding protein gene (CREBBP) in some patient. Usually the diagnosis is based on a combination of various symptoms and characteristic physical features. <bold>Case Report:</bold> We hereby present a case report and detailed Review of literature of RTS. A 20-year male patient reported with short stature, beaked nose, large toes, broad thumbs and mental retardation, downward slanting palpebral fissures, thick and arched eyebrows with long eyelashes, macrocephaly and showing dental anomalies like mesiodens with Talon's cusp, multiple impacted teeth and high-arched palate. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> RTS was initially reported by Michail <italic>et al</italic> in 1957 as the broad thumb-Hallux syndrome and then described by Rubinstein and Taybi in 1963. Since then, there have been over 250 cases documented in literature. In our case, patient has characteristic features of the RTS as explained above and a rare occurrence of Talon's cusp on mesiodens. Thus, this case report and detailed Review of literature can help us to become more acquainted with this rare syndrome.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Genetic, mesiodens, oral manifestation, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA214" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP29: Ameloblastic carcinoma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>O Bharath, T Prasanth, V Naga Sirisha, A Rajesh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, C.K.S Theja Dental College, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Ameloblastic carcinoma is a rare and potentially malignant tumor of odontogenic origin. Due to its rarity and the inadequate descriptive documentation of cases, not much of literature evidence has been accumulated pertaining to its biological behavior. Its presentation ranges from cystic and benign features to large and asymmetric growth of tissue mass with indurated ulcers, bone destruction and mobility of teeth. The tumor has close resemblance to ameloblastoma but with a difference, that they exhibit cellular atypia. Ameloblastic carcinoma can occur primarily in the mandible with a wide age range that has no specific sex and race predilection. <bold>Case Report:</bold> We report a case of a 62-year-old male patient, who presented with an irregular shaped ulcerated growth in the left posterior mandibular region, associated with pain and burning sensation. Radiological examination revealed ill-defined radiolucency in relation to 36, 37 and 38. On histopathological examination, follicular and plexiform ameloblastomatous areas with cells showing nuclear pleomorphism, abnormal mitosis and reversal polarity with hyperchromatic nuclei were observed, which enabled us to arrive at the diagnosis of ameloblastic carcinoma. <bold>Summary:</bold> Ameloblastic carcinoma is an uncommon malignant counterpart of ameloblastoma that follows an aggressive clinical course, with a recurrence rate of 0.1% and has poor prognosis. Our case report is yet another addition to the evidence in literature exploring its atypical biological behavior.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Aggressive, ameloblastic carcinoma, pleomorphism, poor prognosis, recurrence</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA215" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP30: Odontogenic myxoma: Report of two cases</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>K Saranya, T Prashanth, V Nagasirisha, A Rajesh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, C.K.S Theja Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Odontogenic myxoma is a benign odontogenic tumor with locally aggressive behavior. These tumors are derived from embryonic mesenchymal elements of dental analage. It is relatively rare in oral cavity, accounting for 3-6 % of all odontogenic tumors. Odontogenic myxoma has predilection to occur in females around the age of 20 years, the mandible being the frequently involved site. They are most often asymptomatic. The radiographic features are variable, thereby making the diagnosis reliable chiefly based on the gross and histopathological findings. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Case 1: A 15-year-old female patient reported with complaint of swelling in the lower left back tooth region of 6 months duration. Case 2: A 15-year-old female patient reported with complaint of swelling in the upper left front tooth region of two weeks duration. Based on the clinical, radiological, gross and histopathological findings, the final diagnosis was odontogenic myxoma. <bold>Conclusion and summary:</bold> Odontogenic myxoma is an uncommon odontogenic tumor generally with a good prognosis, although occasional recurrences have been reported. The purpose of these two case reports is to recognize odontogenic myxoma histopathologically for diagnosis and prompt treatment of such cases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dental analage, good prognosis, mandible, odontogenic myxoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA216" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP31: Alternating extramedullary plasmacytoma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Faiz Aboobacker, Indu Sundaram, Hiba Ummer</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, KMCT Dental College, Thazhecode, Kerala, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells in soft tissues presenting as a sole lesion without bone marrow plasmacytosis or related organ or tissue impairment. It accounts for up to 1-2% of human malignancies, 1-3% of myeloma cases and is usually localized in submucosal lymphoid tissue of nasopharyngeal and paranasal sinuses. <bold>Case report:</bold> A 61-year-old female patient reported to our college with a chief complaint of swelling on right middle half of the face since 4 years. Slow gradual swelling was noticed with no signs of epistaxis or nasal obstruction or any signs of frontal or maxillary sinusitis. A similar lesion on the left side was diagnosed as extra medullary plasmacytoma and had undergone treatment few years back. FNAC followed by incisional biopsy was conclusive of plasma cell tumor. Bone marrow biopsy and other investigations were done to rule out systemic involvement. And a conclusive diagnosis of alternating pattern of extramedullary plasmacytoma was given. <bold>Summary:</bold> Extramedullary plasmacytoma is usually a rare presentation of plasma cell tumor with a better prognosis compared to multiple myeloma. However, recurrence of this tumor can be a big blow to the prognosis. A case of alternating extramedullary plasmacytoma of maxilla is reported here which is, an even rarer presentation. On Review of available literature, we could find only a single case report of extramedullary plasmacytoma involving both maxilla one after another, thus adding to the uniqueness of our case.