Effects of titania nanotubes with or without bovine serum albumin loaded on human gingival fibroblasts
Identifieur interne : 000345 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000344; suivant : 000346Effects of titania nanotubes with or without bovine serum albumin loaded on human gingival fibroblasts
Auteurs : Xiangning Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiaosong Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Shaobing Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Renfa Lai [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhiying Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Ye Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Lei Zhou [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- International Journal of Nanomedicine [ 1176-9114 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Modifying the surface of the transmucosal area is a key research area because this process positively affects the three functions of implants: attachment to soft tissue, inhibiting bacterial biofilm adhesion, and the preservation of the crestal bone. To exploit the potential of titania nanotube arrays (TNTs) with or without using bovine serum albumin (BSA) to modify the surface of a dental implant in contact with the transmucosal area, BSA was loaded into TNTs that were fabricated by anodizing Ti sheets; the physical characteristics of these arrays, including their morphology, chemical composition, surface roughness, contact angle, and surface free energy (SFE), were assessed. The effect of Ti surfaces with TNTs or TNTs-BSA on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was determined by analyzing cell morphology, early adhesion, proliferation, type I collagen (
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S55514
PubMed: 24623977
PubMed Central: 3949701
Affiliations:
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Modifying the surface of the transmucosal area is a key research area because this process positively affects the three functions of implants: attachment to soft tissue, inhibiting bacterial biofilm adhesion, and the preservation of the crestal bone. To exploit the potential of titania nanotube arrays (TNTs) with or without using bovine serum albumin (BSA) to modify the surface of a dental implant in contact with the transmucosal area, BSA was loaded into TNTs that were fabricated by anodizing Ti sheets; the physical characteristics of these arrays, including their morphology, chemical composition, surface roughness, contact angle, and surface free energy (SFE), were assessed. The effect of Ti surfaces with TNTs or TNTs-BSA on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was determined by analyzing cell morphology, early adhesion, proliferation, type I collagen (<italic>COL-1</italic>
) gene expression, and the extracellular secretion of COL-1. The results indicate that early HGF adhesion and spreading behavior is positively correlated with surface characteristics, including hydrophilicity, SFE, and surface roughness. Additionally, TNT surfaces not only promoted early HGF adhesion, but also promoted COL-1 secretion. BSA-loaded TNT surfaces promoted early HGF adhesion, while suppressing late proliferation and COL-1 secretion. Therefore, TNT-modified smooth surfaces are expected to be applicable for uses involving the transmucosal area. Further study is required to determine whether BSA-loaded TNT surfaces actually affect closed loop formation of connective tissue because BSA coating actions in vivo are very rapid.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Nanomedicine</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1176-9114</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1178-2013</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24623977</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3949701</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJN.S55514</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijn-9-1185</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group><subject>Original Research</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Effects of titania nanotubes with or without bovine serum albumin loaded on human gingival fibroblasts</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Xiangning</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-9-1185">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijn-9-1185">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Xiaosong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijn-9-1185">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ijn-9-1185">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Shaobing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijn-9-1185">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lai</surname>
<given-names>Renfa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-9-1185">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Zhiying</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-9-1185">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Ye</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-9-1185">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Lei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijn-9-1185">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijn-9-1185"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ijn-9-1185"><label>1</label>
The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China</aff>
<aff id="af2-ijn-9-1185"><label>2</label>
Chemistry Science and Technology School, Zhanjiang Normal University, Zhanjiang, People’s Republic of China</aff>
<aff id="af3-ijn-9-1185"><label>3</label>
Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China</aff>
<author-notes><fn id="fn1-ijn-9-1185"><p>*These authors contributed equally to this work</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="c1-ijn-9-1185">Correspondence: Lei Zhou, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou 510280, People’s Republic of China, Tel + 86 020 8423 3801, Fax + 86 020 8443 3177, Email <email>zho668@263.net</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<fpage>1185</fpage>
<lpage>1198</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Liu et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>
. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Modifying the surface of the transmucosal area is a key research area because this process positively affects the three functions of implants: attachment to soft tissue, inhibiting bacterial biofilm adhesion, and the preservation of the crestal bone. To exploit the potential of titania nanotube arrays (TNTs) with or without using bovine serum albumin (BSA) to modify the surface of a dental implant in contact with the transmucosal area, BSA was loaded into TNTs that were fabricated by anodizing Ti sheets; the physical characteristics of these arrays, including their morphology, chemical composition, surface roughness, contact angle, and surface free energy (SFE), were assessed. The effect of Ti surfaces with TNTs or TNTs-BSA on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was determined by analyzing cell morphology, early adhesion, proliferation, type I collagen (<italic>COL-1</italic>
) gene expression, and the extracellular secretion of COL-1. The results indicate that early HGF adhesion and spreading behavior is positively correlated with surface characteristics, including hydrophilicity, SFE, and surface roughness. Additionally, TNT surfaces not only promoted early HGF adhesion, but also promoted COL-1 secretion. BSA-loaded TNT surfaces promoted early HGF adhesion, while suppressing late proliferation and COL-1 secretion. Therefore, TNT-modified smooth surfaces are expected to be applicable for uses involving the transmucosal area. Further study is required to determine whether BSA-loaded TNT surfaces actually affect closed loop formation of connective tissue because BSA coating actions in vivo are very rapid.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>titania nanotubes</kwd>
<kwd>bovine serum albumin</kwd>
<kwd>modified surface</kwd>
<kwd>transmucosal area</kwd>
<kwd>human gingival fibroblast</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="f1-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>
) Thermal field emission environmental SEM images of the titania nanotubular surfaces (top view of the nanotubular surface revealing the tube diameter approximately 80–100 nm): (<bold>a</bold>
) 50,000× magnification, bar =500 nm; (<bold>b</bold>
) 100,000× magnification, bar =300 nm. (<bold>B</bold>
) The Ti 2p XPS spectra data for the (<bold>a</bold>
) Ti 2p of the NT sample surface and the (<bold>b</bold>
) XPS data for the O 1s of the NT sample surface.</p>
<p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; SEM, scanning electron microscope; XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-1185Fig1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>
) Three-dimensional contour of the samples (10.28×); (<bold>B</bold>
) The surface roughness values for the samples.</p>
<p><bold>Notes:</bold>
<sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 versus PT; *<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 NTB versus NT.</p>
<p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with bovine serum albumin; PT, polished Ti metal; Ra, surface roughness; CI, confidence interval.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-1185Fig2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>
) Image of the water contact angle on the sample surfaces. (<bold>B</bold>
) Contact angles of probe liquids on the tested surfaces; data shown as means, and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p>
<p><bold>Notes:</bold>
<sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 versus PT; *<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 NTB versus NT.</p>
<p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with bovine serum albumin; PT, polished Ti metal.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-1185Fig3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Thermal field emission environmental SEM images of the HGF growth morphology after inoculation onto different titanium surfaces for 1 hour, 3 hours, 9 hours, and 24 hours. (<bold>A</bold>
) 2,000× magnification, bar =10 μm; (<bold>a</bold>
–<bold>d</bold>
) PT; (<bold>e</bold>
–<bold>h</bold>
) NT; (<bold>i</bold>
–<bold>l</bold>
) NTB; (<bold>B</bold>
) 10,000× magnification, bar =2 μm (<bold>a</bold>
–<bold>d</bold>
) NT; (<bold>e</bold>
–<bold>h</bold>
) NTB; (<bold>C</bold>
) 30,000× magnification, bar =1 μm (<bold>a</bold>
–<bold>d</bold>
) NT; (<bold>e</bold>
–<bold>h</bold>
) NTB.</p>
<p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with bovine serum albumin ; PT, polished Ti metal; SEM, scanning electron microscope; HGF, human gingival fibroblast.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-1185Fig4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f5-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>
) The stained nuclei of the HGFs adhered to the PT, NT, and NTB surfaces (200× magnification, bar =100 μm). (<bold>B</bold>
) The early adhesion rate of the HGFs to the PT, NT, and NTB surfaces; data shown as means, and error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p>
<p><bold>Notes:</bold>
<sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 versus PT; *<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 NTB versus NT.</p>
<p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
HGF, human gingival fibroblast; NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with bovine serum albumin; PT, polished Ti metal.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-1185Fig5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f6-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>
) Proliferation of HGFs on PT, NT, and NTB surfaces (<sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 versus PT, *<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 NTB versus NT); (<bold>B</bold>
) relative expression of the <italic>COL-1</italic>
gene mRNA in HGFs on PT, NT, and NTB surfaces (<sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 versus PT, *<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 NTB versus NT); (<bold>C</bold>
