Endophytes: A Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Importance
Identifieur interne : 000A92 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000A91; suivant : 000A93Endophytes: A Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Importance
Auteurs : Sushanto Gouda ; Gitishree Das ; Sandeep K. Sen ; Han-Seung Shin ; Jayanta Kumar PatraSource :
- Frontiers in Microbiology [ 1664-302X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms that colonize in plants and microbes that can be readily isolated from any microbial or plant growth medium. They act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids that serve as a potential candidate for antimicrobial, anti-insect, anticancer and many more properties. While plant sources are being extensively explored for new chemical entities for therapeutic purposes, endophytic microbes also constitute an important source for drug discovery. This review aims to comprehend the contribution and uses of endophytes as an impending source of drugs against various forms of diseases and other possible medicinal use.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01538
PubMed: 27746767
PubMed Central: 5041141
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5041141Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Endophytes: A Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Importance</title><author><name sortKey="Gouda, Sushanto" sort="Gouda, Sushanto" uniqKey="Gouda S" first="Sushanto" last="Gouda">Sushanto Gouda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>AMITY Institute of Wildlife Science, Noida</institution><country>India</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Gitishree" sort="Das, Gitishree" uniqKey="Das G" first="Gitishree" last="Das">Gitishree Das</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sen, Sandeep K" sort="Sen, Sandeep K" uniqKey="Sen S" first="Sandeep K." last="Sen">Sandeep K. Sen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela</institution><country>India</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Han Seung" sort="Shin, Han Seung" uniqKey="Shin H" first="Han-Seung" last="Shin">Han-Seung Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" sort="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" uniqKey="Patra J" first="Jayanta Kumar" last="Patra">Jayanta Kumar Patra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27746767</idno><idno type="pmc">5041141</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5041141</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5041141</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2016.01538</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A92</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000A92</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Endophytes: A Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Importance</title><author><name sortKey="Gouda, Sushanto" sort="Gouda, Sushanto" uniqKey="Gouda S" first="Sushanto" last="Gouda">Sushanto Gouda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>AMITY Institute of Wildlife Science, Noida</institution><country>India</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Gitishree" sort="Das, Gitishree" uniqKey="Das G" first="Gitishree" last="Das">Gitishree Das</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sen, Sandeep K" sort="Sen, Sandeep K" uniqKey="Sen S" first="Sandeep K." last="Sen">Sandeep K. Sen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela</institution><country>India</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Han Seung" sort="Shin, Han Seung" uniqKey="Shin H" first="Han-Seung" last="Shin">Han-Seung Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" sort="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" uniqKey="Patra J" first="Jayanta Kumar" last="Patra">Jayanta Kumar Patra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Microbiology</title><idno type="eISSN">1664-302X</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms that colonize in plants and microbes that can be readily isolated from any microbial or plant growth medium. They act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids that serve as a potential candidate for antimicrobial, anti-insect, anticancer and many more properties. While plant sources are being extensively explored for new chemical entities for therapeutic purposes, endophytic microbes also constitute an important source for drug discovery. This review aims to comprehend the contribution and uses of endophytes as an impending source of drugs against various forms of diseases and other possible medicinal use.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abreu Tarazi, M F" uniqKey="Abreu Tarazi M">M. F. Abreu-Tarazi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navarrete, A A" uniqKey="Navarrete A">A. A. Navarrete</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andreote, F D" uniqKey="Andreote F">F. D. Andreote</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, C V" uniqKey="Almeida C">C. V. Almeida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsai, S M" uniqKey="Tsai S">S. M. Tsai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, M" uniqKey="Almeida M">M. Almeida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akiyama, H" uniqKey="Akiyama H">H. Akiyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujii, K" uniqKey="Fujii K">K. Fujii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamasaki, O" uniqKey="Yamasaki O">O. Yamasaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oono, T" uniqKey="Oono T">T. Oono</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iwatsuki, K" uniqKey="Iwatsuki K">K. Iwatsuki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alvin, A" uniqKey="Alvin A">A. Alvin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kristin, I" uniqKey="Kristin I">I. Kristin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, B" uniqKey="Miller B">B. Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neilan, A" uniqKey="Neilan A">A. Neilan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andreote, F D" uniqKey="Andreote F">F. D. Andreote</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gumiere, T" uniqKey="Gumiere T">T. Gumiere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Durrer, A" uniqKey="Durrer A">A. Durrer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bacon, C W" uniqKey="Bacon C">C. W. Bacon</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, J F" uniqKey="White J">J. F. White</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barka, E A" uniqKey="Barka E">E. A. Barka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vatsa, P" uniqKey="Vatsa P">P. Vatsa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, L" uniqKey="Sanchez L">L. Sanchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaveau Vaillant, N" uniqKey="Gaveau Vaillant N">N. Gaveau-Vaillant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacquard, C" uniqKey="Jacquard C">C. Jacquard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenk, H P" uniqKey="Klenk H">H. P. Klenk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berdy, J" uniqKey="Berdy J">J. Berdy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berg, G" uniqKey="Berg G">G. Berg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grube, M" uniqKey="Grube M">M. Grube</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schloter, M" uniqKey="Schloter M">M. Schloter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smalla, K" uniqKey="Smalla K">K. Smalla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhardwaj, A" uniqKey="Bhardwaj A">A. Bhardwaj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrawal, P" uniqKey="Agrawal P">P. Agrawal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chaudhary, H S" uniqKey="Chaudhary H">H. S. Chaudhary</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soni, B" uniqKey="Soni B">B. Soni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shrivastava, A R" uniqKey="Shrivastava A">A. R. Shrivastava</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shrivastava, S" uniqKey="Shrivastava S">S. Shrivastava</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dayle, E S" uniqKey="Dayle E">E. S. Dayle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Polans, N O" uniqKey="Polans N">N. O. Polans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, D S" uniqKey="Paul D">D. S. Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melvin, R D" uniqKey="Melvin R">R. D. Melvin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Bary, A" uniqKey="De Bary A">A. De Bary</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dini Andreote, F" uniqKey="Dini Andreote F">F. Dini-Andreote</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andreote, F D" uniqKey="Andreote F">F. D. Andreote</name></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo, W L" uniqKey="Araujo W">W. L. Araújo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trevors, J T" uniqKey="Trevors J">J. T. Trevors</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Elsas, J D" uniqKey="Van Elsas J">J. D. van Elsas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doornbos, R F" uniqKey="Doornbos R">R. F. Doornbos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanloon, L C" uniqKey="Vanloon L">L. C. vanLoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakker, P A H M" uniqKey="Bakker P">P. A. H. M. Bakker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dudeja, S S" uniqKey="Dudeja S">S. S. Dudeja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giri, R" uniqKey="Giri R">R. Giri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dutta, D" uniqKey="Dutta D">D. Dutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puzari, K C" uniqKey="Puzari K">K. C. Puzari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gogoi, R" uniqKey="Gogoi R">R. Gogoi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dutta, P" uniqKey="Dutta P">P. Dutta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="El Gendy, M M A" uniqKey="El Gendy M">M. M. A. El-Gendy</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Bondkly, A M A" uniqKey="El Bondkly A">A. M. A. El-Bondkly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ezra, D" uniqKey="Ezra D">D. Ezra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castillo, U F" uniqKey="Castillo U">U. F. Castillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strobel, G A" uniqKey="Strobel G">G. A. Strobel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hess, W M" uniqKey="Hess W">W. M. Hess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Porter, H" uniqKey="Porter H">H. Porter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, J B" uniqKey="Jensen J">J. B. Jensen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Felnagle, E A" uniqKey="Felnagle E">E. A. Felnagle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rondon, M R" uniqKey="Rondon M">M. R. Rondon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berti, A D" uniqKey="Berti A">A. D. Berti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crosby, H A" uniqKey="Crosby H">H. A. Crosby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, M G" uniqKey="Thomas M">M. G. Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gaiero, J R" uniqKey="Gaiero J">J. R. Gaiero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccall, C A" uniqKey="Mccall C">C. A. McCall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, K A" uniqKey="Thompson K">K. A. Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, N J" uniqKey="Day N">N. J. Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Best, A S" uniqKey="Best A">A. S. Best</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dunfield, K E" uniqKey="Dunfield K">K. E. Dunfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gangwar, M" uniqKey="Gangwar M">M. Gangwar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dogra, S" uniqKey="Dogra S">S. Dogra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, U P" uniqKey="Gupta U">U. P. Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kharwar, R N" uniqKey="Kharwar R">R. N. Kharwar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gayathri, P" uniqKey="Gayathri P">P. Gayathri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muralikrishnan, V" uniqKey="Muralikrishnan V">V. Muralikrishnan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gerber, G K" uniqKey="Gerber G">G. K. Gerber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Godstime, O C" uniqKey="Godstime O">O. C. Godstime</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enwa, F O" uniqKey="Enwa F">F. O. Enwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Augustina, J O" uniqKey="Augustina J">J. O. Augustina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christopher, E O" uniqKey="Christopher E">E. O. Christopher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Golinska, P" uniqKey="Golinska P">P. Golinska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wypij, M" uniqKey="Wypij M">M. Wypij</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agarkar, G" uniqKey="Agarkar G">G. Agarkar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rathod, D" uniqKey="Rathod D">D. Rathod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dahm, H" uniqKey="Dahm H">H. Dahm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rai, M" uniqKey="Rai M">M. Rai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hallmann, J" uniqKey="Hallmann J">J. Hallmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quadt Hallmann, A" uniqKey="Quadt Hallmann A">A. Quadt-Hallmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahaffee, W F" uniqKey="Mahaffee W">W. F. Mahaffee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kloepper, J W" uniqKey="Kloepper J">J. W. Kloepper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, T" uniqKey="Han T">T. