Ribonuclease from Bacillus Acts as an Antiviral Agent against Negative- and Positive-Sense Single Stranded Human Respiratory RNA Viruses
Identifieur interne : 000824 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000823; suivant : 000825Ribonuclease from Bacillus Acts as an Antiviral Agent against Negative- and Positive-Sense Single Stranded Human Respiratory RNA Viruses
Auteurs : Raihan Shah Mahmud [Russie] ; Christin Müller [Allemagne] ; Yulia Romanova [Russie] ; Ahmed Mostafa [Allemagne, Égypte] ; Vera Ulyanova [Russie] ; Stephan Pleschka [Allemagne] ; Olga Ilinskaya [Russie]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2017/5279065
PubMed: 28546965
PubMed Central: 5435908
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ribonuclease from<italic> Bacillus</italic> Acts as an Antiviral Agent against Negative- and Positive-Sense Single Stranded Human Respiratory RNA Viruses</title><author><name sortKey="Shah Mahmud, Raihan" sort="Shah Mahmud, Raihan" uniqKey="Shah Mahmud R" first="Raihan" last="Shah Mahmud">Raihan Shah Mahmud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Christin" sort="Muller, Christin" uniqKey="Muller C" first="Christin" last="Müller">Christin Müller</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romanova, Yulia" sort="Romanova, Yulia" uniqKey="Romanova Y" first="Yulia" last="Romanova">Yulia Romanova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mostafa, Ahmed" sort="Mostafa, Ahmed" uniqKey="Mostafa A" first="Ahmed" last="Mostafa">Ahmed Mostafa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Buhouth Street 87, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Buhouth Street 87, Dokki, Cairo 12311</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ulyanova, Vera" sort="Ulyanova, Vera" uniqKey="Ulyanova V" first="Vera" last="Ulyanova">Vera Ulyanova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pleschka, Stephan" sort="Pleschka, Stephan" uniqKey="Pleschka S" first="Stephan" last="Pleschka">Stephan Pleschka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ilinskaya, Olga" sort="Ilinskaya, Olga" uniqKey="Ilinskaya O" first="Olga" last="Ilinskaya">Olga Ilinskaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28546965</idno><idno type="pmc">5435908</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435908</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5435908</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2017/5279065</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000824</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000824</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000824</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000824</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ribonuclease from<italic> Bacillus</italic> Acts as an Antiviral Agent against Negative- and Positive-Sense Single Stranded Human Respiratory RNA Viruses</title><author><name sortKey="Shah Mahmud, Raihan" sort="Shah Mahmud, Raihan" uniqKey="Shah Mahmud R" first="Raihan" last="Shah Mahmud">Raihan Shah Mahmud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Christin" sort="Muller, Christin" uniqKey="Muller C" first="Christin" last="Müller">Christin Müller</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romanova, Yulia" sort="Romanova, Yulia" uniqKey="Romanova Y" first="Yulia" last="Romanova">Yulia Romanova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mostafa, Ahmed" sort="Mostafa, Ahmed" uniqKey="Mostafa A" first="Ahmed" last="Mostafa">Ahmed Mostafa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Buhouth Street 87, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Buhouth Street 87, Dokki, Cairo 12311</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ulyanova, Vera" sort="Ulyanova, Vera" uniqKey="Ulyanova V" first="Vera" last="Ulyanova">Vera Ulyanova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pleschka, Stephan" sort="Pleschka, Stephan" uniqKey="Pleschka S" first="Stephan" last="Pleschka">Stephan Pleschka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ilinskaya, Olga" sort="Ilinskaya, Olga" uniqKey="Ilinskaya O" first="Olga" last="Ilinskaya">Olga Ilinskaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Bacillus pumilus</italic> ribonuclease (binase) was shown to be a promising antiviral agent in animal models and cell cultures. However, the mode of its antiviral action remains unknown. To assess the binase effect on intracellular viral RNA we have selected single stranded negative- and positive-sense RNA viruses, influenza virus, and rhinovirus, respectively, which annually cause respiratory illnesses and are characterized by high contagious nature, mutation rate, and antigen variability. We have shown that binase exerts an antiviral effect on both viruses at the same concentration, which does not alter the spectrum of A549 cellular proteins and expression of housekeeping genes. The titers of influenza A (H1N1pdm) virus and human rhinovirus serotype 1A were reduced by 40% and 65%, respectively. A preincubation of influenza virus with binase before infection significantly reduced viral titer after single-cycle replication of the virus. Using influenza A virus mini genome system we showed that binase reduced GFP reporter signaling indicating a binase action on the expression of viral mRNA. Binase reduced the level of H1N1pdm viral NP mRNA accumulation in A549 cells by 20%. Since the viral mRNA is a possible target for binase this agent could be potentially applied in the antiviral therapy against both negative- and positive-sense RNA viruses.