Physical Properties of Polyamide-12 versus PMMA Denture Base Material
Identifieur interne : 000C09 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000C08; suivant : 000C10Physical Properties of Polyamide-12 versus PMMA Denture Base Material
Auteurs : Mieszko Wieckiewicz [Pologne] ; Volker Opitz [Allemagne] ; Gert Richter [Allemagne] ; Klaus W. Boening [Allemagne]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/150298
PubMed: 24734225
PubMed Central: 3966424
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Physical Properties of Polyamide-12 versus PMMA Denture Base Material</title><author><name sortKey="Wieckiewicz, Mieszko" sort="Wieckiewicz, Mieszko" uniqKey="Wieckiewicz M" first="Mieszko" last="Wieckiewicz">Mieszko Wieckiewicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 26 Krakowska street, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 26 Krakowska street, 50-425 Wroclaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50-425 Wroclaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opitz, Volker" sort="Opitz, Volker" uniqKey="Opitz V" first="Volker" last="Opitz">Volker Opitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richter, Gert" sort="Richter, Gert" uniqKey="Richter G" first="Gert" last="Richter">Gert Richter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boening, Klaus W" sort="Boening, Klaus W" uniqKey="Boening K" first="Klaus W." last="Boening">Klaus W. Boening</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24734225</idno><idno type="pmc">3966424</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3966424</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3966424</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/150298</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000458</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000458</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000458</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000458</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000163</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000163</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000C09</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Physical Properties of Polyamide-12 versus PMMA Denture Base Material</title><author><name sortKey="Wieckiewicz, Mieszko" sort="Wieckiewicz, Mieszko" uniqKey="Wieckiewicz M" first="Mieszko" last="Wieckiewicz">Mieszko Wieckiewicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 26 Krakowska street, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 26 Krakowska street, 50-425 Wroclaw</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50-425 Wroclaw</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opitz, Volker" sort="Opitz, Volker" uniqKey="Opitz V" first="Volker" last="Opitz">Volker Opitz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richter, Gert" sort="Richter, Gert" uniqKey="Richter G" first="Gert" last="Richter">Gert Richter</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boening, Klaus W" sort="Boening, Klaus W" uniqKey="Boening K" first="Klaus W." last="Boening">Klaus W. Boening</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Dresde</region><settlement type="city">Dresde</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Objectives.</italic> Polyamide-12 (PA) is a flexible material suited for denture bases and clasping. This study investigated its potential aging effects with a focus on surface roughness, color stability, and elasticity. <italic>Methods.</italic> PA specimens (Valplast) of 40 × 10 × 2 mm and equally measuring PMMA specimens (Palapress) as control were fabricated. Color changes after storage in air, water, coffee, and red wine (<italic>n</italic> = 10) were measured using the CIE <italic>L</italic>*<italic>a</italic>*<italic>b</italic>* color specification. Elasticity after thermocycling (1000, 3000, and 7000 cycles, <italic>n</italic> = 15) was measured by three-point bending testing. Mean surface roughness (Ra) was determined after storage in the liquids mentioned above and thermocycling (<italic>n</italic> = 10). <italic>Results.</italic> Tukey's HSD test (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) revealed statistically significant color changes of PA in red wine (Δ<italic>E</italic> = 4.27 after 12 days, Δ<italic>E</italic> = 6.90 after 12 days) and coffee (Δ<italic>E</italic> = 3.93 after 36 days) but no color changes in PMMA. Elastic modulus of PA was 845 MPa and not affected by thermocycling (Tukey's HSD test, <italic>P</italic> > 0.81). Dry specimens showed significantly decreased elasticity (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001). Mean surface roughness (PA 0.20 <italic><italic>μ</italic></italic>m, PMMA 0.28 <italic><italic>μ</italic></italic>m) did not change significantly after thermocycling or storage (Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic>-test, 0.16 < <italic>P</italic> < 0.65). <italic>Significance</italic>. PA exhibited a higher susceptibility to discoloration than PMMA. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24734225</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3966424</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/150298</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Physical Properties of Polyamide-12 versus PMMA Denture Base Material</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wieckiewicz</surname><given-names>Mieszko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6582-1879</contrib-id><name><surname>Opitz</surname><given-names>Volker</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Richter</surname><given-names>Gert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boening</surname><given-names>Klaus W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Division of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 26 Krakowska street, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Klaus W. Boening: <email>klaus.boening@uniklinikum-dresden.de</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Ali I. Abdalla</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>150298</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>22</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Mieszko Wieckiewicz et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Objectives.</italic> Polyamide-12 (PA) is a flexible material suited for denture bases and clasping. This study investigated its potential aging effects with a focus on surface roughness, color stability, and elasticity. <italic>Methods.</italic> PA specimens (Valplast) of 40 × 10 × 2 mm and equally measuring PMMA specimens (Palapress) as control were fabricated. Color changes after storage in air, water, coffee, and red wine (<italic>n</italic> = 10) were measured using the CIE <italic>L</italic>*<italic>a</italic>*<italic>b</italic>* color specification. Elasticity after thermocycling (1000, 3000, and 7000 cycles, <italic>n</italic> = 15) was measured by three-point bending testing. Mean surface roughness (Ra) was determined after storage in the liquids mentioned above and thermocycling (<italic>n</italic> = 10). <italic>Results.</italic> Tukey's HSD test (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) revealed statistically significant color changes of PA in red wine (Δ<italic>E</italic> = 4.27 after 12 days, Δ<italic>E</italic> = 6.90 after 12 days) and coffee (Δ<italic>E</italic> = 3.93 after 36 days) but no color changes in PMMA. Elastic modulus of PA was 845 MPa and not affected by thermocycling (Tukey's HSD test, <italic>P</italic> > 0.81). Dry specimens showed significantly decreased elasticity (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001). Mean surface roughness (PA 0.20 <italic><italic>μ</italic></italic>m, PMMA 0.28 <italic><italic>μ</italic></italic>m) did not change significantly after thermocycling or storage (Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic>-test, 0.16 < <italic>P</italic> < 0.65). <italic>Significance</italic>. PA exhibited a higher susceptibility to discoloration than PMMA. Neither surface roughness nor elasticity of PA was altered by artificial aging.