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, K" uniqKey="Rahman K">K. Rahman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hardoim, P" uniqKey="Hardoim P">P. Hardoim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Overbeek, L" uniqKey="Van Overbeek L">L. van-Overbeek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Elsas, J" uniqKey="Van Elsas J">J. van-Elsas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hata, K" uniqKey="Hata K">K. Hata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sone, K" uniqKey="Sone K">K. Sone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, A M" uniqKey="Hoffman A">A. M. Hoffman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayer, S G" uniqKey="Mayer S">S. G. Mayer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strobel, G A" uniqKey="Strobel G">G. A. Strobel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hess, W M" uniqKey="Hess W">W. M. Hess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sovocool, G W" uniqKey="Sovocool G">G. W. Sovocool</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grange, A H" uniqKey="Grange A">A. H. Grange</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hollants, J" uniqKey="Hollants J">J. Hollants</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leroux, O" uniqKey="Leroux O">O. Leroux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leliaert, F" uniqKey="Leliaert F">F. Leliaert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Decleyre, H" uniqKey="Decleyre H">H. Decleyre</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Clerck, O" uniqKey="De Clerck O">O. De Clerck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willems, A" uniqKey="Willems A">A. Willems</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hussain, M S" uniqKey="Hussain M">M. S. Hussain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fareed, S" uniqKey="Fareed S">S. Fareed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ansari, S" uniqKey="Ansari S">S. Ansari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, M A" uniqKey="Rahman M">M. A. Rahman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, I Z" uniqKey="Ahmad I">I. Z. Ahmad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saeed, M" uniqKey="Saeed M">M. Saeed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ismail, K" uniqKey="Ismail K">K. Ismail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, S" uniqKey="Abdullah S">S. Abdullah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chong, K" uniqKey="Chong K">K. Chong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jalgaonwala, R E" uniqKey="Jalgaonwala R">R. E. Jalgaonwala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohite, B V" uniqKey="Mohite B">B. V. Mohite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahajan, R T" uniqKey="Mahajan R">R. T. Mahajan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joseph, B" uniqKey="Joseph B">B. Joseph</name></author><author><name sortKey="Priya, R M" uniqKey="Priya R">R. M. Priya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaul, S" uniqKey="Kaul S">S. Kaul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, S" uniqKey="Gupta S">S. Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, M" uniqKey="Ahmed M">M. Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhar, M K" uniqKey="Dhar M">M. K. Dhar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Konuklugil, B" uniqKey="Konuklugil B">B. Konuklugil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S. Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aharwal, R P" uniqKey="Aharwal R">R. P. Aharwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shukla, H" uniqKey="Shukla H">H. Shukla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajak, R C" uniqKey="Rajak R">R. C. Rajak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandhu, S S" uniqKey="Sandhu S">S. S. Sandhu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lam, K S" uniqKey="Lam K">K. S. Lam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leone, V" uniqKey="Leone V">V. Leone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibbons, S M" uniqKey="Gibbons S">S. M. Gibbons</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, K" uniqKey="Martinez K">K. Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hutchison, A L" uniqKey="Hutchison A">A. L. Hutchison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, E Y" uniqKey="Huang E">E. Y. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cham, C M" uniqKey="Cham C">C. M. Cham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meca, G" uniqKey="Meca G">G. Meca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sospedra, I" uniqKey="Sospedra I">I. Sospedra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soriano, J M" uniqKey="Soriano J">J. M. Soriano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ritieni, A" uniqKey="Ritieni A">A. Ritieni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moretti, A" uniqKey="Moretti A">A. Moretti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manes, J" uniqKey="Manes J">J. Manes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mendes, R" uniqKey="Mendes R">R. Mendes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garbeva, P" uniqKey="Garbeva P">P. Garbeva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raaijmakers, J M" uniqKey="Raaijmakers J">J. M. Raaijmakers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Menpara, D" uniqKey="Menpara D">D. Menpara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chanda, S" uniqKey="Chanda S">S. Chanda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitter, B" uniqKey="Mitter B">B. Mitter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petric, A" uniqKey="Petric A">A. Petric</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, M W" uniqKey="Shin M">M. W. Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chain, P S G" uniqKey="Chain P">P. S. G. Chain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hauberg Lotte, L" uniqKey="Hauberg Lotte L">L. Hauberg- Lotte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reinhold Hurek, B" uniqKey="Reinhold Hurek B">B. Reinhold-Hurek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Molina, G" uniqKey="Molina G">G. Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pimentel, M R" uniqKey="Pimentel M">M. R. Pimentel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertucci, T C P" uniqKey="Bertucci T">T. C. P. Bertucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pastore, G M" uniqKey="Pastore G">G. M. Pastore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muzny, C A" uniqKey="Muzny C">C. A. Muzny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sunesara, I R" uniqKey="Sunesara I">I. R. Sunesara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, R" uniqKey="Kumar R">R. Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mena, L A" uniqKey="Mena L">L. A. Mena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griswold, M E" uniqKey="Griswold M">M. E. Griswold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, D H" uniqKey="Martin D">D. H. Martin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nair, D N" uniqKey="Nair D">D. N. Nair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padmavathy, S" uniqKey="Padmavathy S">S. Padmavathy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicoletti, R" uniqKey="Nicoletti R">R. Nicoletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fiorentino, A" uniqKey="Fiorentino A">A. Fiorentino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nithya, K" uniqKey="Nithya K">K. Nithya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muthumary, J" uniqKey="Muthumary J">J. Muthumary</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oldroyd, G E D" uniqKey="Oldroyd G">G. E. D. Oldroyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, J D" uniqKey="Murray J">J. D. Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poole, P S" uniqKey="Poole P">P. S. Poole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Downie, J A" uniqKey="Downie J">J. A. Downie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parniske, M" uniqKey="Parniske M">M. Parniske</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parthasarathi, S" uniqKey="Parthasarathi S">S. Parthasarathi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sathya, S" uniqKey="Sathya S">S. Sathya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bupesh, G" uniqKey="Bupesh G">G. Bupesh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samy, D R" uniqKey="Samy D">D. R. Samy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohan, M R" uniqKey="Mohan M">M. R. Mohan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selva, G K" uniqKey="Selva G">G. K. Selva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Petrini, O" uniqKey="Petrini O">O. Petrini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Philippot, L" uniqKey="Philippot L">L. Philippot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raaijmakers, J M" uniqKey="Raaijmakers J">J. M. Raaijmakers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lemanceau, P" uniqKey="Lemanceau P">P. Lemanceau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Putten, W H" uniqKey="Van Der Putten W">W. H. van der Putten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pimentel, M R" uniqKey="Pimentel M">M. R. Pimentel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molina, G" uniqKey="Molina G">G. Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dionisio, A P" uniqKey="Dionisio A">A. P. Dionisio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mar Stica, M R" uniqKey="Mar Stica M">M. R. Maróstica</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pastore, G M" uniqKey="Pastore G">G. M. Pastore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pittayakhajonwut, P" uniqKey="Pittayakhajonwut P">P. Pittayakhajonwut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suvannakad, R" uniqKey="Suvannakad R">R. Suvannakad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thienhirun, S" uniqKey="Thienhirun S">S. Thienhirun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prabpai, S" uniqKey="Prabpai S">S. Prabpai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kongsaerree, P" uniqKey="Kongsaerree P">P. Kongsaerree</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tantichareon, M" uniqKey="Tantichareon M">M. Tantichareon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Puebla, S T" uniqKey="Ramirez Puebla S">S. T. Ramirez-Puebla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Servin Garcidue As, L E" uniqKey="Servin Garcidue As L">L. E. Servín-Garcidueñas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jimenez Marin, B" uniqKey="Jimenez Marin B">B. Jiménez-Marín</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolanos, L M" uniqKey="Bolanos L">L. M. Bolanos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenblueth, M" uniqKey="Rosenblueth M">M. Rosenblueth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, J" uniqKey="Martinez J">J. Martínez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosenblueth, M" uniqKey="Rosenblueth M">M. Rosenblueth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Romero, E" uniqKey="Martinez Romero E">E. Martínez-Romero</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schulz, B" uniqKey="Schulz B">B. Schulz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, C" uniqKey="Boyle C">C. Boyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Draeger, S" uniqKey="Draeger S">S. Draeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rommert, A K" uniqKey="Rommert A">A.-K. Römmert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krohn, K" uniqKey="Krohn K">K. Krohn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Selvi, B K" uniqKey="Selvi B">B. K. Selvi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balagengatharathilagam, P" uniqKey="Balagengatharathilagam P">P. Balagengatharathilagam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shukla, S T" uniqKey="Shukla S">S. T. Shukla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habbu, P V" uniqKey="Habbu P">P. V. Habbu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, V H" uniqKey="Kulkarni V">V. H. Kulkarni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jagadish, K S" uniqKey="Jagadish K">K. S. Jagadish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pandey, A R" uniqKey="Pandey A">A. R. Pandey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sutariya, V N" uniqKey="Sutariya V">V. N. Sutariya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, R" uniqKey="Singh R">R. Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dubey, A K" uniqKey="Dubey A">A. K. Dubey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Specian, V" uniqKey="Specian V">V. Specian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarragiotto, M H" uniqKey="Sarragiotto M">M. H. Sarragiotto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pamphile, J A" uniqKey="Pamphile J">J. A. Pamphile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clemente, E" uniqKey="Clemente E">E. Clemente</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="St Pniewska, Z" uniqKey="St Pniewska Z">Z. Stępniewska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuzniar, A" uniqKey="Kuzniar A">A. Kuzniar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Strobel, G A" uniqKey="Strobel G">G. A. Strobel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Strobel, G A" uniqKey="Strobel G">G. A. Strobel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daisy, B" uniqKey="Daisy B">B. Daisy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Subbulakshmi, G K" uniqKey="Subbulakshmi G">G. K. Subbulakshmi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thalavaipandian, A" uniqKey="Thalavaipandian A">A. Thalavaipandian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bagyalakshmi, R V" uniqKey="Bagyalakshmi R">R. V. Bagyalakshmi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajendran, A" uniqKey="Rajendran A">A. Rajendran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sun, H" uniqKey="Sun H">H. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, Y" uniqKey="He Y">Y. He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Q" uniqKey="Xiao Q">Q. Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, R" uniqKey="Ye R">R. Ye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tian, Y" uniqKey="Tian Y">Y. Tian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turner, T R" uniqKey="Turner T">T. R. Turner</name></author><author><name sortKey="James, E K" uniqKey="James E">E. K. James</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poole, P S" uniqKey="Poole P">P. S. Poole</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Visalakchi, S" uniqKey="Visalakchi S">S. Visalakchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muthumary, J" uniqKey="Muthumary J">J. Muthumary</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilson, D" uniqKey="Wilson D">D. Wilson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, P" uniqKey="Zhang P">P. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, P P" uniqKey="Zhou P">P. P. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, L J" uniqKey="Yu L">L. J. Yu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shan, T" uniqKey="Shan T">T. Shan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mou, Y" uniqKey="Mou Y">Y. Mou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, L" uniqKey="Zhou L">L. Zhou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, L" uniqKey="Zhou L">L. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shan, T" uniqKey="Shan T">T. Shan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, L" uniqKey="Zhong L">L. Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X. Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, K" uniqKey="Zhao K">K. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Penttinen, P" uniqKey="Penttinen P">P. Penttinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, T" uniqKey="Guan T">T. Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, J" uniqKey="Xiao J">J. Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Q" uniqKey="Chen Q">Q. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Microbiol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Microbiol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Microbiol.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Microbiology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1664-302X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27746767</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5041141</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2016.01538</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Mini Review</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Endophytes: A Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Importance</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gouda</surname><given-names>Sushanto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn002"><sup>†</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/359864/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Das</surname><given-names>Gitishree</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn002"><sup>†</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/129252/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sen</surname><given-names>Sandeep K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Han-Seung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/358220/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patra</surname><given-names>Jayanta Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/129250/overview"></uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>AMITY Institute of Wildlife Science, Noida</institution><country>India</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup><institution>Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela</institution><country>India</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>4</sup><institution>Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang</institution><country>South Korea</country></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: <italic>Vijai Kumar Gupta, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland</italic></p></fn><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: <italic>Bharath Prithiviraj, MetaSUB Consortium, USA; Madhu Kamle, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel</italic></p></fn><corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: <italic>Jayanta Kumar Patra, <email xlink:type="simple">jkpatra@dongguk.edu</email></italic></corresp><fn fn-type="other" id="fn002"><p><sup>†</sup><italic>These authors have contributed equally to this work and are combined first authors.</italic></p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="fn003"><p>This article was submitted to Microbiotechnology, Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>1538</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Gouda, Das, Sen, Shin and Patra.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Gouda, Das, Sen, Shin and Patra</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms that colonize in plants and microbes that can be readily isolated from any microbial or plant growth medium. They act as reservoirs of novel bioactive secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids that serve as a potential candidate for antimicrobial, anti-insect, anticancer and many more properties. While plant sources are being extensively explored for new chemical entities for therapeutic purposes, endophytic microbes also constitute an important source for drug discovery. This review aims to comprehend the contribution and uses of endophytes as an impending source of drugs against various forms of diseases and other possible medicinal use.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>bioactive compounds</kwd><kwd>endophytes</kwd><kwd>foodborne diseases</kwd><kwd>secondary metabolites</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="1"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="75"></ref-count><page-count count="8"></page-count><word-count count="0"></word-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Plants have served as a source of medicinal bioactive compounds against numerous forms of ailments for centuries. Ironically, in recent years, microorganisms associated with plants rather than plants themselves have proved to offer material and products with high therapeutic potential (<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">Subbulakshmi et al., 2012</xref>). Endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms – often bacteria or fungi – that colonize the inter- and/or intracellular locations of plants (<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">Pimentel et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">Singh and Dubey, 2015</xref>). For these organisms, all or part of their life cycle occurs within their hosts, without causing any apparent symptoms of disease. They are ubiquitous in nature and exhibit complex interactions with their hosts, which involve mutualism, antagonism and rarely parasitism (<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">Nair and Padmavathy, 2014</xref>). Endophytes are known to enhance host growth and nutrient gain. They may improve the plant’s ability to tolerate various types of abiotic and biotic stresses, and enhance the resistance of plants to insects and pests. They produce phytohormones and other bioactive compounds of biotechnological interest (enzymes and pharmaceutical drugs) (<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">Parthasarathi et al., 2012</xref>).</p><p>Researchers have indicated the presence of one or more types of endophytes in every single plant studied to date (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">Strobel and Daisy, 2003</xref>). Endophytes can colonize in the stem, roots, petioles, leaf segments, inflorescences of weeds, fruit, buds, seeds and also dead and hollow hyaline cells of plants (<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">Hata and Sone, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">Specian et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">Stępniewska and Kuzniar, 2013</xref>). The population of endophytes in a plant species is highly variable and depends on various components, such as host species, host developmental stage, inoculum density and environmental condition (<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">Dudeja and Giri, 2014</xref>).</p><p>However, very few studies have exploited these symbiotic groups of organisms and their bioactive metabolites. For the past few decades, it has become evident that the discovery rate of active novel chemical entities is declining. While plant sources are being extensively explored for the discovery of new chemical entities for various therapeutic purposes, endophytic microorganisms play an important role in this search for natural bioactive compounds, with potential use in the health sector and in drug discovery (<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">Lam, 2007</xref>). This review highlights the various sources of endophytes, their secondary metabolites and role as source of drugs. Such studies may improve the understanding of endophytes and address the need for new and useful compounds necessary to combat various pathogens associated with human health and other possible medicinal uses.</p></sec><sec><title>What is an Endophyte?</title><p>Numerous surveys, mostly on the pathogenicity interactions between plants and microorganisms associated with them, have been accomplished. However, after several explanations and studies on the role of microbial diversity associated with various plant species, it was assumed that only a small fraction of the microbes interacting with the plant are pathogenic in nature (<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Andreote et al., 2014</xref>). Most of the microorganisms that inhabit plants play a major role in the plant’s health and development, although, sometimes they are neutral (<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">Mendes et al., 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">Philippot et al., 2013</xref>). It is considered that a single plant species could possess thousands of microbes, categorized as epiphytes (microbial inhabitants of the rhizosphere and phyllosphere; those near or on plant tissue) or endophytes (microbes residing within plant tissues in leaves, roots or stems), depending on their area of colonization in the plant species (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">Oldroyd et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">Turner et al., 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Andreote et al., 2014</xref>).</p><p>Apart from the disease-causing microorganisms, the presence of other (non-pathogenic) organisms inside the plants was first pronounced by <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">De Bary (1866)</xref>, who detected the presence of microbial cells in the microscopically analyzed plant tissues. However, this observation continued to be unexplored until the definition of endophytes came into existence toward the end of last century. <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">De Bary (1866)</xref> provided the first definition of an endophyte, as “<italic>any organism that grows within plant tissues are termed as endophytes</italic>,” however, the definition continues to change as per various researchers (<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">Wilson, 1995</xref>; <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">Hallmann et al., 1997</xref>; <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Bacon and White, 2000</xref>). <xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">Petrini (1991)</xref> provided the most suitable definition for endophytes, which means any organism that at some part of its life cycle, colonizes the internal plant tissues without causing any type of harm to the host plant. Furthermore, due to extensive studies of these groups of microorganisms, the endophytic communities have been divided into different subgroups, such as ‘obligate’ or ‘facultative,’ which are associated with all types of plants (<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">Rosenblueth and Martínez-Romero, 2006</xref>). Endophytes that depend on the metabolism of plants for survival, being spread amongst plants by the activity of different types of vectors or by vertical transmission, are termed obligate endophytes (<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">Hardoim et al., 2008</xref>). Whereas, the facultative endophytes are those that live outside the host body during a certain stage of their life cycle and are mostly associated with plants from its neighboring soil environment and atmosphere (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Abreu-Tarazi et al., 2010</xref>).</p><p>Numerous attempts have been made during recent years to discover the origin of endophytic organisms in different species (<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">Hallmann et al., 1997</xref>; <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">Mitter et al., 2013</xref>). Initially, researchers choose the rhizosphere or the seed-born microbial communities as the major sources of endophytes. Normally, the specific endophytes interaction with various plants and evidence of their strategy of existence and transmission is provided by their genome organization (<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Andreote et al., 2014</xref>). Researchers have reviewed the genome sizes and origins of endophytes by correlating the genome size with the bacterial lifestyle (<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">Dini-Andreote et al., 2012</xref>). As per many researchers, the definition of endophytes could be suitable for the hypothesis that they live inside the plant species, where the environment is more stable compared to the soil, where the plant grows. However, there are also some endophytes that only appear in the plant during part of their lifecycle. Thus, the endophytic community is made up of organisms from distinct origins, with those with larger genomes likely to live in variable environments, such as soils, while those with smaller genomes are likely to exist in the stable environment and are vertically transmitted (<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">Mitter et al., 2013</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Types of Endophytes</title><p>Endophytes are associated with plants in various forms, including bacteria (actinomycetes or mycoplasma) or fungi that have been colonized inside the plant tissues. More than 200 genera from 16 phyla of bacterial species have been reported to be associated with endophytes and among them, most of the species belong to the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes (<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref>). The diversity of endophytic bacteria ranges from gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria, such as <italic>Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas</italic> etc. (<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">Sun et al., 2013</xref>). Bacterial endophytes are diverse in nature and are known to produce different bioactive metabolites that act as antimicrobial and anticancer compounds, for example, with 76% of them reported from the single genus, <italic>Streptomyces</italic> (<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">Berdy, 2012</xref>).