) concentration of COL-1 secreted by HGFs on PT, NT, and NTB surfaces (<sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 versus PT, *<italic>P</italic>
<0.05 NTB versus NT).</p>
<p><bold>Note:</bold>
Values are means, error bars are 95% confidence intervals.</p>
<p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
HGF, human gingival fibroblast; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with bovine serum albumin; OD, optical density; PT, polished Ti metal.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-1185Fig6"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Load efficiency of the different doses of BSA in the TiO<sub>2</sub>
nanotubes</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Load efficiency η (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100±0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.98±0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijn-9-1185">*</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.29±0.30</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijn-9-1185"><p><bold>Notes:</bold>
Values are means ± standard deviation; n=4</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn2-ijn-9-1185"><label>*</label>
<p><italic>P</italic>
<0.05 versus NTB1.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn3-ijn-9-1185"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
BSA, bovine serum albumin; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with BSA.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>The average content of titanium surface of the sample composition detected by XPS (%; n=3)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Si</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.23</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.49</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.78</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.33</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.14</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.70</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.21</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.22</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.80</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.15</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.08</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.18</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.72</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.97</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.28</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.25</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.90</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.72</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.30</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn4-ijn-9-1185"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
PT, polished Ti metal; NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with bovine serum albumin; XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Ti, titanium; O, oxygen; C, carbon; N, nitrogen; Ca, calcium; Si, silicon; Na, natrium; Cl, chlorine; S, sulfur; P, phosphorus.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3-ijn-9-1185" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>SFE (γ<sub>s</sub>
), polar (γ<sub>s</sub>
<sup>p</sup>
), and dispersive (γ<sub>s</sub>
<sup>d</sup>
) of the samples (mJ · m<sup>2</sup>
)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dispersive (γ<sub>s</sub>
<sup>d</sup>
)</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polar (γ<sub>s</sub>
<sup>p</sup>
)</th>
<th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SFE (γ<sub>s</sub>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.67</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.20</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.87</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.12</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.55</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.67</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB1</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.46</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.62</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.08</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB2</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.46</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.62</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.08</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NTB3</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.38</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.02</td>
<td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.40</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-ijn-9-1185"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold>
PT, polished Ti metal; NT, uncoated titania nanotube arrays; NTB, titania nanotube arrays loaded with bovine serum albumin; SFE, surface free energy; XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li>
</country>
<region><li>Guangdong</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Jiangmen</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><region name="Guangdong"><name sortKey="Liu, Xiangning" sort="Liu, Xiangning" uniqKey="Liu X" first="Xiangning" last="Liu">Xiangning Liu</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Lai, Renfa" sort="Lai, Renfa" uniqKey="Lai R" first="Renfa" last="Lai">Renfa Lai</name>
<name sortKey="Li, Shaobing" sort="Li, Shaobing" uniqKey="Li S" first="Shaobing" last="Li">Shaobing Li</name>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Ye" sort="Zhang, Ye" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Ye" last="Zhang">Ye Zhang</name>
<name sortKey="Zhou, Lei" sort="Zhou, Lei" uniqKey="Zhou L" first="Lei" last="Zhou">Lei Zhou</name>
<name sortKey="Zhou, Xiaosong" sort="Zhou, Xiaosong" uniqKey="Zhou X" first="Xiaosong" last="Zhou">Xiaosong Zhou</name>
<name sortKey="Zhou, Zhiying" sort="Zhou, Zhiying" uniqKey="Zhou Z" first="Zhiying" last="Zhou">Zhiying Zhou</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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