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Influence of Thread Pitch, Helix Angle, and Compactness on Micromotion of Immediately Loaded Implants in Three Types of Bone Quality: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Identifieur interne : 000265 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000264; suivant : 000266

Influence of Thread Pitch, Helix Angle, and Compactness on Micromotion of Immediately Loaded Implants in Three Types of Bone Quality: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Auteurs : Pan Ma [République populaire de Chine] ; Wei Xiong [République populaire de Chine] ; Baosheng Tan [République populaire de Chine] ; Wei Geng [République populaire de Chine] ; Jiaqiang Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Weihong Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Dehua Li [République populaire de Chine]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4109075

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of thread pitch, helix angle, and compactness on micromotion in immediately loaded implants in bone of varying density (D2, D3, and D4). Five models of the three-dimensional finite element (0.8 mm pitch, 1.6 mm pitch, 2.4 mm pitch, double-threaded, and triple-threaded implants) in three types of bone were created using Pro/E, Hypermesh, and ABAQUS software. The study had three groups: Group 1, different pitches (Pitch Group); Group 2, same compactness but different helix angles (Angle Group); and Group 3, same helix angle but different compactness (Compact Group). Implant micromotion was assessed as the comprehensive relative displacement. We found that vertical relative displacement was affected by thread pitch, helix angle, and compactness. Under vertical loading, displacement was positively correlated with thread pitch and helix angle but negatively with compactness. Under horizontal loading in D2, the influence of pitch, helix angle, and compactness on implant stability was limited; however, in D3 and D4, the influence of pitch, helix angle, and compactness on implant stability is increased. The additional evidence was provided that trabecular bone density has less effect on implant micromotion than cortical bone thickness. Bone type amplifies the influence of thread pattern on displacement.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/983103
PubMed: 25110716
PubMed Central: 4109075


Affiliations:


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PMC:4109075

Le document en format XML

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<p>This study investigated the influence of thread pitch, helix angle, and compactness on micromotion in immediately loaded implants in bone of varying density (D2, D3, and D4). Five models of the three-dimensional finite element (0.8 mm pitch, 1.6 mm pitch, 2.4 mm pitch, double-threaded, and triple-threaded implants) in three types of bone were created using Pro/E, Hypermesh, and ABAQUS software. The study had three groups: Group 1, different pitches (Pitch Group); Group 2, same compactness but different helix angles (Angle Group); and Group 3, same helix angle but different compactness (Compact Group). Implant micromotion was assessed as the comprehensive relative displacement. We found that vertical relative displacement was affected by thread pitch, helix angle, and compactness. Under vertical loading, displacement was positively correlated with thread pitch and helix angle but negatively with compactness. Under horizontal loading in D2, the influence of pitch, helix angle, and compactness on implant stability was limited; however, in D3 and D4, the influence of pitch, helix angle, and compactness on implant stability is increased. The additional evidence was provided that trabecular bone density has less effect on implant micromotion than cortical bone thickness. Bone type amplifies the influence of thread pattern on displacement.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25110716</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4109075</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/983103</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Influence of Thread Pitch, Helix Angle, and Compactness on Micromotion of Immediately Loaded Implants in Three Types of Bone Quality: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Pan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Xiong</surname>
<given-names>Wei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tan</surname>
<given-names>Baosheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Geng</surname>
<given-names>Wei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Jiaqiang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Weihong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Dehua</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
Department of Oral Implantology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China</aff>
<aff id="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710032, China</aff>
<aff id="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
Clinical Aviation Medicine Center of PLA, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China</aff>
<aff id="I4">
<sup>4</sup>
Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China</aff>
<aff id="I5">
<sup>5</sup>
School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*Dehua Li:
<email>lidehua0717@163.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Vijay K. Goel</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>8</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2014</volume>
<elocation-id>983103</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>19</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>16</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>19</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Pan Ma et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>This study investigated the influence of thread pitch, helix angle, and compactness on micromotion in immediately loaded implants in bone of varying density (D2, D3, and D4). Five models of the three-dimensional finite element (0.8 mm pitch, 1.6 mm pitch, 2.4 mm pitch, double-threaded, and triple-threaded implants) in three types of bone were created using Pro/E, Hypermesh, and ABAQUS software. The study had three groups: Group 1, different pitches (Pitch Group); Group 2, same compactness but different helix angles (Angle Group); and Group 3, same helix angle but different compactness (Compact Group). Implant micromotion was assessed as the comprehensive relative displacement. We found that vertical relative displacement was affected by thread pitch, helix angle, and compactness. Under vertical loading, displacement was positively correlated with thread pitch and helix angle but negatively with compactness. Under horizontal loading in D2, the influence of pitch, helix angle, and compactness on implant stability was limited; however, in D3 and D4, the influence of pitch, helix angle, and compactness on implant stability is increased. The additional evidence was provided that trabecular bone density has less effect on implant micromotion than cortical bone thickness. Bone type amplifies the influence of thread pattern on displacement.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Five different configurations of implants with abutment.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Configuration of the dental implant/bone system. In the D2 model, a core of dense cancellous bone was covered by a thick layer of compact bone with a width of 2 mm. The geometric configurations of D3 and D4 models were similar to those of the D2 model, but the width of the compact bone layers was reduced to 1 mm.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Four coordinate points were defined to the collar, tip, and corresponding bone quality of each type of implant model. Four coordinate points were nodes in model meshing, with each point located in the same position in each model.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Convergence test results in Single 0.8 mm pitch model in D2 bone.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.004"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<p>Comprehensive relative displacement among the Pitch Group, the Angle Group, and the Compactness Group under vertical load.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.005"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<p>Comprehensive relative displacement among the Pitch Group, the Angle Group, and the Compactness Group under horizontal load.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.006"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption>
<p>Increasing rates of comprehensive relative displacement between the Pitch Group and the Angle Group under vertical load (comparing the 0.8 mm pitch single-threaded implant). Decreasing rates of comprehensive relative displacement in the Compactness Group (double-threaded implant compared with the 1.6 mm pitch single-threaded implant, and the triple-threaded implant compared with the 2.4 mm-pitch single-threaded implant).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.007"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig8" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 8</label>
<caption>
<p>Increasing rates of comprehensive relative displacement between the Pitch Group and the Angle Group under horizontal load (comparing the 0.8 mm pitch single-threaded implant). Decreasing rates of comprehensive relative displacement in the Compactness Group (double-threaded implant compared with the 1.6 mm pitch single-threaded implant, and the triple-threaded implant compared with the 2.4 mm pitch single-threaded implant).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-983103.008"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Experiment grouping.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group number</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group name</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Component</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Pitch Group</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Different pitches</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single 0.8 mm pitch </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single 1.6 mm pitch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single 2.4 mm pitch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Angle Group</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Same thread compactness but different helix angles</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Double-threaded</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple-threaded</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single 0.8 mm pitch </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Compactness Group</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Same helix angle but different thread compactness</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Double-threaded and Single 1.6 mm pitch</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple-threaded and Single 2.4 mm pitch</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Mechanical properties of the finite element models.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Materials</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Young's modulus (
<italic>E</italic>
, GPa)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poisson's ratio (
<italic>V</italic>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compact bone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.7 [
<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dense trabecular bone (for D2, D3 bone)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47 [
<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low-density trabecular bone (for D4 bone)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.231 [
<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Titanium</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 [
<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
,
<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Displacement of five implants under vertical load (
<italic>μ</italic>
m).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Thread pattern</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">D2</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">D3</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">D4</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single-threaded</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single 0.8 mm pitch </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.797</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.537</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.774</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.329</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.543</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single 1.6 mm pitch</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.146</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.236</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.401</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.549</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.711</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.782</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single 2.4 mm pitch</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.353</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.873</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.916</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.785</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.940</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Double-threaded</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.676</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.739</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.026</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.245</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.663</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.765</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple-threaded</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.758</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.832</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.174</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.219</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.773</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.931</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>VD: the vertical relative displacement; CD: the comprehensive relative displacement; D2–D4: varying types of bone (D2 has the highest density; see
<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2">Section 2</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Displacement of five implants under horizontal load (
<italic>μ</italic>
m).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Thread pattern</th>
<th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">D2</th>
<th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">D3</th>
<th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">D4</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single-threaded</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single 0.8 mm pitch</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.028</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.856</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.512</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.712</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.748</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.192</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.370</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.448</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.056</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single 1.6 mm pitch</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.388</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.984</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.598</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.142</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.053</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.278</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.620</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.405</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.410</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single 2.4 mm pitch</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.284</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.022</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.314</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.736</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.090</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.941</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.119</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.200</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.644</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Double-threaded</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.282</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.850</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.497</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.838</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.124</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.257</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.193</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.436</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triple-threaded</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.490</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.006</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.956</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.833</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.121</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.943</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.035</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.641</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.804</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>VD: the vertical relative displacement; HD: the horizontal relative displacement; CD: the comprehensive relative displacement; D2–D4: varying density of bone (D2 has the highest density; see
<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2">Section 2</xref>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
</country>
<settlement>
<li>Pékin</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="République populaire de Chine">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Ma, Pan" sort="Ma, Pan" uniqKey="Ma P" first="Pan" last="Ma">Pan Ma</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Geng, Wei" sort="Geng, Wei" uniqKey="Geng W" first="Wei" last="Geng">Wei Geng</name>
<name sortKey="Li, Dehua" sort="Li, Dehua" uniqKey="Li D" first="Dehua" last="Li">Dehua Li</name>
<name sortKey="Li, Weihong" sort="Li, Weihong" uniqKey="Li W" first="Weihong" last="Li">Weihong Li</name>
<name sortKey="Liu, Jiaqiang" sort="Liu, Jiaqiang" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jiaqiang" last="Liu">Jiaqiang Liu</name>
<name sortKey="Ma, Pan" sort="Ma, Pan" uniqKey="Ma P" first="Pan" last="Ma">Pan Ma</name>
<name sortKey="Tan, Baosheng" sort="Tan, Baosheng" uniqKey="Tan B" first="Baosheng" last="Tan">Baosheng Tan</name>
<name sortKey="Xiong, Wei" sort="Xiong, Wei" uniqKey="Xiong W" first="Wei" last="Xiong">Wei Xiong</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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