</p><p>Actinomycetes are prokaryotic microorganisms that belong to the phylum Actinobacteria and possess mycelium like fungus and forms spores (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Chaudhary et al., 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">Barka et al., 2016</xref>). Traditionally, these actinomycetes were considered transitional forms between the fungi and bacteria (<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">Barka et al., 2016</xref>). However, the comparison of actinomycetes to fungi is only superficial because most of their properties are similar to those of bacteria but unlike bacterial cells, the cells of actinomycetes are thin with a chromosome that is organized in a prokaryotic nucleoid and a peptidoglycan cell wall. Endophytic actinomycetes are known to produce various chemical entities with unique structures of considerable medicinal importance (<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">Gayathri and Muralikrishnan, 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">Singh and Dubey, 2015</xref>). Many antimicrobial compounds have been reported from various types of endophytic actinomycetes. <italic>Streptomyces</italic> is one of the dominant genera, which is most commonly isolated as endophytic actinomycetes (<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">Zhao K. et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref>). Compounds of biological interest isolated from <italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp. include munumbicins (A and B), naphthomycin (A and K), clethramycin, coronamycin, cedarmycin (A and B), saadamycin, and kakadumycins. Other active compounds isolated from actinomycetes are paclitaxel extracted from <italic>Kitasatospora</italic> sp. associated with <italic>Taxus baccata</italic>, and tyrosol from <italic>Emblica officinalis</italic>, which is suggested to inhibit food-borne microbes (<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">Zhao K. et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">Gangwar et al., 2014</xref>; <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref>).</p><p>Mycoplasma species are also reported as plant endophytes. Endophytic mycoplasma species were conveyed to be in a symbiotic relationship with some red algae, such as <italic>Bryopsis pennata</italic>, <italic>B. hypnoides</italic> and also in Arcobacte (<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">Hollants et al., 2011</xref>). However, there is no confirmed evidence of its uses, the source of extraction or use against foodborne diseases or other pathogens.</p><p>Fungi are a heterotrophic group of organisms with various life cycles that include symbiotic relationships with a wide variety of autotrophic organisms (<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Dayle et al., 2001</xref>). Endophytic fungi have been classified into two broad groups based on their phylogeny and life history traits. These include the clavicipitaceous, which infect some grasses confined to cool regions and the non-clavicipitaceous endophytes, which are from asymptomatic tissues of non-vascular plants, ferns and allies, conifers and angiosperms and are limited to the Ascomycota or Basidiomycota group (<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Bhardwaj and Agrawal, 2014</xref>). Endophytic fungi produce some of the most broadly used antibiotic and anticancer drugs. Penicillenols, extracted from <italic>Penicillium</italic> sp., is cytotoxic to numerous cell lines. Taxol, isolated from <italic>Taxomyces andreanae</italic>, is the most effective and successful anticancer drug extracted from endophytic fungi to date. Clavatol (<italic>Torreya mairei</italic>), sordaricin (<italic>Fusarium</italic> sp.), jesterone (<italic>Pestalotiopsis jesteri</italic>), and javanicin (<italic>Chloridium</italic> sp.) are all known to possess strong antibacterial and antifungal properties against numerous foodborne infectious agents (<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref>). Pestacin, isolated from <italic>P. microspora</italic>, has excellent antioxidant properties.</p></sec><sec><title>Isolation and Identification of Endophytes from Different Sources</title><p>Though the endophytes were overlooked for a long time and are considered as pathogen-causing contaminations, many that inhabit inside the plants are often recognized as symbionts, with a distinctive and cherished interaction with the plants with whom they grow (<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">Mitter et al., 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Berg et al., 2014</xref>). Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of endophytes by various cultivation-independent assays and by fluorescence <italic>in situ</italic> hybridization-confocal laser scanning microscopy studies (<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">Mitter et al., 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Berg et al., 2014</xref>). Cultivation-based techniques, use the recovery and testing of isolates, whereas cultivation-independent techniques screen for variations in the total endophytic communities (<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">Menpara and Chanda, 2013</xref>). Endophytes can be easily isolated on any microbial or plant growth, such as agar, potato dextrose agar and any nitrogen- or carbon-containing media. The most frequent method used to detect and enumerate endophytes involves isolation from surface-sterilized host plant tissue. The main factors that may regulate entophyte colonization within a plant or microbial species, include the genotype of the plant, the growth stage of the plant, the physiological status of the plant, the type of plant tissues, the environmental condition of the soil in which it is grown, the sampling season, the surface sterility, selective media and culture conditions as well as different agricultural practices (<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">Gaiero et al., 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref>) Ecological awareness on the role of endophytes in nature, can also provide the best clues for targeting a particular type of endophytic bioactivity with the greatest potential for bioprospecting (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">Strobel and Daisy, 2003</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Bioactive Compounds from Endophytes</title><p>Endophytes are reported to produce a number of bioactive metabolites in a single plant or microbe which served as an excellent source of drugs for treatment against various diseases and with potential applications in agriculture, medicine, food and cosmetics industries (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">Strobel and Daisy, 2003</xref>; <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Godstime et al., 2014</xref>; <xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">Shukla et al., 2014</xref>). These secondary metabolites were categorized into various functional groups, alkaloids, benzopyranones, chinones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, tetralones, xanthones, and many others (<bold>Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1A,B</xref></bold>) (<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Schulz et al., 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">Strobel and Daisy, 2003</xref>; <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">Pimentel et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Godstime et al., 2014</xref>).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>FIGURE 1</label><caption><p><bold>(A)</bold> Types of endophytes and the bioactive compound groups associated with them. <bold>(B)</bold> Selected bioactive compounds with medicinal importance isolated from endophytes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="fmicb-07-01538-g001"></graphic></fig><p>Extraction of metabolites from endophytes is affected by various factors, such as the season of sample collection, climatic condition and geographical location (<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">Shukla et al., 2014</xref>). However, with a revolutionary synthetic process that has been developed during the past few years, extraction from plants and other natural sources has now become more feasible, efficient and convenient (<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">Hussain et al., 2012</xref>). The production of bioactive substances by endophytes, has been directly associated with the evolution of the host microorganisms, which may have incorporated genetic information from higher plants, allowing them to better adapt to the host plant and perform some functions, such as protection from various types of pathogens, insects, and grazing animals (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">Strobel, 2003</xref>). Some of the commonly found secondary bioactive compounds from endophytes are described below.</p><p>Taxol (paclitaxol), a complex diterpene alkaloid produced by the endophyte <italic>Metarhizium anisopliae</italic> found in the bark of <italic>Taxus</italic> tree, is one of the most promising anticancer agents developed or synthesized to date (<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">Zhang et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">Visalakchi and Muthumary, 2010</xref>; <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref>). Camptothecin, from <italic>Nothapodytes foetida</italic> is known to have cytotoxic and antifungal properties (<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">Han and Rahman, 2012</xref>). Huperzine A (HupA), from <italic>Huperzia serrata</italic>, can act as a cholinesterase inhibitor (<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">Nair and Padmavathy, 2014</xref>). Lignans, such as cathartics, emetics and cholagogue, isolated from endophytic <italic>Podophyllum hexandrum</italic>, are reported to act as anticancer agents (<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">Konuklugil, 1995</xref>). Resins, such as etoposide and teniposide extracted from <italic>P. emodi</italic>, possess strong anticancer activity (<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">Konuklugil, 1995</xref>). Compounds such as oxacillin, ampicillin, catechin, gallic acid, and cefalexin are known to possess bactericidal activities (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">Akiyama et al., 2001</xref>). Terpenoids possess antineoplastic, antibacterial, and antiviral effects as well as gastrointestinal stimulation (<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Godstime et al., 2014</xref>). The endophytic fungus, <italic>Cytonaema</italic> sp., produces triterpenoid helvolic acid with strong antibacterial activity (<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">Kumar et al., 2014</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Microbial Endophytes as Source of Drug Against Various Diseases</title><p>Infectious and parasitic diseases account for approximately half of the deaths worldwide (<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">Menpara and Chanda, 2013</xref>). Although it is the generation of nano to pico drugs, natural sources have been proven as the best source for drug discovery. Medicinal plants and their endophytes are an important source of precious bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites that contribute to more than 80% of the natural drugs available in the market (<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">Singh and Dubey, 2015</xref>). Endophytic microorganisms are the storehouse of novel secondary metabolites that can serve as an excellent source of drugs for antiarthritic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-insect, and immunosuppressant activities (<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Godstime et al., 2014</xref>). To date, only a few plants have been investigated for their endophytic diversity and potential to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. The discovery of novel antimicrobial secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds from different types of endophytic microorganisms is an important alternative to overcome the increasing levels of drugs resistance to various pathogenic microorganisms (<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Godstime et al., 2014</xref>).</p><p>There are a number of bioactive compounds, such as camptothecin, diosgenin, hypericin, paclitaxel, podophyllotoxin, and vinblastine, which have been commercially produced by different endophytic fungi present in respective plants and they are of both agricultural as well pharmaceutical importance (<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">Zhao et al., 2011a</xref>). These compounds are analogs of various types of phytohormones, essential oils etc. isolated from various endophytes (<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">Zhao et al., 2011b</xref>; <xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">Molina et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">Nicoletti and Fiorentino, 2015</xref>). A detailed list of the endophytes isolated from various sources, their bioactive metabolites and the uses of endophytes as a source of medicine against various diseases is presented in <bold>Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref></bold>.