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Extramedullary plasmacytoma, plasma cells, myeloma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA217" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP32: Acquired hemophilia in the setting of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]: A rare entity</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Srikanth B, Bushra Anjum, P Venkat Baghirath, Suvarna M</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening hemorrhagic disorder with one in a million incidence, caused by the development of auto antibodies directed against the coagulation factor VIII. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 29-year-old male patient previously diagnosed with bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and kept under dapsone therapy came to the oral pathology department with blisters on the hands, lips, oral mucosa and all over the body for which he was diagnosed as toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome (TENS) and treated with I.V prednisolone for one week and showed signs of improvement. During follow up in the next four months, the patient developed anasarca, pale oral mucosa, melena suggesting internal hemorrhages. His laboratory work-up revealed Hb 2 gm%, increase in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), positive F VIII autoantibody titer, normal prothrombin time (PT) and bleeding time (BT) and was diagnosed as AHA. <bold>Discussion:</bold> In AHA, auto antibodies inactivate F VIII incompletely and prolong aPTT with high F VIII antibody titer. The AHA association with autoimmune diseases and drugs (penicillin's, sulfamides and phenytoin) is described in the literature. Any acute or recent onset of bleeding symptoms with unexplained isolated prolonged aPTT in a patient with no previous history of bleeding, suggest the diagnosis of AHA. Given the severity of hemorrhagic complications and high mortality rates as in our case, early identification and treatment is extremely important.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Acquired hemophilia A, oral blisters, systemic lupus erythematosus, toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA218" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP33: Ambiguous pleomorphic adenoma: A rare case of intra-osseous minor salivary gland tumor with calcifications</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Tanu V Tiwari, Garima Pandey, Sarita Yanduri</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, R.V Dental College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is a common neoplasm accounting for about two-thirds of all salivary gland tumors. It shows a variety of characteristic features, which in most cases enable reaching at a histopathological diagnosis. However, pathologists should be familiar with its architectural variability, which may lead to confusion and difficulty particularly in small incisional biopsies leading to a diagnostic dilemma. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Here, we report a case of a 52-year-old female presenting with chief complaint of pain in upper left back region of jaw since 3 days. An incidental finding of intra-osseous well-defined swelling was observed at the junction of hard and soft palate on left side since childhood. Radiographic examination revealed a well-defined radiolucency with presence of radiopAQue flecks. Based on incisional biopsy and CT examination, a diagnosis of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor was given and hemi-maxillectomy was performed. However, histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed a pleomorphic adenoma with unusual features like extensive calcification as well as crystalloids. Examination of the margins showed that although cellular atypia was minimal, the tumour was invading the surrounding alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and maxillary sinus; thus, simulating a malignant behavior. <bold>Summary and Conclusion:</bold> In summary, this is a rare case of an intra-ossoeus PA (radiographic interpretation), which showed massive calcifications, mimicking a malignant lesion. This case report aims to emphasize on some of the unusual radiographic and histologic presentation that may be exhibited by this tumor.