Surface Characteristics and Bioactivity of a Novel Natural HA/Zircon Nanocomposite Coated on Dental Implants
Identifieur interne : 000078 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000077; suivant : 000079Surface Characteristics and Bioactivity of a Novel Natural HA/Zircon Nanocomposite Coated on Dental Implants
Auteurs : Ebrahim Karamian [Iran] ; Amirsalar Khandan [Iran] ; Mahmood Reza Kalantar Motamedi [Iran] ; Hesam Mirmohammadi [Iran, Pays-Bas]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The surface characteristics of implant which influence the speed and strength of osseointegration include surface chemistry, crystal structure and crystallinity, roughness, strain hardening, and presence of impurities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity and roughness of a novel natural hydroxyapatite/zircon (NHA/zircon) nanobiocomposite, coated on 316L stainless steel (SS) soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). NHA/zircon nanobiocomposite was fabricated with 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, and 15 wt.% of zircon in NHA using ball mill for 20 minutes. The composite mixture was coated on 316L SS using plasma spray method. The results are estimated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation to evaluate surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze phase composition, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique to evaluate the shape and size of prepared NHA. Surfaces roughness tester was performed to characterize the coated nanocomposite samples. The maximum average
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/410627
PubMed: 24822204
PubMed Central: 4009196
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Surface Characteristics and Bioactivity of a Novel Natural HA/Zircon Nanocomposite Coated on Dental Implants</title><author><name sortKey="Karamian, Ebrahim" sort="Karamian, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Karamian E" first="Ebrahim" last="Karamian">Ebrahim Karamian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khandan, Amirsalar" sort="Khandan, Amirsalar" uniqKey="Khandan A" first="Amirsalar" last="Khandan">Amirsalar Khandan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalantar Motamedi, Mahmood Reza" sort="Kalantar Motamedi, Mahmood Reza" uniqKey="Kalantar Motamedi M" first="Mahmood Reza" last="Kalantar Motamedi">Mahmood Reza Kalantar Motamedi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" sort="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" uniqKey="Mirmohammadi H" first="Hesam" last="Mirmohammadi">Hesam Mirmohammadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 JD, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 JD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Amsterdam 1081 JD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24822204</idno><idno type="pmc">4009196</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009196</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4009196</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/410627</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000459</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000459</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000459</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000459</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000078</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000078</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Surface Characteristics and Bioactivity of a Novel Natural HA/Zircon Nanocomposite Coated on Dental Implants</title><author><name sortKey="Karamian, Ebrahim" sort="Karamian, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Karamian E" first="Ebrahim" last="Karamian">Ebrahim Karamian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khandan, Amirsalar" sort="Khandan, Amirsalar" uniqKey="Khandan A" first="Amirsalar" last="Khandan">Amirsalar Khandan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalantar Motamedi, Mahmood Reza" sort="Kalantar Motamedi, Mahmood Reza" uniqKey="Kalantar Motamedi M" first="Mahmood Reza" last="Kalantar Motamedi">Mahmood Reza Kalantar Motamedi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" sort="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" uniqKey="Mirmohammadi H" first="Hesam" last="Mirmohammadi">Hesam Mirmohammadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Isfahan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 JD, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 JD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Amsterdam 1081 JD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The surface characteristics of implant which influence the speed and strength of osseointegration include surface chemistry, crystal structure and crystallinity, roughness, strain hardening, and presence of impurities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity and roughness of a novel natural hydroxyapatite/zircon (NHA/zircon) nanobiocomposite, coated on 316L stainless steel (SS) soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). NHA/zircon nanobiocomposite was fabricated with 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, and 15 wt.% of zircon in NHA using ball mill for 20 minutes. The composite mixture was coated on 316L SS using plasma spray method. The results are estimated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation to evaluate surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze phase composition, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique to evaluate the shape and size of prepared NHA. Surfaces roughness tester was performed to characterize the coated nanocomposite samples. The maximum average <italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub> (14.54 <italic><italic>μ</italic></italic>m) was found in the NHA 10 wt.% of zircon coating. In addition, crystallinity (<italic>X</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub>) was measured by XRD data, which indicated the minimum value (<italic>X</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> = 41.1%) for the sample containing 10 wt.% of zircon. Maximum bioactivity occurred in the sample containing 10 wt.% of zircon, which was due to two reasons: first, the maximum roughness and, second, the minimum crystallinity of nanobiocomposite coating.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Albrektsson, T" uniqKey="Albrektsson T">T Albrektsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Branemark, Pi" uniqKey="Branemark P">PI Branemark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansson, Ha" uniqKey="Hansson H">HA Hansson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindstrom, J" uniqKey="Lindstrom J">J Lindstrom</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dohan Ehrenfest, Dm" uniqKey="Dohan Ehrenfest D">DM Dohan Ehrenfest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coelho, Pg" uniqKey="Coelho P">PG Coelho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, Bs" uniqKey="Kang B">BS Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sul, Yt" uniqKey="Sul Y">YT 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24822204</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4009196</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/410627</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Surface Characteristics and Bioactivity of a Novel Natural HA/Zircon Nanocomposite Coated on Dental Implants</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karamian</surname><given-names>Ebrahim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khandan</surname><given-names>Amirsalar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1806-6409</contrib-id><name><surname>Kalantar Motamedi</surname><given-names>Mahmood Reza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8782-3701</contrib-id><name><surname>Mirmohammadi</surname><given-names>Hesam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Young Researchers and Elite Club, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Dental Materials Research Center, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 JD, The Netherlands</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Hesam Mirmohammadi: <email>hmirmoha@acta.nl</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: David M. Dohan Ehrenfest</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>410627</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>5</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Ebrahim Karamian et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The surface characteristics of implant which influence the speed and strength of osseointegration include surface chemistry, crystal structure and crystallinity, roughness, strain hardening, and presence of impurities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity and roughness of a novel natural hydroxyapatite/zircon (NHA/zircon) nanobiocomposite, coated on 316L stainless steel (SS) soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). NHA/zircon nanobiocomposite was fabricated with 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 10 wt.