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Source of bioactive compounds from endophytes and their use against pathogenic microorganisms.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source of endophytes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bioactive compounds from endophytes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cure against pathogen</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mode of transmission of the pathogen</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Boesenbergia rotunda Streptomyces coelicolor</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Munumbicins</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground meats, raw or under pasteurized milk</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref><break></break><xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">Singh and Dubey, 2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chloridium</italic> sp.<break></break><italic>Allamanda cathartica</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Javanicin<break></break>Munumbicins<break></break>Phomopsilactone</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudomonas</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated water or surgical instruments</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref><break></break><xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">Nithya and Muthumary, 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cladosporium</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated water and aerosols</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">Selvi and Balagengatharathilagam, 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cladosporium</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Proteus</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canned food products</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">Selvi and Balagengatharathilagam, 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cryptosporiopsis quercina</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saadamycin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Campylobacter jejuni</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Raw or uncooked poultry and milk</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Dutta et al., 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cytonaema</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytonic acids A and B</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Human cytomegalovirus. Hepatitis virus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shellfish, berries or contaminated water</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Bhardwaj and Agrawal, 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaporthe helianthi</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabatin, tyrosol</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enterococcus hirae</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nosocomial infection through hospitalized patients</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Godstime et al., 2014</xref><break></break><xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">Specian et al., 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium proliferatum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beauvericin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clostridium botulinum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improperly processed, canned food</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">Meca et al., 2010</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium proliferatum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kakadumycin, beauvericin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Raw or under pasteurized milk, Smoked fish</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref><break></break><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">Meca et al., 2010</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium</italic> sp.<break></break><italic>Cryptosporiopsis quercina</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xularosides, munumbicins,<break></break>Saadamycin, cryptocandin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida albicans</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated sweet fruits and milk products</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref><break></break><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Dutta et al., 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ganoderma boninense</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rapamycin, cyclododecane, petalostemumol</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice, pastas, raw milk and meat products</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">Parthasarathi et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">Ismail et al., 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypericum perforatum,</italic><break></break><italic>Diaporthe helianthi</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypericin, emodin, tyrosol</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Salmonella</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meat, eggs, and untreated tree nuts</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref><xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">Specian et al., 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nigrospora</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saadamycin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maize, cereals, groundnuts and tree nuts</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">El-Gendy and El-Bondkly, 2010</xref>; <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Dutta et al., 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phomopsis</italic> sp. <italic>Cinnamomum mollissimum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Munumbicins,<break></break>Saadamycin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus niger</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maize, cereals, groundnuts, and tree nuts</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Jalgaonwala et al., 2011</xref><break></break><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">Kaul et al., 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharothrix mutabilis,</italic><break></break><italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Capreomycin<break></break>Munumbicins</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycoplasm</italic> (TB)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncooked meat, eggs or poultry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Felnagle et al., 2007</xref><break></break><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptomyces hygroscopicus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clethramycin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce harvested from tropical regions</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptomyces lygroscopicus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coronamycin, rapamycin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bakery and fermented products</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Ezra et al., 2004</xref>; <xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">Parthasarathi et al., 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kakadumycin A, hypericin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Shigella</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated food, water and fecal waste</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Golinska et al., 2015</xref><break></break><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp. <italic>Achyranthes bidentata,</italic><break></break><italic>Phoma</italic> sp., <italic>Saurauia scaberrinae</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terephthalic acid<break></break>Phomodione</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meat, eggs and dairy products</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">Hoffman et al., 2008</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp., <italic>Kennedia nigricans</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Munumbicins</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">Kumar et al., 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptomyces tsusimaensis</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Valinomycin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corona virus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food or water contaminated with infected fecal matter</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Alvin et al., 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thottea grandiflora</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Streptomyces</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bacillus cereus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncooked meat and raw milk</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xylaria</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dihydroxynaphthol, glucopyranoside</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Herpes virus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated body fluid or saliva</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">Pittayakhajonwut et al., 2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xylaria</italic> sp.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phenolic compounds</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contaminated water, raw milk, salads and eggs</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">Selvi and Balagengatharathilagam, 2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xylaria</italic> sp. <italic>Ginkgo biloba</italic><break></break><italic>Fusarium proliferatum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sordaricin 7 amino-4-methylcoumarin,<break></break>Beauvericin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Yersinia enterocolitica</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swine meat and meat products, milk and dairy products</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Joseph and Priya, 2011</xref><break></break><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">Meca et al., 2010</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec><sec><title>Recent Developments in the Field of Microbiome Research</title><p>Plant roots and the gastrointestinal system of animals play a major role in the absorption of various nutrients and thus harbor a large, complex and dynamic group of microorganisms that help to degrade nutrients to more easily absorbed forms (<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">Ramirez-Puebla et al., 2013</xref>). The animal gastrointestinal system is inhibited by a number of microorganisms, starting from the archaea to the eukaryotes along with a number of plant-associated bacteria, particularly the endophytes (<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">Rosenblueth and Martínez-Romero, 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Parniske, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">Ramirez-Puebla et al., 2013</xref>). Similarly, various soil types, moisture, plant genotypes, root lysates etc. are the determinants of the root microbiota (<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">Doornbos et al., 2012</xref>).</p><p>The diversity of microorganisms in healthy humans vary with diet, maintenance of hygiene, hormonal cycles, infections, uptake of medicine, sexual activity, etc. (<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">Muzny et al., 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">Gerber, 2014</xref>). In this context, various studies associated with the microbiome of humans have been undertaken during recent times. A study from the Human Microbiome Project has also stated the role of the gut microbiome in regulating the host circadian clock, which in mammals is located in the brain (<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">Leone et al., 2015</xref>). These studies have provided evidence that a high-fat diet could alter the microbiome circadian rhythm, thereby suggesting a link between the diet, gut microbiota and obesity (<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">Leone et al., 2015</xref>).</p><p>Furthermore, there are a number of microbiome studies undertaken to find out the associations and diversity of microbiota in both plant and animal systems. Longitudinal microbiome studies are undertaken to gain insights into the dynamic behaviors of the microbiota, such as the microbial succession events during maturation of the infant’s gut, normal temporal inconsistency in healthy adults, responses to various dietary changes and the use of different antibiotics and in instances of dysbiotic alterations that signal symptomatic diseases. Furthermore, the multi-omic analyses that combine information from multiple data sources, such as metabolomes, proteomes and transcriptomes, provide a deep vision into the purposeful changes of the internal microbiome with respect to time. Similarly, the computational tools to analyze microbiome time-series data is another area that shows tremendous growth. These techniques could model the inter-individual variability, while automatically capturing commonalities at appropriate levels in the ecosystems (<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">Gerber, 2014</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Endophytes are a poorly investigated group of microorganisms capable of synthesizing bioactive compounds that can be used to combat numerous pathogens. These have been dependable sources of bioactive and chemically novel compounds and have proven to be useful for novel drug discovery. Biotransformation methods have a wide range of uses, particularly in the production of numerous bioactive compounds, as antimicrobial (vanillin, essential oils), antifungal and antiviral (alkaloids), antioxidant(eugenol), antiinflammatory (cineole) etc. It is imperative to review and highlight the previous successes, on-going research and latest developments in research associated with endophytic microorganisms to draw the attention of the research community toward this emerging field and possible exploitation of the available sources for their therapeutic uses in various fields, such as the medical, pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics.</p></sec><sec><title>Author Contributions</title><p>JKP, SG, GD, and SS wrote the manuscript. H-SS and JKP designed the concept, edited the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of Interest Statement</title><p>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Food, Forestry, and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abreu-Tarazi</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Navarrete</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Andreote</surname><given-names>F. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>C. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsai</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Endophytic bacteria in long-term in vitro cultivated axenic pineapple microplants revealed by PCR DGGE.</article-title><source><italic>World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.</italic></source><volume>26</volume><fpage>555</fpage>–<lpage>560</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11274-009-0191-3</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Akiyama</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fujii</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamasaki</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oono</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Iwatsuki</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Antibacterial action of several tannins against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>.</article-title><source><italic>J. Antimicrob. Chemother.</italic></source><volume>48</volume><fpage>487</fpage>–<lpage>491</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jac/48.4.487</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11581226</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alvin</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kristin</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Neilan</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Exploring the potential of endophytes from medicinal plants as sources of antimycobacterial compounds.</article-title><source><italic>Microbiol. Res.</italic></source><volume>169</volume><fpage>483</fpage>–<lpage>495</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.micres.2013.12.009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24582778</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Andreote</surname><given-names>F. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gumiere</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Durrer</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Exploring interactions of plant microbiomes.</article-title><source><italic>Sci. Agric.</italic></source><volume>71</volume><fpage>528</fpage>–<lpage>539</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0103-9016-2014-0195</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bacon</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>J. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <source><italic>Microbial Endophytes.</italic></source><publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Marcel Dekker Inc</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barka</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vatsa</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sanchez</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gaveau-Vaillant</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacquard</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Klenk</surname><given-names>H. P.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2016</year>). <article-title>Taxonomy, physiology, and natural products of Actinobacteria.</article-title><source><italic>Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.</italic></source><volume>80</volume><fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>43</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/MMBR.00019-15</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26609051</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berdy</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Thoughts and facts about antibiotics: where we are now and where we are heading.</article-title><source><italic>J. Antibiot.</italic></source><volume>65</volume><fpage>385</fpage>–<lpage>395</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ja.2012.27</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22511224</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berg</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grube</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schloter</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Smalla</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Unraveling the plant microbiome: looking back and future perspectives.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>5</volume>:<issue>148</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2014.00148</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bhardwaj</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Agrawal</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>A review fungal endophytes: as a store house of bioactive compound.</article-title><source><italic>World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>228</fpage>–<lpage>237</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chaudhary</surname><given-names>H. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Soni</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shrivastava</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shrivastava</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Diversity and versatility of actinomycetes and its role in antibiotic production.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Pharm. Sci.</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>S83</fpage>–<lpage>S94</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dayle</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Polans</surname><given-names>N. O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Melvin</surname><given-names>R. D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Angiosperm DNA contamination by endophytic fungi: detection and methods of avoidance.</article-title><source><italic>Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>249</fpage>–<lpage>260</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF02772897</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Bary</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1866</year>). <source><italic>Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze, Flechten und Myxomyceten</italic></source><volume>Vol. 2.</volume><publisher-loc>Leipzig</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Hofmeister’s Handbook of Physiological Botany</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dini-Andreote</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Andreote</surname><given-names>F. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Araújo</surname><given-names>W. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Trevors</surname><given-names>J. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>van Elsas</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Bacterial genomes: habitat specificity and uncharted organisms.</article-title><source><italic>Microb. Ecol.</italic></source><volume>64</volume><fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00248-012-0017-y</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22395783</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Doornbos</surname><given-names>R. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>vanLoon</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bakker</surname><given-names>P. A. H. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Impact of root exudates and plant defense signaling on bacterial communities in the rhizosphere.</article-title><source><italic>Agron. Sustain. Dev.</italic></source><volume>32</volume><fpage>227</fpage>–<lpage>243</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13593-011-0028-y</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dudeja</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Giri</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Beneficial properties, colonization, establishment and molecular diversity of endophytic bacteria in legume and non-legume.</article-title><source><italic>Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.</italic></source><volume>8</volume><fpage>1562</fpage>–<lpage>1572</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/AJMR2013.6541</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dutta</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Puzari</surname><given-names>K. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gogoi</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dutta</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Endophytes: exploitation as a tool in plant protection.</article-title><source><italic>Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol.</italic></source><volume>57</volume><fpage>621</fpage>–<lpage>629</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1516-8913201402043</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>El-Gendy</surname><given-names>M. M. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>El-Bondkly</surname><given-names>A. M. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Production and genetic improvement of a novel antimycotic agent, saadamycin, against dermatophytes and other clinical fungi from endophytic <italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp. Hedaya 48.</article-title><source><italic>J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.</italic></source><volume>37</volume><fpage>831</fpage>–<lpage>841</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10295-010-0729-2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20458610</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ezra</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Castillo</surname><given-names>U. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Strobel</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>W. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Porter</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Coronamycins, peptide antibiotics produced by a verticillate <italic>Streptomyces</italic> sp. (MSU-2110) endophytic on <italic>Monstera</italic> sp.</article-title><source><italic>Microbiology.</italic></source><volume>150</volume><fpage>785</fpage>–<lpage>793</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/mic.0.26645-0</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15073289</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Felnagle</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rondon</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Berti</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Crosby</surname><given-names>H. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster and an additional gene for resistance to the anti-tuberculosis drug capreomycin.</article-title><source><italic>Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>73</volume><fpage>4162</fpage>–<lpage>4170</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/AEM.00485-07</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17496129</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaiero</surname><given-names>J. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>McCall</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Day</surname><given-names>N. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Best</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dunfield</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Inside the root microbiome: bacterial root endophytes and plant growth promotion.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Bot.</italic></source><volume>100</volume><fpage>1738</fpage>–<lpage>1750</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3732/ajb.1200572</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23935113</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gangwar</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dogra</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>U. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kharwar</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Diversity and biopotential of endophytic actinomycetes from three medicinal plants in India.</article-title><source><italic>Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.</italic></source><volume>8</volume><fpage>184</fpage>–<lpage>191</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/AJMR2012.2452</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gayathri</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Muralikrishnan</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Isolation and characterization of endophytic actinomycetes from mangrove plants for antimicrobial activity.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci.</italic></source><volume>2</volume><fpage>78</fpage>–<lpage>79</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gerber</surname><given-names>G. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The dynamic microbiome.</article-title><source><italic>FEBS Lett.</italic></source><volume>588</volume><fpage>4131</fpage>–<lpage>4139</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.037</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24583074</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Godstime</surname><given-names>O. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Enwa</surname><given-names>F. O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Augustina</surname><given-names>J. O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Christopher</surname><given-names>E. O.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens – a review.