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glanville, N" uniqKey="Glanville N">N. Glanville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, S L" uniqKey="Johnston S">S. L. Johnston</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pleschka, S" uniqKey="Pleschka S">S. Pleschka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaskunas, R" uniqKey="Jaskunas R">R. Jaskunas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engelhardt, O G" uniqKey="Engelhardt O">O. G. Engelhardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zurcher, T" uniqKey="Zurcher T">T. Zürcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palese, P" uniqKey="Palese P">P. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28546965</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5435908</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2017/5279065</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ribonuclease from<italic> Bacillus</italic> Acts as an Antiviral Agent against Negative- and Positive-Sense Single Stranded Human Respiratory RNA Viruses</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6543-688X</contrib-id><name><surname>Shah Mahmud</surname><given-names>Raihan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>Christin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Yulia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mostafa</surname><given-names>Ahmed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ulyanova</surname><given-names>Vera</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pleschka</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ilinskaya</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Buhouth Street 87, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Raihan Shah Mahmud: <email>raihan.shah@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Syed Abdul Qadir</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>5</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>2017</volume><elocation-id>5279065</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>1</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Raihan Shah Mahmud et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Bacillus pumilus</italic> ribonuclease (binase) was shown to be a promising antiviral agent in animal models and cell cultures. However, the mode of its antiviral action remains unknown. To assess the binase effect on intracellular viral RNA we have selected single stranded negative- and positive-sense RNA viruses, influenza virus, and rhinovirus, respectively, which annually cause respiratory illnesses and are characterized by high contagious nature, mutation rate, and antigen variability. We have shown that binase exerts an antiviral effect on both viruses at the same concentration, which does not alter the spectrum of A549 cellular proteins and expression of housekeeping genes. The titers of influenza A (H1N1pdm) virus and human rhinovirus serotype 1A were reduced by 40% and 65%, respectively. A preincubation of influenza virus with binase before infection significantly reduced viral titer after single-cycle replication of the virus. Using influenza A virus mini genome system we showed that binase reduced GFP reporter signaling indicating a binase action on the expression of viral mRNA. Binase reduced the level of H1N1pdm viral NP mRNA accumulation in A549 cells by 20%. Since the viral mRNA is a possible target for binase this agent could be potentially applied in the antiviral therapy against both negative- and positive-sense RNA viruses.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>KFU, Russia</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source>JLU Giessen</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Russian Science Foundation</funding-source><award-id>14-14-00522</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>German Academic Exchange Service</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source>DZIF</funding-source><award-id>RFMEFI59414X0003</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source>Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(a) Decrease of H1N1pdm virus titer in A549 cells infected by virus at an MOI of 0.01 and 0.1 which was preincubated with 10 <italic>μ</italic>g/ml binase for 45 min prior to cell infection; (b) binase catalytic activity in cell-free medium and A549 cell culture medium after 48 h incubation; (c) virus titer after 12 h incubation of A549 cells treated by 100 <italic>μ</italic>g/ml binase and infected by H1N1pdm virus at an MOI of 1. FFU/ml were calculated using supernatant after single-cycle replication of virus. Statistical significance was calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.0 Software and assessed by Student's<italic> t</italic>-test: <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.001.