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Calcifications, pleomorphic adenoma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA219" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP34: Gorlin-goltz syndrome: A rare case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Humaira Nazir, Ashwini, Shubha</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College, Tumkur, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome) is an autosomal dominant inherited condition that exhibits high penetrance and variable expressivity. The syndrome is caused by mutations in patched, a tumor suppressor gene that has been mapped to chromosome 9q22.3-q31. It is characterized by the presence of multiple odontogenic keratocyst, basal cell carcinoma, intracranial calcification and rib and vertebral anomalies. <bold>Case Report:</bold> We report a case of a 28-year-old female patient who had a chief compliant of swelling and pain on the right lower back tooth region of jaw. On histopathological examination, sections revealed all features of Parakeratinized Odontogenic Keratocyst/Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor. After correlating the histopathological, clinical and radiographical findings, since it fulfilled 3 major (Odontogenic keratocysts of the jaws proven by histopathology, palmar plantar pits, rib anomalies) and 2 minor criteria (mild mandibular prognathism, mild hypertelorism with dystopia canthorum and wide nasal bridge) of syndrome, it was diagnosed as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome. The patient is on regular follow-up and has reported a new lesion formation in maxilla. <bold>Summary:</bold> The present case highlights the importance of awareness of this rare syndrome, especially by the dentists as odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is most frequently the first manifestation. Therefore, it is important to make early diagnosis for the proper management of this syndrome, which has tendency toward recurrence and malignancy.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, Keratocystic odontogenic tumor, tumor suppressor marker</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA220" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOOR35: Mesiodens with extra labial cuspal point!!: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Harsh Choudhary</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Supernumerary teeth are defined as those in addition to the normal series of deciduous or permanent dentition. They may be single, multiple, unilateral or bilateral, erupted or unerupted and in one or both jaws. There are four different morphological types of supernumerary teeth- conical, tuberculate, supplemental and odontome. Mesiodens is the most common type of supernumerary tooth, occurring in 0.15% to 0.19% of the population found in the maxilla between the two central incisors. The cause of mesiodens is not fully clear, although proliferation of the dental lamina and genetic factors have been implicated. Mesiodens can cause delayed or ectopic eruption of permanent incisors, which can further alter occlusion and appearance. Treatment options may include surgical extraction of the mesiodens. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 15-year-old male patient reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology with a chief complaint of extra tooth in the upper left front teeth region since two years. The patient was apparently normal seven years back but then he noticed a drifted left maxillary canine, which caused injury to the neighboring soft tissues. On intraoral examination a supernumerary tooth was noticed between the maxillary central incisors with an extra cusp on the labial side of the tooth. Radiographically, the supernumerary tooth was of supplemental type. <bold>Summary:</bold> A rare variety of mesiodens of supplemental type is reported with an extra cusp on the labial side of the tooth. Early diagnosis of mesiodens minimizes the treatment required and prevents development of associated problems. Clinical and radiographic identification of all the teeth is very important for planning good treatment.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Extra cusp, labial, mesiodens, supplemental</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA221" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP37: Actinomycosis of oral cavity: A rare presentation</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Hasna KK, Sudha S, Resmi G Nair, Navajeevraj MN</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College, Calicut, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Actinomycosis is a chronic disease characterized by abscess formation, tissue fibrosis and draining sinuses caused by Actinomyces species. These bacteria are normal colonizing organisms of the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract and female genital tract. They require a break in the mucous membranes to invade into deeper body structures and cause illness. Infections often develop in tissues adjacent to mucous membranes; oral and cervicofacial infections are most common but any body site can be infected and, rarely, disseminated spread can occur. <bold>Case Report:</bold> We present a case of actinomycosis in a 79-year-old female patient, with c/o dryness of mouth, nasal regurgitation of food and ulcer over the palate since 6 months. On examination, a deep ulcer over the palate with irregular and punched out edges with discrete area of black pigmentation was seen. Oro-antral communication of size 0.5 × 0.5 cm at anterior part of palate was also present. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> This case report describes actinomycosis of oral cavity with widespread extensions involving the anterior maxilla, floor of nasal cavity and the maxillary antrum, which is a rare entity. The purpose of this case report is to recognize the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment of such cases.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Actinomycosis, maxillary antrum, oral, sinus</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA222" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP38: Rhabdomyosarcoma of oral cavity: A rare case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Faseela Beegum P K, Sudha S, Sujatha Varma, Amit Kumar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College, Calicut, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Rhabdomyosarcoma is the malignant tumor of the striated muscle. These are the most common soft tissue sarcoma of children, adolescents and young adults. The most common sites of occurrence are the head and neck, genitourinary tract and extremities. Although it has relative predominance for head and neck region, it is less frequent in oral cavity and accounts for only 0.04% of all head and neck malignancies. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Here we report a case of oral rhabdomyosarcoma in a 17-year-old patient and describes the clinical, radiological, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. The patient was managed by wide resection one year back. The patient is being followed up till date. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> Identification of rare soft tissue tumors in oral cavity is important as the treatment varies in such tumors.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Rhabdomyosarcoma, striated muscle, children</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA223" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP39: Unusual presentations of keratocystic odontogenic tumor</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>P Sindhuri, Ravikanth Manyam, P Swetha, A Nagasupriya</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign tumor of odontogenic origin that accounts for less than 1 % of the head and neck tumors. Although it is known to have bimodal age of incidence and mandibular posterior teeth as the common site of occurrence there are many variations reported in its clinical presentation. This poster highlights a series of KCOT cases reported in an unusual manner observed during the retrospective analysis of 48 KCOT cases in the department of oral pathology. <bold>Case Report:</bold> This case series includes rare forms of KCOT occurring in the maxillary anterior teeth region crossing the midline mimicking nasopalatine duct cyst, in the perapical region of teeth associated with and without pulpal pathology and lesions occurring in the edentulous area mimicking a residual cyst. All these cases on histopathological examination were diagnosed as keratocystic odontogenic tumors. <bold>Summary:</bold> As KCOT frequently mimics other pathological entities and has a known potential to recur with specific treatment modalities, it should be placed as one of the differential diagnoses in such lesions to prevent misdiagnosis and complications.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Complications, KCOT, misdiagnosis, odontogenic, recurrence</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA224" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP40: Neurofibroma with dystrophic calcification</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Jabeena Gowher, Karpagaselvi Sanjai, Divya S, Bhavna Pandey</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Neurofibromas are benign heterogenous peripheral nerve tumors arising from the connective tissue of the nerve sheath that may assume one of three growth patterns - localized, diffuse or plexiform. In the literature, a large number of variants of neurofibromas have been reported which include epitheloid change, presence of skeletal muscle or benign glands, pseudo rosettes, psammoma bodies or melanin laden pigmented cells. Here we describe the clinical features and histopathologic findings associated with a neurofibroma with dystrophic calcifications. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 44-year-old female patient presents with swelling and intermittent pain on right side of the face since 11 years. Clinical examination shows solitary diffuse swelling measuring 5 × 6 cm, firm to bony hard in consistency, extending from 43 to retromolar area and lingual displacement of mandibular posterior teeth. Orthopantomograph reveals diffuse multilocular radiolucencies with areas of radio opacities extending from 42 to the coronoid process. Histopathology reveals delicate connective tissue stroma with numerous spindle cells having short wavy nucleus. Myxoid areas with plenty of dystrophic calcifications are seen throughout the stroma. Sections were stained by toluidine blue for mast cells and immunohistochemistry markers like Vimentin, S-100 and neuron specific enolase (NSE). <bold>Summary and conclusion:</bold> Histopathology revealed numerous spindle cells, with short wavy nucleus and myxoid areas with dystrophic calcification. A differential diagnosis of odontogenic myxoma was considered. Toluidine blue revealed the presence of mast cells. The tumor showed positivity for vimentin, S-100 and NSE. The above features favored a diagnosis of neurofibroma with dystrophic calcifications.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Dystrophic calcifications, immunohistochemistry, neurofibroma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA225" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP41: Clear cell carcinoma of minor salivary glands of the hard palate</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Ranjini MR, K Karpagaselvi, Bhavna Pandey, Divya S</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Clear cell carcinoma is an infrequently encountered neoplasm, originating exclusively in the intraoral minor salivary glands. Their distinctive histology justified it as a separate entity to be included in the classification of World Health Organization. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 40-year-old female patient presented with a diffuse, slow-growing, painless swelling of 6 years duration on the right side of the face. Patient had a history of smoking 10 cigarettes per day since 10 years. Intra orally a diffuse hard swelling on the palate measuring 5 × 6 cm extending from mesial aspect of right first premolar to the distal aspect of right third molar and a missing first molar was noted. Orthopantamograph showed extensive bone loss in relation to second premolar and erosion of bone in the area of first molar. Histopathology revealed predominantly clear cells with prominent hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and cords separated by hyalinized connective tissue fibers and perineural invasion. An immunohistochemical analysis was done for the following markers - CK 5/6, p53, S-100, SMA, CD10 and Vimentin. <bold>Summary and Conclusion:</bold> In the present case report, we describe a rare malignant tumor affecting minor salivary glands of the hard palate. Differential diagnosis of malignant salivary gland tumor, clear cell odontogenic tumor and a metastatic tumor of renal origin was considered. Immunopositivity for CK 5/6, p53 and S100, negativity for SMA, CD10 and Vimentin favored a diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma of minor salivary glands of the hard palate.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Clear cell, clear cell carcinoma, salivary gland</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA226" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP43: Ossifying fibroma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Islam Ahmad, Pankaj Shirsat, Sana Shaikh, Kulsum Sayed</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> The ossifying fibroma is classified as a fibro-osseous lesion of the jaws especially the mandible, composed of fibrous connective tissues within which a variable mixture of bony trabeculae, cementum like spherules, or both are formed. It commonly presents as a progressively growing lesion that can attain an enormous size with resultant deformity if left untreated. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A case reported here is of 63-year-old female patient presented for conventional dental treatment. An orthopantomography (OPG) study revealed a rounded, radiolucent and radio-opaque-type image in the left mandible, in periapical zone from tooth 33 to 36. The patient presented no symptoms and had no medical history of interest. A sample of the lesion was obtained for histopathological study, which yielded a definitive diagnosis of ossifying fibroma. Treatment is surgical resection, prognosis is good and the recurrence rate is extremely low. <bold>Conclusion:</bold> It is a central neoplasm of bone as well as the periodontium which has caused considerable controversy because of the confusion regarding terminology and the criteria for its diagnosis</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Fibro-osseous lesion, ossifying fibroma</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA227" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP45: Adenosquamous carcinoma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Ketan Saraf, Ashok Patil, Shilpa Kandalgaonkar, Suyog Tupsakhare</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, SMBT Dental College, Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare, aggressive, malignant tumor in the oral cavity that has distinct squamous and glandular components histologically. Since 1997, the World Health Organization has defined adenosquamous carcinoma as a malignant tumor characterized by the simultaneous presence of both adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma, with the two components occurring in close proximity, but generally distinct. Only few cases of oral adenosquamous carcinoma have been previously reported in the literature. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 70-year-old female complained of growth in the region of 21, 22 about 2 × 2 cm in size since several months. The clinical examination revealed an irregular, diffuse, soft, reddish growth extending till midline. A biopsy was performed and the lesion was diagnosed as adenosquamous carcinoma. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare but aggressive tumor in the oral cavity. The most common site of origin within the head and neck region has been from the larynx. The oral cavity has been the second most common site of origin, of which the floor of mouth and the tongue are the dominant sites, but the present case was reported in the maxillary anterior region. Hence, being rare in occurrence and at uncommon location herewith presenting the case of adenosquamous carcinoma in 70-year-old female.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Adenosquamous carcinoma, aggressive, maxillary anterior region, uncommon</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA228" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP48: Gorlin: Goltz syndrome: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Manisha Sahu, Sushruth Nayak, Sandhya Shrivastava</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Gorlin-Goltz syndrome is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder uncommonly found and involves multiple organ system. The incidence reported worldwide ranges from 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 150,000. Syndrome comprises the triad of basal cell nevi, jaw keratocysts and skeletal anomalies. A spectrum of other neurological, ophthalmic, endocrine and genital manifestations is known to be variably associated with this triad. The syndrome has numerous diagnostic criteria, but only two major and one minor criteria or one major and three minor criteria are required to arrive at a diagnosis. The keratocystic odontogenic tumor is frequently the presenting manifestation of this syndrome. <bold>Case Report:</bold> The present paper highlights an incidental detection of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome with multisystem anomalies in a 14 - year-old female patient, who had reported for the swelling in the left anterior region of the mandible. In our patient, diagnosis of Gorlin syndrome was established by the presence of two major and four minor criteria. Recurrence in these lesions is the most characteristic feature that was seen in our case. The patient was treated surgically by enucleation and vigorous curettage. <bold>Conclusion and Summary:</bold> Thus a rare entity, Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, was diagnosed and treated. As the patient is presented to the dental surgeon early than to any other doctors, the responsibility of the dental surgeon is very important for early diagnosis without making further delay. But a long-term follow-up for the entire life is mandatory in the management of the syndrome.