</article-title><source><italic>J. Pharm. Chem. Biol. Sci.</italic></source><volume>2</volume><fpage>77</fpage>–<lpage>85</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Golinska</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wypij</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Agarkar</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rathod</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dahm</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rai</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Endophytic actinobacteria of medicinal plants: diversity and bioactivity.</article-title><source><italic>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek</italic></source><volume>108</volume><fpage>267</fpage>–<lpage>289</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10482-015-0502-7</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26093915</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hallmann</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Quadt-Hallmann</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahaffee</surname><given-names>W. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kloepper</surname><given-names>J. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops.</article-title><source><italic>Can. J. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>43</volume><fpage>895</fpage>–<lpage>914</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1139/m97-131</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahman</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi: a review.</article-title><source><italic>Nat. Prod. Commun.</italic></source><volume>7</volume><fpage>963</fpage>–<lpage>968</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22908594</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hardoim</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>van-Overbeek</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>van-Elsas</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>16</volume><fpage>463</fpage>–<lpage>471</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18789693</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hata</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sone</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Isolation of endophytes from leaves of Neolitsea sericea in broadleaf and conifer stands.</article-title><source><italic>Mycoscience</italic></source><volume>49</volume><fpage>229</fpage>–<lpage>232</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/S10267-008-0411-Y</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffman</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mayer</surname><given-names>S. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Strobel</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>W. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sovocool</surname><given-names>G. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grange</surname><given-names>A. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Purification, identification and activity of phomodione, a furandione from an endophytic <italic>Phoma</italic> species.</article-title><source><italic>Phytochemistry</italic></source><volume>69</volume><fpage>1049</fpage>–<lpage>1056</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.031</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18070629</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hollants</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leroux</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leliaert</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Decleyre</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>De Clerck</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Willems</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Who is in there? Exploration of endophytic bacteria within the siphonous green seaweed <italic>Bryopsis</italic> (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta).</article-title><source><italic>PLoS ONE</italic></source><volume>6</volume>:<issue>e26458</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0026458</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hussain</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fareed</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ansari</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahman</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>I. Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saeed</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Current approaches toward production of secondary plant metabolites.</article-title><source><italic>J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci.</italic></source><volume>4</volume><fpage>10</fpage>–<lpage>20</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0975-7406.92725</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22368394</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ismail</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abdullah</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chong</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Screening for potential antimicrobial compounds from <italic>Ganoderma boninense</italic> against selected food borne and skin disease pathogens.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.</italic></source><volume>6</volume><fpage>771</fpage>–<lpage>774</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jalgaonwala</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohite</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahajan</surname><given-names>R. T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Natural products from plant associated endophytic fungi.</article-title><source><italic>J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Res.</italic></source><volume>1</volume><fpage>21</fpage>–<lpage>32</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Joseph</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Priya</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Bioactive compounds from endophytes and their potential in pharmaceutical effect: a review.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Biochem. Mol. Bio.</italic></source><volume>1</volume><fpage>291</fpage>–<lpage>309</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3923/ajbmb.2011.291.309</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kaul</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dhar</surname><given-names>M. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants: a treasure hunt for bioactive metabolites.</article-title><source><italic>Phytochem. Rev.</italic></source><volume>11</volume><fpage>487</fpage>–<lpage>505</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11101-012-9260-6</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Konuklugil</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>The importance of Aryltetralin (<italic>Podophyllum</italic>) lignans and their distribution in the plant kingdom.</article-title><source><italic>Ankara Univ. Eczacilik Fak. Derg.</italic></source><volume>24</volume><fpage>109</fpage>–<lpage>125</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1501/Eczfak_0000000159</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aharwal</surname><given-names>R. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shukla</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rajak</surname><given-names>R. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sandhu</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Endophytic fungi: as a source of antimicrobials bioactive compounds.</article-title><source><italic>World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>1179</fpage>–<lpage>1197</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>New aspects of natural products in drug discovery.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>15</volume><fpage>279</fpage>–<lpage>289</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tim.2007.04.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17433686</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leone</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gibbons</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hutchison</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>E. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cham</surname><given-names>C. M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Effects of diurnal variation of gut microbes and high-fat feeding on host circadian clock function and metabolism.</article-title><source><italic>Cell Host Microbe</italic></source><volume>17</volume><fpage>681</fpage>–<lpage>689</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.006</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25891358</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meca</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sospedra</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Soriano</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ritieni</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moretti</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manes</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Antibacterial effect of the bioactive compound beauvericin produced by Fusarium proliferatum on solid medium of wheat.</article-title><source><italic>Toxicon</italic></source><volume>56</volume><fpage>349</fpage>–<lpage>354</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.022</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20371252</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mendes</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garbeva</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Raaijmakers</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms.</article-title><source><italic>FEMS Microbiol. Rev.</italic></source><volume>37</volume><fpage>634</fpage>–<lpage>663</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1574-6976.12028</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23790204</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Menpara</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chanda</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). “<article-title>Endophytic bacteria - unexplored reservoir of antimicrobials for combating microbial pathogens</article-title>,” in <source><italic>Microbial Pathogens and Strategies for Combating them: Science, Technology and Education</italic></source><role>ed.</role><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Méndez-Vilas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<publisher-loc>Badajoz</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Formatex Research Center</publisher-name>) <fpage>1095</fpage>–<lpage>1103</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mitter</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Petric</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>M. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chain</surname><given-names>P. S. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hauberg- Lotte</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reinhold-Hurek</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Comparative genome analysis of <italic>Burkholderia phytofirmans</italic> PsJN reveals a wide spectrum of endophytic lifestyles based on interaction strategies with host plants.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Plant Sci.</italic></source><volume>4</volume>:<issue>120</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2013.00120</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Molina</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pimentel</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertucci</surname><given-names>T. C. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pastore</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Application of fungal endophytes in biotechnological processes.</article-title><source><italic>Chem. Eng. Trans.</italic></source><volume>27</volume><fpage>289</fpage>–<lpage>294</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Muzny</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sunesara</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mena</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Griswold</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>D. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Characterization of the vaginal microbiota among sexual risk behavior groups of women with bacterial vaginosis.</article-title><source><italic>PLoS ONE</italic></source><volume>8</volume>:<issue>e80254</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0080254</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nair</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Padmavathy</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Impact of endophytic microorganisms on plants, environment and humans.</article-title><source><italic>Sci. World J.</italic></source><volume>2014</volume><issue>250693</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/250693</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nicoletti</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fiorentino</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Plant bioactive metabolites and drugs produced by endophytic fungi of Spermatophyta.</article-title><source><italic>Agriculture</italic></source><volume>5</volume><fpage>918</fpage>–<lpage>970</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/agriculture5040918</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nithya</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Muthumary</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Bioactive metabolite produced by <italic>Phomopsis</italic> sp., an endophytic fungus in <italic>Allamanda cathartica</italic> Linn.</article-title><source><italic>Rec. Res. Sci. Technol.</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>44</fpage>–<lpage>48</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oldroyd</surname><given-names>G. E. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Poole</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Downie</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>The rules of engagement in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis.</article-title><source><italic>Annu. Rev. Genet.</italic></source><volume>45</volume><fpage>119</fpage>–<lpage>144</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132549</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21838550</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parniske</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses.</article-title><source><italic>Nat. Rev. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>6</volume><fpage>763</fpage>–<lpage>775</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrmicro1987</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18794914</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parthasarathi</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sathya</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bupesh</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Samy</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohan</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Selva</surname><given-names>G. K.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial compound from marine <italic>Streptomyces hygroscopicus</italic> BDUS 49.</article-title><source><italic>World J. Fish Mar. Sci.</italic></source><volume>4</volume><fpage>268</fpage>–<lpage>277</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Petrini</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1991</year>). “<article-title>Fungal endophytes of tree leaves</article-title>,” in <source><italic>Microbial Ecology of Leaves</italic></source><role>eds</role><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Andrews</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hirano</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Springer-Verlag</publisher-name>) <fpage>179</fpage>–<lpage>197</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Philippot</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Raaijmakers</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lemanceau</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Putten</surname><given-names>W. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Going back to the roots: the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere.</article-title><source><italic>Nat. Rev. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>11</volume><fpage>789</fpage>–<lpage>799</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrmicro3109</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24056930</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pimentel</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Molina</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dionisio</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maróstica</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pastore</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Use of endophytes to obtain bioactive compounds and their application in biotransformation process.</article-title><source><italic>Biotechnol. Res. Int.</italic></source><volume>2011</volume>:<issue>576286</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4061/2011/576286</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pittayakhajonwut</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Suvannakad</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thienhirun</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prabpai</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kongsaerree</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tantichareon</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>An anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 agent from <italic>Xylaria mellisii</italic> (BCC 1005).</article-title><source><italic>Tetrahedron Lett.</italic></source><volume>46</volume><fpage>1341</fpage>–<lpage>1344</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.12.110</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramirez-Puebla</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Servín-Garcidueñas</surname><given-names>L. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jiménez-Marín</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bolanos</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosenblueth</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martínez</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Gut and root microbiota communalities.</article-title><source><italic>Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>79</volume><fpage>2</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/AEM.02553-12</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23104406</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosenblueth</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martínez-Romero</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Bacterial endophytes and their interactions with hosts.</article-title><source><italic>Mol. Plant Microbe Interact.</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>827</fpage>–<lpage>837</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1094/MPMI-19-0827</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16903349</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schulz</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boyle</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Draeger</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Römmert</surname><given-names>A.-K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krohn</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Endophytic fungi: a source of novel biologically active secondary metabolites.</article-title><source><italic>Mycol. Res.</italic></source><volume>106</volume><fpage>996</fpage>–<lpage>1004</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0953756202006342</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Selvi</surname><given-names>B. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Balagengatharathilagam</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Isolation and screening of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants of Virudhunagar district for antimicrobial activity.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Sci. Nat.</italic></source><volume>5</volume><fpage>147</fpage>–<lpage>155</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shukla</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Habbu</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kulkarni</surname><given-names>V. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jagadish</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pandey</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sutariya</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Endophytic microbes: a novel source for biologically/pharmacologically active secondary metabolites.</article-title><source><italic>Asian J. Pharmacol. Toxicol.</italic></source><volume>2</volume><fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>16</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dubey</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Endophytic actinomycetes as emerging source for therapeutic compounds.</article-title><source><italic>Indo Global J. Pharm. Sci.</italic></source><volume>5</volume><fpage>106</fpage>–<lpage>116</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Specian</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sarragiotto</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pamphile</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Clemente</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Chemical characterization of bioactive compounds from the endophytic fungus <italic>Diaporthe helianthi</italic> isolated from <italic>Luehea divaricata</italic>.</article-title><source><italic>Braz. J. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>43</volume><fpage>1174</fpage>–<lpage>1182</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1517-838220120003000045</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24031942</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stępniewska</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuzniar</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Endophytic microorganisms-promising applications in bioremediation of greenhouse gases.</article-title><source><italic>Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.</italic></source><volume>97</volume><fpage>9589</fpage>–<lpage>9596</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00253-013-5235-9</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24048641</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Strobel</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Endophytes as sources of bioactive products.</article-title><source><italic>Microbes Infect.</italic></source><volume>5</volume><fpage>535</fpage>–<lpage>544</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00073-X</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12758283</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Strobel</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Daisy</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products.</article-title><source><italic>Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.</italic></source><volume>67</volume><fpage>491</fpage>–<lpage>502</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/MMBR.67.4.491-502.2003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14665674</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Subbulakshmi</surname><given-names>G. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thalavaipandian</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bagyalakshmi</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rajendran</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Bioactive endophytic fungal isolates of <italic>Biota orientalis</italic> (L) Endl., <italic>Pinus excelsa</italic> Wall. and <italic>Thuja occidentalis</italic> L.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Adv. Life Sci.</italic></source><volume>4</volume><fpage>9</fpage>–<lpage>15</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacteria from <italic>Polygonum cuspidatum</italic>.</article-title><source><italic>Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.</italic></source><volume>7</volume><fpage>1496</fpage>–<lpage>1504</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/AJMR12.899</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turner</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>James</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Poole</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>The plant microbiome.</article-title><source><italic>Genome Biol.</italic></source><volume>14</volume>:<issue>209</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-209</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Visalakchi</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Muthumary</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Taxol (anticancer drug) producing endophytic fungi: an overview.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Pharma Bio. Sci.</italic></source><volume>1</volume><fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>Endophyte: the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition.</article-title><source><italic>Oikos</italic></source><volume>73</volume><fpage>274</fpage>–<lpage>276</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/3545919</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>P. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>L. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>An endophytic taxol-producing fungus from <italic>Taxus media</italic>, <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> MD2.</article-title><source><italic>Curr. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>59</volume><fpage>227</fpage>–<lpage>232</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00284-008-9270-1</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19484305</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shan</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mou</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011a</year>). <article-title>Plant-derived bioactive compounds produced by endophytic fungi.</article-title><source><italic>Mini Rev. Med. Chem.</italic></source><volume>11</volume><fpage>159</fpage>–<lpage>168</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/138955711794519492</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21222580</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shan</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011b</year>). “<article-title>Endophytic fungi for producing bioactive compounds originally from their host plants</article-title>,” in <source><italic>Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology</italic></source><role>ed.</role><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Mendez-Vilas</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<publisher-loc>Badajoz</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Formatex Research Center</publisher-name>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Penttinen</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>The diversity and anti-microbial activity of endophytic actinomycetes isolated from medicinal plants in Panxi Plateau China.</article-title><source><italic>Curr. Microbiol.</italic></source><volume>62</volume><fpage>182</fpage>–<lpage>190</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00284-010-9685-3</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20567975</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/CovidV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000A92 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000A92 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= CovidV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5041141
|texte= Endophytes: A Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Importance
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27746767" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CovidV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |