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Potential Factors Influencing Repeated SARS Outbreaks in China

Identifieur interne : 000B03 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000B02; suivant : 000B04

Potential Factors Influencing Repeated SARS Outbreaks in China

Auteurs : Zhong Sun ; Karuppiah Thilakavathy ; S. Suresh Kumar [Malaisie] ; Guozhong He [République populaire de Chine] ; Shi V. Liu [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:7084229

Abstract

Within last 17 years two widespread epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in China, which were caused by related coronaviruses (CoVs): SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Although the origin(s) of these viruses are still unknown and their occurrences in nature are mysterious, some general patterns of their pathogenesis and epidemics are noticeable. Both viruses utilize the same receptor—angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)—for invading human bodies. Both epidemics occurred in cold dry winter seasons celebrated with major holidays, and started in regions where dietary consumption of wildlife is a fashion. Thus, if bats were the natural hosts of SARS-CoVs, cold temperature and low humidity in these times might provide conducive environmental conditions for prolonged viral survival in these regions concentrated with bats. The widespread existence of these bat-carried or -released viruses might have an easier time in breaking through human defenses when harsh winter makes human bodies more vulnerable. Once succeeding in making some initial human infections, spreading of the disease was made convenient with increased social gathering and holiday travel. These natural and social factors influenced the general progression and trajectory of the SARS epidemiology. However, some unique factors might also contribute to the origination of SARS in Wuhan. These factors are discussed in different scenarios in order to promote more research for achieving final validation.


Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051633
PubMed: 32138266
PubMed Central: 7084229

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Links to Exploration step

PMC:7084229

Le document en format XML

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<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32138266</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7084229</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph17051633</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-17-01633</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Potential Factors Influencing Repeated SARS Outbreaks in China</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-5053</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Sun</surname>
<given-names>Zhong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-17-01633">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5027-6791</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Thilakavathy</surname>
<given-names>Karuppiah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-17-01633">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-17-01633">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>S. Suresh</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-17-01633">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-17-01633">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-5012</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>He</surname>
<given-names>Guozhong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijerph-17-01633">4</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijerph-17-01633" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Shi V.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ijerph-17-01633">5</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijerph-17-01633" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ijerph-17-01633">
<label>1</label>
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
<email>cifer03@gmail.com</email>
(Z.S.);
<email>thilathy@upm.edu.my</email>
(K.T.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-ijerph-17-01633">
<label>2</label>
Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
<email>suresh@upm.edu.my</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af3-ijerph-17-01633">
<label>3</label>
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia</aff>
<aff id="af4-ijerph-17-01633">
<label>4</label>
Institute of Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China</aff>
<aff id="af5-ijerph-17-01633">
<label>5</label>
Eagle Institute of Molecular Medicine, Apex, NC 27523, USA</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ijerph-17-01633">
<label>*</label>
Correspondence:
<email>guozhong_he@vip.sina.com</email>
(G.H.);
<email>SVL8EPA@gmail.com</email>
(S.V.L.)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>1633</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>28</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>29</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Within last 17 years two widespread epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in China, which were caused by related coronaviruses (CoVs): SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Although the origin(s) of these viruses are still unknown and their occurrences in nature are mysterious, some general patterns of their pathogenesis and epidemics are noticeable. Both viruses utilize the same receptor—angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)—for invading human bodies. Both epidemics occurred in cold dry winter seasons celebrated with major holidays, and started in regions where dietary consumption of wildlife is a fashion. Thus, if bats were the natural hosts of SARS-CoVs, cold temperature and low humidity in these times might provide conducive environmental conditions for prolonged viral survival in these regions concentrated with bats. The widespread existence of these bat-carried or -released viruses might have an easier time in breaking through human defenses when harsh winter makes human bodies more vulnerable. Once succeeding in making some initial human infections, spreading of the disease was made convenient with increased social gathering and holiday travel. These natural and social factors influenced the general progression and trajectory of the SARS epidemiology. However, some unique factors might also contribute to the origination of SARS in Wuhan. These factors are discussed in different scenarios in order to promote more research for achieving final validation.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Wuhan pneumonia</kwd>
<kwd>coronavirus</kwd>
<kwd>CoV</kwd>
<kwd>severe acute respiratory syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>SARS</kwd>
<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
<kwd>angiotensin-converting enzyme 2</kwd>
<kwd>ACE2</kwd>
<kwd>SARS-CoV</kwd>
<kwd>2019-nCoV</kwd>
<kwd>outbreak</kwd>
<kwd>epidemic</kwd>
<kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>infection</kwd>
<kwd>drought</kwd>
<kwd>bat</kwd>
<kwd>green light</kwd>
<kwd>red light</kwd>
<kwd>wildlife</kwd>
<kwd>host</kwd>
<kwd>exposure</kwd>
<kwd>risk</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="ijerph-17-01633-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Phylogenetic analysis of virus isolated from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-2 patients. Sequence of Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 was used for comparing with whole genome sequence database from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) by using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). MAFF (AIST) was used to align the first 100 matching sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by using MEGA X through neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. According to the phylogenetic tree, SARS-2, bat SARS-like coronavirus isolate bat-SARS-like coronavirus (SL-CoV) ZC45, and bat SARS-like coronavirus isolate bat-SL-CoVZXC21 share a common ancestor.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-17-01633-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijerph-17-01633-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Potential transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2 to humans. Bats carrying SARS-CoV-2 were attracted by green or red lights and settled into insect-rich areas. SARS-CoV-2 transmitted to humans directly or spread to intermediate hosts such as bamboo rats, snakes, and pangolins through bats’ saliva, urine, and feces. Intermediate hosts transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to humans.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-17-01633-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijerph-17-01633-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>SARS-2 outbreak in Wuhan and its spreading into various places in China with a heavy impact on neighboring areas in Hubei Province. The cases shown on maps reflect a snapshot of the epidemic on the day when Wuhan was placed under a lockdown. Known and potential migration routes for bats are shown with solid and broken lines, respectively, on the China map. The Yangtze River is shown with a green line in both maps for China and Hubei Province.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-17-01633-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>

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