Influenza Vaccination in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Coverage Status and Its Determinants in Southwestern Saudi Arabia
Identifieur interne : 000891 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000890; suivant : 000892Influenza Vaccination in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Coverage Status and Its Determinants in Southwestern Saudi Arabia
Auteurs : Ibraheem M. Alnaheelah ; Nabil J. Awadalla [Arabie saoudite, Égypte] ; Khalid M. Al-Musa [Arabie saoudite] ; Abdullah A. Alsabaani [Arabie saoudite] ; Ahmed A. Mahfouz [Arabie saoudite, Égypte]Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
Despite the significant role of seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing and minimizing the serious complications of influenza infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, unsatisfactory compliance still exists for vaccination. Study objectives were to explore the vaccination status and determinants in T2DM patients in southwestern Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study on a representative sample of T2DM patients in Abha city, southwestern Saudi Arabia, was conducted. Data for sociodemographic characteristics, clinical criteria, vaccination status, vaccination motivators and barriers and seasonal influenza knowledge were collected. Out of 353 T2DM patients included in the study, seasonal influenza vaccination coverage was 61% in year 2017. A significant factors associated with non-vaccination were; poor influenza and its vaccine knowledge (OR = 4.31, 95% CI: 2.73–6.80), illiteracy (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.11–3.37), and more than 10 years disease duration (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.11–3.87). Presence of family history of DM and ischemic heart comorbidity minimized the possibility of non-vaccination (OR = 0.54 and 0.28 respectively). Healthcare givers’ advice was the most reported vaccination motivator (84.7%) while; fear of vaccine side effects was the most stated barrier (73%). In conclusion, influenza vaccination rate among T2DM in the present study is less than the recommended level. Continuous primary health care center-based educational programs should be implemented to aware and encourage influenza vaccination among T2DM patients.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071381
PubMed: 29966382
PubMed Central: 6068768
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Alnaheelah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-15-01381">Joint Program for Postgraduate Studies in Community Medicine-Southern Region, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;<email>ibr.asere@gmail.com</email> (I.M.A.);<email>drkalmosa@hotmail.com</email> (K.M.A.);<email>dr.alsabaani@hotmail.com</email> (A.A.A.);<email>mahfouz2005@gmail.com</email> (A.A.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Awadalla, Nabil J" sort="Awadalla, Nabil J" uniqKey="Awadalla N" first="Nabil J." last="Awadalla">Nabil J. Awadalla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-15-01381">Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-15-01381">Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 3551, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 3551</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Musa, Khalid M" sort="Al Musa, Khalid M" uniqKey="Al Musa K" first="Khalid M." last="Al-Musa">Khalid M. Al-Musa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-15-01381">Joint Program for Postgraduate Studies in Community Medicine-Southern Region, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;<email>ibr.asere@gmail.com</email> (I.M.A.);<email>drkalmosa@hotmail.com</email> (K.M.A.);<email>dr.alsabaani@hotmail.com</email> (A.A.A.);<email>mahfouz2005@gmail.com</email> (A.A.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-15-01381">Aseer General Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Abha 62523, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Aseer General Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Abha 62523</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alsabaani, Abdullah A" sort="Alsabaani, Abdullah A" uniqKey="Alsabaani A" first="Abdullah A." last="Alsabaani">Abdullah A. Alsabaani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-15-01381">Joint Program for Postgraduate Studies in Community Medicine-Southern Region, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;<email>ibr.asere@gmail.com</email> (I.M.A.);<email>drkalmosa@hotmail.com</email> (K.M.A.);<email>dr.alsabaani@hotmail.com</email> (A.A.A.);<email>mahfouz2005@gmail.com</email> (A.A.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-15-01381">Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahfouz, Ahmed A" sort="Mahfouz, Ahmed A" uniqKey="Mahfouz A" first="Ahmed A." last="Mahfouz">Ahmed A. Mahfouz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-15-01381">Joint Program for Postgraduate Studies in Community Medicine-Southern Region, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;<email>ibr.asere@gmail.com</email> (I.M.A.);<email>drkalmosa@hotmail.com</email> (K.M.A.);<email>dr.alsabaani@hotmail.com</email> (A.A.A.);<email>mahfouz2005@gmail.com</email> (A.A.M.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-15-01381">Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-15-01381">Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the significant role of seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing and minimizing the serious complications of influenza infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, unsatisfactory compliance still exists for vaccination. Study objectives were to explore the vaccination status and determinants in T2DM patients in southwestern Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study on a representative sample of T2DM patients in Abha city, southwestern Saudi Arabia, was conducted. Data for sociodemographic characteristics, clinical criteria, vaccination status, vaccination motivators and barriers and seasonal influenza knowledge were collected. Out of 353 T2DM patients included in the study, seasonal influenza vaccination coverage was 61% in year 2017. A significant factors associated with non-vaccination were; poor influenza and its vaccine knowledge (OR = 4.31, 95% CI: 2.73–6.80), illiteracy (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.11–3.37), and more than 10 years disease duration (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.11–3.87). Presence of family history of DM and ischemic heart comorbidity minimized the possibility of non-vaccination (OR = 0.54 and 0.28 respectively). Healthcare givers’ advice was the most reported vaccination motivator (84.7%) while; fear of vaccine side effects was the most stated barrier (73%). In conclusion, influenza vaccination rate among T2DM in the present study is less than the recommended level. Continuous primary health care center-based educational programs should be implemented to aware and encourage influenza vaccination among T2DM patients.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bahijri, S M" uniqKey="Bahijri S">S.M. Bahijri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jambi, H A" uniqKey="Jambi H">H.A. Jambi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Raddadi, R M" uniqKey="Al Raddadi R">R.M. Al Raddadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferns, G" uniqKey="Ferns G">G. Ferns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuomilehto, J" uniqKey="Tuomilehto J">J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">29966382</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6068768</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph15071381</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-15-01381</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Influenza Vaccination in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Coverage Status and Its Determinants in Southwestern Saudi Arabia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alnaheelah</surname><given-names>Ibraheem M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-15-01381">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-6621</contrib-id><name><surname>Awadalla</surname><given-names>Nabil J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-15-01381">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-15-01381">3</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-15-01381" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Musa</surname><given-names>Khalid M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-15-01381">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijerph-15-01381">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alsabaani</surname><given-names>Abdullah A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-15-01381">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-15-01381">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-6431</contrib-id><name><surname>Mahfouz</surname><given-names>Ahmed A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-15-01381">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-15-01381">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ijerph-15-01381">5</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-15-01381"><label>1</label>Joint Program for Postgraduate Studies in Community Medicine-Southern Region, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;<email>ibr.asere@gmail.com</email> (I.M.A.);<email>drkalmosa@hotmail.com</email> (K.M.A.);<email>dr.alsabaani@hotmail.com</email> (A.A.A.);<email>mahfouz2005@gmail.com</email> (A.A.M.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-15-01381"><label>2</label>Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-15-01381"><label>3</label>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 3551, Egypt</aff><aff id="af4-ijerph-15-01381"><label>4</label>Aseer General Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Abha 62523, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af5-ijerph-15-01381"><label>5</label>Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-15-01381"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>njgirgis@yahoo.co.uk</email>; Tel.: +966-533-487-152</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>7</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>1381</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>6</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day><month>6</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2018 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Despite the significant role of seasonal influenza vaccination in preventing and minimizing the serious complications of influenza infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, unsatisfactory compliance still exists for vaccination. Study objectives were to explore the vaccination status and determinants in T2DM patients in southwestern Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study on a representative sample of T2DM patients in Abha city, southwestern Saudi Arabia, was conducted. Data for sociodemographic characteristics, clinical criteria, vaccination status, vaccination motivators and barriers and seasonal influenza knowledge were collected. Out of 353 T2DM patients included in the study, seasonal influenza vaccination coverage was 61% in year 2017. A significant factors associated with non-vaccination were; poor influenza and its vaccine knowledge (OR = 4.31, 95% CI: 2.73–6.80), illiteracy (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.11–3.37), and more than 10 years disease duration (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.11–3.87). Presence of family history of DM and ischemic heart comorbidity minimized the possibility of non-vaccination (OR = 0.54 and 0.28 respectively). Healthcare givers’ advice was the most reported vaccination motivator (84.7%) while; fear of vaccine side effects was the most stated barrier (73%). In conclusion, influenza vaccination rate among T2DM in the present study is less than the recommended level. Continuous primary health care center-based educational programs should be implemented to aware and encourage influenza vaccination among T2DM patients.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>diabetes</kwd><kwd>seasonal influenza vaccination</kwd><kwd>motivators and barriers</kwd><kwd>knowledge</kwd><kwd>determinants</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="ijerph-15-01381-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-15-01381-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Influenza vaccination status in vaccination season 2017–2018 among study type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients by gender (<italic>N</italic> = 353).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Status</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (<italic>N</italic> = 353) No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male (<italic>N</italic> = 208) No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female (<italic>N</italic> = 145) No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Previously vaccinated but not this season </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 (21.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (19.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (24.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Currently vaccinated </td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">216 (61.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131 (63.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (58.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Never vaccinated </td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (17.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (17.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (17.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-15-01381-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-15-01381-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Motivators and barriers for seasonal influenza vaccination in the study T2DM patients by gender.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Motivators for Currently Vaccinated or Intended (<italic>N</italic> = 216) <sup>#</sup></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine is important</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77 (35.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (38.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthcare givers advise</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183 (84.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105 (77.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (91.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 *</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peers or relatives advise</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (13.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (9.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (17.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Media advise</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (12.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (12.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (12.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Barriers for Currently Non Vaccinated (<italic>N</italic> = 137) <sup>#</sup></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine is not recommended</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (8.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (11.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (5.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine is not important</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 (50.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (58.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (40.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 *</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fear of side effects</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 (73.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (72.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (73.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fear of needle shot</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (15.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (9.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (23.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 *</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccine cause influenza illness</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (30.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (28.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (33.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difficult to access</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza isn’t serious disease</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (22.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (24.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (20.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>#</sup> Data is not mutually exclusive, * Significant (<italic>p</italic>-value ≤ 0.05).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-15-01381-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-15-01381-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Univariate analysis for personal factors associated with seasonal influenza non-vaccination in the study T2DM patients (<italic>N</italic> = 353).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Personal Factors</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccinated (<italic>N</italic> = 216) No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non Vaccinated (<italic>N</italic> = 137) No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age (years):</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (68)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (32)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (0.41–1.85)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >50</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148 (58.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148 (58.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sex:</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131 (63)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77 (37)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 (0.54–1.29)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (58.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (41.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Nationality:</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Saudi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">210 (61.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132 (38.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75 (0.23–2.52)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> on-Saudi</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (54.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (45.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status:</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172 (63.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97 (36.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.38–1.02)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (44.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (55.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Level of education</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Illiterate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (52)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (48)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1.93 (1.11–3.37)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lower than secondary school</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (64.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (35.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13 (0.65–1.97)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary school or above</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (67.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (32.