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, keratocystic odontogenic tumor, mandible</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA229" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP49: “Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma associated with calcifying odontogenic cyst: A report of a rare entity”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Nayana Chaudhari, Vaibhavi Patil, Pradeep GL</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College, Tumkur, Karnataka, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Hybrid odontogenic neoplasms are rare lesions displaying two or more histological patterns. Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) is known for its histologic diversity and variable clinical behavior and the significance of an association with ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is still unknown. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 19-year-old female patient reported with a swelling in the left maxillary region since 1 year. Intraoral examination revealed a bony hard swelling with expansion of buccal and lingual cortical plates. Radiographs showed a mixed radiolucent and radiopAQue lesion in left maxillary alveolar region. Histopathologically, odontogenic epithelial cells arranged in the form of nests, islands and strands were noted. The connective tissue stroma was loose fibromyxoid resembling primitive stroma of dental papillae. Irregularly arranged dentinoid, enamel spaces and enamel prism like structures were seen. The features were consistent with AFO with COC. <bold>Summary:</bold> AFO associated with COC is very rare. It has been questioned whether odontogenic tumors develop in calcifying odontogenic cysts secondarily or whether the cysts themselves are secondary phenomenon in pre-existing odontogenic tumors. Considering the rarity of this lesion, it is valuable to report AFO with COC with detailed clinical and pathological documentation.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Hybrid odontogenic neoplasms, Calcifying odontogenic cyst, maxillary alveolar region</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA230" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP50: “Case report: Oral pulse granuloma associated with follicular ameloblastoma”</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Snehal Lunawat, Sajda Khan, Rahul Patil</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Vidya Mandir's Karmaveer Bhausaheb Hiray Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Oral pulse granuloma (PG) or Oral vegetable granuloma (VG) is a discrete entity seldom reported as an oral finding. These granulomas may present as a central or peripheral lesion, presenting as a foreign body reaction to implanted food practices of plant- or vegetable-origin. Rarely an oral pulse granuloma may be associated with another lesion and creates a deceiving histopathological picture. <bold>Case Report:</bold> We report a case of oral pulse granuloma (PG) associated with follicular ameloblastoma. The extraction socket may have provided access to the vegetable material in the socket. Microscopic examination revealed follicles of ameloblastoma of varying sizes and many of the larger follicles showing cystic degenerations. The mature ectomesenchyme also shows features consisting of inflammatory cells and foreign body giant cells which were associated with hyaline rings and amorphous ovoid hyaline masses. Few special stains were employed to demonstrate the starch cells closely associated with vegetable particles. <bold>Summary:</bold> The etiopathogenesis of this lesion has been a source of controversy over the years. Many authors have postulated PG to be a foreign body reaction to implanted food particles of plant-origin that are rapidly digested and sometimes partly get altered by host responses, while others have proposed that it is a degenerative change in the connective tissue stroma. This cellulose moiety in the food particles invokes a chronic granulomatous response. The sound knowledge about this PG is essential to avoid the pitfall of mistaking it for any other entity.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Ameloblastoma, pitfall, pulse granuloma, vegetable particles</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA231" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP51: Salivary duct carcinoma arising from pleomorphic adenoma: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Sania Azmi, T Prashanth, V Naga Sirisha Chundru A Rajesh</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, CKS Theja Dental College, Tirupathi, Andra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction</bold>: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common salivary gland neoplasm that has ability to differentiate into epithelial and mesenchymal components. According to WHO histological classification published in 2005, pleomorphic adenoma can undergo malignant changes among which carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma is the most common form and WHO states that the most frequent malignant subtype of carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma is salivary duct carcinoma (SDC). SDC is a relatively common high-grade carcinoma arising from the excretory ductal epithelium of the salivary glands. It accounts for 0.2% of all malignant salivary gland tumors. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 75-year-old male patient reported to our college with chief complaint of pain and swelling in upper right front and back tooth region since 2 months. On examination, a single oval firm swelling 4 × 4 cm was seen in the anterior palate. Microscopically the lesional tissue showed plasmacytoid cells and myoepithelial cells mimicking pleomorphic adenoma. The tumor cells exhibited hyperchromatic nuclei, increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and showed marked nuclear pleomorphism. Areas of comedo necrosis and stromal hyalinization showed features of SDC. Panel of IHC markers like EMA, CK7, CEA, SMA and S100 were done for confirmatory diagnosis. <bold>Summary and Conclusion:</bold> SDC arising from pleomorphic adenoma is a distinct tumor demonstrating focal ductal differentiation. It is a high-grade malignancy with high risk of cervical metastasis 65% that necessitates aggressive mode of treatment. So early diagnosis, adequate removal and long-term follow-up stand as critically essential elements.