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Upper jaw with missing central and lateral incisors in the second quadrant and large defect of the alveolar ridge.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-150298.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Removable partial denture with denture saddles and retentive clasping arms made from polyamide-12. The conventional CoCrMo framework ensures rigidity of the denture despite the flexibility of the denture resin material.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-150298.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Removable partial denture in situ. The polyamide-12 retentive clasping arms are almost invisible.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-150298.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Three-point bending test to determine the modulus of elasticity in polyamide-12 specimens. <italic>L</italic>: support span (30 mm), <italic>b</italic>: specimen width (10 mm), <italic>d</italic>: specimen thickness (2 mm), and crosshead speed 1.0 mm/min (corresponding equation in the text).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-150298.004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Color changes Δ<italic>E</italic> in polyamide-12 and PMMA after storage in air, water, coffee, and red wine (<italic>n</italic> = 10).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Storage medium</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Storage time (days)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ΔE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="12" colspan="1">Polyamide-12</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Air</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.89</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Water</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.92</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.84</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.62</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Coffee</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.59<sup>#</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.98</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.04<sup>##</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.51</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.93</bold><sup>#,##</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.30</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Red wine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.40<sup>∗,∗∗</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.54</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.27*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.76</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.90**</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.49</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="12" colspan="1">PMMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Air</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.14</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.35</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.48</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Water</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.47</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.56</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Coffee</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.74</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.46</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.59</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Red wine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.28</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.82</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.17</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Appreciable color changes (Δ<italic>E</italic> > 3.3) in bold letters. Significant differences are indicated by <sup>#,##</sup>(coffee), <sup>∗,∗∗</sup>(red wine).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Modulus of elasticity (MPa) of polyamide-12 specimens (<italic>n</italic> = 15). Modulus of elasticity of dry specimens after delivery from the dental laboratory differed significantly from values after 1000, 3000, and 7000 thermocycles and wet storage.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MPa</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After delivery<break></break>(dry storage)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After 1000 thermocycles<break></break>(wet storage)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After 3000 thermocycles<break></break>(wet storage)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After 7000 thermocycles<break></break>(wet storage)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1084</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">828</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">848</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">845</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">870</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">708</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">742</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">780</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1178</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">885</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">981</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">960</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Mean surface roughness Ra (<italic>µ</italic>m) of polyamide-12 and PMMA after delivery from the dental laboratory, after storage in water, coffee, red wine (36 days), and thermocycling (<italic>n</italic> = 10). Significant differences were found neither within the polyamide-12 and PMMA groups nor between polyamide-12 and PMMA.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Procedure</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Material</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean Ra (µm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">After delivery</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyamide-12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Water</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyamide-12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Coffee</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyamide-12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Red wine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyamide-12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">5000 thermocycles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polyamide-12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMMA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Pologne</li></country><region><li>District de Dresde</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li></region><settlement><li>Dresde</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Pologne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wieckiewicz, Mieszko" sort="Wieckiewicz, Mieszko" uniqKey="Wieckiewicz M" first="Mieszko" last="Wieckiewicz">Mieszko Wieckiewicz</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Saxe (Land)"><name sortKey="Opitz, Volker" sort="Opitz, Volker" uniqKey="Opitz V" first="Volker" last="Opitz">Volker Opitz</name></region><name sortKey="Boening, Klaus W" sort="Boening, Klaus W" uniqKey="Boening K" first="Klaus W." last="Boening">Klaus W. 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