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-5279065.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(a) Influence of 100 <italic>μ</italic>g/ml binase at 12 h p.i. on proteome of A549 cells. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) of proteins isolated from nontreated ((i), green labeling by Cy3) and binase-treated cells ((ii), red labeling by Cy5); (iii) merged image, unchanged protein spots appeared yellow. High resolution 2D-DIGE images were generated using Typhoon FLA 9500 Imager; samples were separated using narrow range of IEF tube gel, pH 3–8; gels cover 15–150 kDa range. (b) Real-time RT-PCR analysis of mRNA transcripts of housekeeping genes (beta-actin, ACTB; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) in noninfected, binase-treated (100 <italic>μ</italic>g/ml, 12 h), and nontreated A549 cells. (c) H1N1pdm viral NP mRNA in infected nontreated A549 cells (1) and treated by 100 <italic>μ</italic>g/ml binase after 12 h (2). GAPDH mRNA was used as a loading control to normalize viral mRNA accumulation. 10<sup>6</sup> cells from each sample were used to measure mRNA levels using Roche Light Cycler 480 system and target-specific primers. Statistical significance was calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.0 Software and assessed by Student's<italic> t</italic>-test: <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-5279065.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Effect of binase on functional H1N1pdm viral RNP polymerase complex formation in A549 cells transfected by plasmids (pHW) encoding vRNP subunits (PB1, PB2, and PA) and NP of H1N1pdm virus together with vRNA-like transcript pPOLI-GFP-RT encoding GFP. Decrease of GFP expression in the cells treated by binase (a) and visualization of this effect using Axiovert 35 inverted fluorescent microscope (b). (i) A549 cells carrying PAM 503 plasmid as GFP expression control; (ii) A549 cells without binase treatment; (iii) A549 cells treated by 10 <italic>μ</italic>g/ml binase after transfections. Statistical significance was calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.0 Software and assessed by Student's<italic> t</italic>-test: <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.001.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-5279065.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Hypothetic scheme of binase influence on functional viral RNP polymerase complex formation monitored by GFP fluorescence in the cells using the influenza A virus mini genome system. For the in vitro reconstitution of viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP), plasmids pHW-PB1-Hamburg, pHW-PB2-Hamburg, pHW-PA-Hamburg, and pHW-NP-Hamburg were used. They carry genes for generating the mRNAs of polymerases and NP segments of H1N1pdm virus. These plasmids were transfected into A549 cells along with pPOLI-GFP-RT plasmid, which generates a vRNA-like POLI-transcript encoding the green fluorescent protein. GFP gene in a latter construct is encoded in negative-sense and flanked by the 3′- and 5′-noncoding region of the NS RNA segment of influenza A/WSN/33 virus [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] placed between a truncated human RNA polymerase I promotor (POLI) and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (R). The expressed subunits of the viral polymerases and nucleoprotein replicate and transcribe the influenza virus-like RNA expressed by pPOLI-GFP-RT into GFP mRNA, resulting in the detection of GFP activity in transfected cells. The described steps are labeled as follows: (1) plasmid constructs encoding vRNP subunits and GFP as a reporter protein, (2-3) transfection and internalization of plasmids into nucleus of A549 cells, (4–6) expression of viral polymerase complex, (7) maturation of GFP transcript by viral polymerase complex, and (8) GFP signaling. Possible binase actions are represented in the steps: (A) binase internalization into cytoplasm, (B) binase internalization into nucleus, (C) and (D) inhibitory effect of binase on the expression of influenza A virus mini genome system in cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-5279065.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Viability of HeLa cells treated by binase (24 h) (a) and the influence of binase on HRV1A virus titer after 24 h incubation of HeLa cells with different concentrations of the RNase. CC<sub>50</sub> and EC<sub>50</sub> are the binase concentration, which induces 50% cell death and 50% reduction of virus titer, respectively. 1 <italic>μ</italic>g/<italic>μ</italic>L of binase corresponds to 82 <italic>μ</italic>M. The<italic> R</italic>-squared value and cytotoxic and effective concentrations were calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.0 Software.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-5279065.005"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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