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Pleomorphic adenoma, SDC</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA232" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP52: Mucormycosis: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Shraddha Walekar</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, SMBT Dental College and Hospital and Post-graduate Research Center, Sangamner, Maharastra, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Mucormycosis is the most tissue destructive and life-threatening infection caused by opportunistic fungal organism of the class zygomycetes. The first well-documented case of disease caused by member of mucorales was published in 1885 by German pathologist Paultauf. It is mostly reported in immunocompromised individuals such as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Rarely a normal individual will ever present with it. <bold>Case Report:</bold> A 36-year-old male reported with a chief complaint of pain and ulcer in the right upper back region of jaw. Intraoral examination revealed large ulcer extending anteroposteriorly from maxillary right first premolar to right third molar region and medially from buccal gingival margin of maxillary posterior teeth toward midline of palate, approximately 3 × 2 cm in dimension. It had ill-defined borders and an erythematous base with an irregular area of exposed bone. Incisional biopsy was performed and lesion was diagnosed as mucormycosis. <bold>Summary:</bold> As an opportunistic fungal infection, mucormycosis usually occurs in immunocompromised patient but can infect healthy individuals as well. The fungi are normally avirulent; they become pathogenic only when the host resistance is exceptionally low. It is characterized by rapid tissue necrosis from invasion of blood vessels by producing thrombosis and ischemia as occurred in our case. Successful management of mucormycosis largely depends on early diagnosis, reversal of predisposing factors, surgical debridement and systemic anti-fungal therapy.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Mucormycosis, opportunistic fungal organism, immunocompromised individuals</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA233" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP53: Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma in maxillary posterior region-Review and case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>K Veda Priya, Vijay Srinivas G, Anuradha</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, St. Joseph's Dental College, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm of skeletal muscle origin that represents 50% of all the soft tissue sarcomas in childhood, with most cases occurring in the head and neck. There are three basic histologic types: Embryonal, Alveolar and Pleomorphic. The embryonal type bears the best prognosis and being by far is the most common type found in the oral and maxillofacial area. Males are affected a little more commonly than females (1.5:1). Tumors have a peak incidence at age of 4 years and another at age of 17 years. In the oral and maxillofacial area, the orbit is the most common location, followed by the nasal cavity, mouth, sinuses, cheek and neck. Those that arise in the cheek, maxillary sinus or masseter area readily invade into adjacent bone and the orbit. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Here is a case report of alveolar RMS of a 52-year-old female patient in the maxillary posterior region. Clinical and pathologic findings are described, which were confirmed by radiological and immunohistochemical features of this neoplasm. <bold>Summary:</bold> A case report of rhabdomyosarcoma alveolar variant in an adult patient is presented here. The review presented helps us to analyse this rare tumor and also remainds us to consider this differential while diagnosing oral cavity lesions.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Rhabdomyosarcoma, skeletal muscle, maxillary posterior region</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA234" article-type="abstract"><front-stub><title-group><article-title>SPOCP54: Glandular odontogenic cyst of maxilla: A case report</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p><bold>Aprajita Srivastav, Anil Singh, Kunal Sah, Vineet Raj</bold></p><p>Department of Oral Pathology, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</p><p><bold>Introduction:</bold> Glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) is an uncommon jaw bone cyst of odontogenic origin described in 1987 by Gardner <italic>et al</italic>., It is a cyst having an unpredictable and potentially aggressive behavior. It also has the propensity to grow to a large size and tendency to recur. This increased recurrence rate can be due to its intrinsic biological behavior, multilocularity of the cyst and incomplete removal of the lining following conservative treatment. <bold>Case Report:</bold> Here, we report a case of GOC in a 70-years-old female, with a painful swelling measuring about 2.3 × 1.3 × 1.0 cm on the left anterior region of the upper jaw (21-27), since 6 months. A well-defined unilocular radiolucency was observed in OPG. <bold>Summary:</bold> Glandular odontogenic cyst is a rare entity, generally observed in anterior mandibular region having male predominance and is asymptomatic. Here, we present a case of symptomatic GOC in a 70-year-old female, located in the anterior maxillary region.</p><p><bold><italic>Key words:</italic></bold> Asymptomatic, female, glandular odontogenic cyst, jaw</p></body></sub-article></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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