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Occupation</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Employee</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (70.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (29.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 (0.41–1.45)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Business work</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (50.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (50.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89 (0.57–6.28)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife/Unemployed</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (54.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73 (45.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.55 (0.93–2.58)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Retired</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (65.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (34.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Monthly income</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sufficient and exceed</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (64.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (35.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.30–3.24)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sufficient</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161 (60.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (39.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16 (0.68–2.00)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Insufficient</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (63.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (36.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Smoking status</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Current smoking</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (59.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (40.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 (0.51–2.55)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ex-smoker</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (53.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (46.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 (0.72–2.79)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Never</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179 (62.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108 (37.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>OR = Odds Ratio, 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval, Bold 95% CIs is statistically significant, Ref. = Reference group.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-15-01381-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-15-01381-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Univariate analysis for clinical factors associated with seasonal influenza non-vaccination in the study T2DM patients (<italic>N</italic> = 353).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical Factors</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccinated (<italic>N</italic> = 216) No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non Vaccinated (<italic>N</italic> = 137) No %</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Duration of DM (years)</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (73.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (26.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5–10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (60.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (39.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71 (0.89–3.27)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (56.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 (43.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.07 (1.11–3.87)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Family history of DM</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153 (66.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (33.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.54 (0.53–0.85)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (51.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (48.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Type of DM treatment</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Oral</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 (59.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88 (40.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 (0.73–1.99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Insulin</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (64.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (35.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.46, 2.09)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Both</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (63.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (36.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Compliance with treatment</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145 (59.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 (40.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64 (0.38–1.08)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (69.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (30.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44 (0.17–1.19)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (50)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (50)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Compliance with follow up</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (60.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (39.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69 (0.33–1.42)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (65)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (35)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 (0.27–1.22)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (51.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (48.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Compliance with physical activity</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (63.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (36.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.47–1.62)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (61.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (38.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.59–1.59)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121 (60.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (39.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Compliance with diet regimen</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (62.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (37.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 (0.79–1.82)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103 (56.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (43.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68 (1.00–2.82)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (68.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (31.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Diabetic complication</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Renal</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (30.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (69.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4.15 (1.91–9.04)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Visual</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (61.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (38.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.62–1.58)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Peripheral neurovascular</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (45.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (54.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27 (0.33–4.81)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Comorbidities</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Bronchial asthma</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (46.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (53.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.85 (0.65–5.22)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ischemic Heart Disease</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (84.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (15.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.28 (0.08–0.98)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hypertension</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (50.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (49.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75 (1.00–2.90)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Last year hospitalization</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (67.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (32.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 (0.32–1.66)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197 (60.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128 (39.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Diabetic control (HbA1c) *</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤7%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (71)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (29)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.39–2.25)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >7%</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (69.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (30.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref.</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>OR = Odds Ratio, 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval, Bold 95% CIs is statistically significant, Ref. = Reference group, * out of 143 cases.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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