%, and 15 wt.% of zircon in NHA using ball mill for 20 minutes. The composite mixture was coated on 316L SS using plasma spray method. The results are estimated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation to evaluate surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze phase composition, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique to evaluate the shape and size of prepared NHA. Surfaces roughness tester was performed to characterize the coated nanocomposite samples. The maximum average <italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub> (14.54 <italic><italic>μ</italic></italic>m) was found in the NHA 10 wt.% of zircon coating. In addition, crystallinity (<italic>X</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub>) was measured by XRD data, which indicated the minimum value (<italic>X</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> = 41.1%) for the sample containing 10 wt.% of zircon. Maximum bioactivity occurred in the sample containing 10 wt.% of zircon, which was due to two reasons: first, the maximum roughness and, second, the minimum crystallinity of nanobiocomposite coating.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(a) XRD pattern and (b) SEM micrograph of the NHA 0% coated by plasma spraying. (c) XRD pattern and (d) SEM micrograph of the NHA 10% zircon coated by plasma spraying.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-410627.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Plot of ln<italic>β</italic> versus ln(1/cos <italic>θ</italic>) of the HA sample heated at 850°C for 3 h.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-410627.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(a) SEM micrographs of the NHA powder, (b) EDX spectrum of the NHA powder, and (c) microchemical composition of the NHA powder determined by EDX.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-410627.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>TEM micrograph of prepared NHA at 850°C for 3 h.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-410627.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>SEM observations of the coatings soaked in SBF for (a), (b) 1 week, NHA 10% zircon, (c), (d) 2 weeks, NHA 10% zircon, (e), (f) 1 week, NHA 0% zircon, and (g), (h) 2 weeks, NHA 0% zircon.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-410627.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>(a) Calcium concentration (Ca<sup>2+</sup> released) after 2 weeks, coatings in SBF solution. (b) Average amount of roughness of the samples.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-410627.006"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Chemical composition of NHA (XRF results).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concentration (w/w %)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.91</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.708</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.151</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.200</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Si</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.150</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.073</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.061</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.056</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.053</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.052</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.038</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zr</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LOI*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.376</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Loss on ignition (1000°C, 2 h).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Nominal ion concentrations of SBF in comparison with those in human blood plasma.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ion<break></break></th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Ion concentrations (m mol)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SBF</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human blood plasma </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Na<sup>+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">K<sup>+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mg<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cl<sup>−</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">147.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2–7.4</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Surfaces roughness results.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimental name</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Composite (zircon %)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub> (<italic>μ</italic>m)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average <italic>R</italic><sub><italic>a</italic></sub> (<italic>μ</italic>m)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">12.63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.97</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">14.30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.93</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.39</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">14.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.77</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">12.85</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.44</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.24</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The HA biodegradation properties of all the samples in the SBF.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Samples</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup> release in SBF after 1 week (ppm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ca<sup>2+</sup> release in SBF after 2 weeks (ppm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WL. % of samples in SBF after 1 week (mg)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WL. % of samples in SBF after 2 weeks (mg)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 0% zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 5% zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 10% zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 15% zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Crystallographic Parameters of the HA Phase of all the Samples.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Samples</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crystallinity (<italic>X</italic><sub><italic>c</italic></sub> %)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crystallite Size ± 1 (nm)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 0% Zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 5% Zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 10% Zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NHA 15% Zircon</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Iran</li><li>Pays-Bas</li></country></list><tree><country name="Iran"><noRegion><name sortKey="Karamian, Ebrahim" sort="Karamian, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Karamian E" first="Ebrahim" last="Karamian">Ebrahim Karamian</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kalantar Motamedi, Mahmood Reza" sort="Kalantar Motamedi, Mahmood Reza" uniqKey="Kalantar Motamedi M" first="Mahmood Reza" last="Kalantar Motamedi">Mahmood Reza Kalantar Motamedi</name><name sortKey="Khandan, Amirsalar" sort="Khandan, Amirsalar" uniqKey="Khandan A" first="Amirsalar" last="Khandan">Amirsalar Khandan</name><name sortKey="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" sort="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" uniqKey="Mirmohammadi H" first="Hesam" last="Mirmohammadi">Hesam Mirmohammadi</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" sort="Mirmohammadi, Hesam" uniqKey="Mirmohammadi H" first="Hesam" last="Mirmohammadi">Hesam Mirmohammadi</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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