Management strategies of neonatal jaundice during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak
Identifieur interne : 000408 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000407; suivant : 000409Management strategies of neonatal jaundice during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak
Auteurs : Xiao-Lu Ma ; Zheng Chen ; Jia-Jun Zhu ; Xiao-Xia Shen ; Ming-Yuan Wu ; Li-Ping Shi ; Li-Zhong Du ; Jun-Fen Fu ; Qiang ShuSource :
- World Journal of Pediatrics [ 1708-8569 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV) has become a most challenging health emergency. Owing to rigorous quarantine and control measures taken in China, routine neonatal health surveillance and follow-up have become challenging. Without follow-up surveillance, some rapid and progressive newborn diseases, such as bilirubin encephalopathy, may be ignored. The characteristics of onset age of kernicterus suggest that monitoring of bilirubin level at home provides a useful way to alert hospital visits and to prevent the development of extremely hyperbilirubinemia. Therefore, we developed an online follow-up program for convenient monitoring of bilirubin level of newborns that is based on our practical experiences. The aim is to make our management strategies of neonatal jaundice tailored to the infection prevention and control during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00347-3
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7090695
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310003 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Xiao Xia" sort="Shen, Xiao Xia" uniqKey="Shen X" first="Xiao-Xia" last="Shen">Xiao-Xia Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ming Yuan" sort="Wu, Ming Yuan" uniqKey="Wu M" first="Ming-Yuan" last="Wu">Ming-Yuan Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id 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first="Li-Zhong" last="Du">Li-Zhong Du</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Jun Fen" sort="Fu, Jun Fen" uniqKey="Fu J" first="Jun-Fen" last="Fu">Jun-Fen Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shu, Qiang" sort="Shu, Qiang" uniqKey="Shu Q" first="Qiang" last="Shu">Qiang Shu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7090695</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090695</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7090695</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s12519-020-00347-3</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000408</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000408</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Management strategies of neonatal jaundice during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak</title><author><name sortKey="Ma, Xiao Lu" sort="Ma, Xiao Lu" uniqKey="Ma X" first="Xiao-Lu" last="Ma">Xiao-Lu Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Zheng" sort="Chen, Zheng" uniqKey="Chen Z" first="Zheng" last="Chen">Zheng Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Jia Jun" sort="Zhu, Jia Jun" uniqKey="Zhu J" first="Jia-Jun" last="Zhu">Jia-Jun Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Women’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310003 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Xiao Xia" sort="Shen, Xiao Xia" uniqKey="Shen X" first="Xiao-Xia" last="Shen">Xiao-Xia Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Ming Yuan" sort="Wu, Ming Yuan" uniqKey="Wu M" first="Ming-Yuan" last="Wu">Ming-Yuan Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Women’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310003 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Li Ping" sort="Shi, Li Ping" uniqKey="Shi L" first="Li-Ping" last="Shi">Li-Ping Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id 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China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, Jun Fen" sort="Fu, Jun Fen" uniqKey="Fu J" first="Jun-Fen" last="Fu">Jun-Fen Fu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shu, Qiang" sort="Shu, Qiang" uniqKey="Shu Q" first="Qiang" last="Shu">Qiang Shu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">World Journal of Pediatrics</title><idno type="ISSN">1708-8569</idno><idno type="eISSN">1867-0687</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV) has become a most challenging health emergency. Owing to rigorous quarantine and control measures taken in China, routine neonatal health surveillance and follow-up have become challenging. Without follow-up surveillance, some rapid and progressive newborn diseases, such as bilirubin encephalopathy, may be ignored. The characteristics of onset age of kernicterus suggest that monitoring of bilirubin level at home provides a useful way to alert hospital visits and to prevent the development of extremely hyperbilirubinemia. Therefore, we developed an online follow-up program for convenient monitoring of bilirubin level of newborns that is based on our practical experiences. The aim is to make our management strategies of neonatal jaundice tailored to the infection prevention and control during the COVID-19 epidemic.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, N" uniqKey="Zhu N">N Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, D" uniqKey="Zhang D">D Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, W" uniqKey="Wang W">W Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, B" uniqKey="Yang B">B Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, J" uniqKey="Song J">J Song</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shen, Kl" uniqKey="Shen K">KL Shen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Yh" uniqKey="Yang Y">YH Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ty" uniqKey="Wang T">TY Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Dc" uniqKey="Zhao D">DC Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Y" uniqKey="Jiang Y">Y Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jin, Rm" uniqKey="Jin R">RM Jin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Hj" uniqKey="Chen H">HJ Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Jj" uniqKey="Guo J">JJ Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, F" uniqKey="Luo F">F Luo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Xc" uniqKey="Yu X">XC Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Hp" uniqKey="Zhu H">HP Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fang, Cz" uniqKey="Fang C">CZ Fang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Sc" uniqKey="Peng S">SC Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Lh" uniqKey="Zhang L">LH Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Gp" uniqKey="Chang G">GP Chang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Du, Lz" uniqKey="Du L">LZ Du</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Xl" uniqKey="Ma X">XL Ma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhutani, Vk" uniqKey="Bhutani V">VK Bhutani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, L" uniqKey="Johnson L">L Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sivieri, Em" uniqKey="Sivieri E">EM Sivieri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Ja" uniqKey="Taylor J">JA Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stout, Jw" uniqKey="Stout J">JW Stout</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Greef, L" uniqKey="De Greef L">L de Greef</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goel, M" uniqKey="Goel M">M Goel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, S" uniqKey="Patel S">S Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, Ek" uniqKey="Chung E">EK Chung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rong, Zh" uniqKey="Rong Z">ZH Rong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, F" uniqKey="Luo F">F Luo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Ly" uniqKey="Ma L">LY Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, L" uniqKey="Chen L">L Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, L" uniqKey="Wu L">L Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, W" uniqKey="Liu W">W Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Y" uniqKey="Shi Y">Y Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, T" uniqKey="Xiao T">T Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, J" uniqKey="Fu J">J Fu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, X" uniqKey="Feng X">X Feng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mu, D" uniqKey="Mu D">D Mu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">World J Pediatr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">World J Pediatr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>World Journal of Pediatrics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1708-8569</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1867-0687</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Singapore</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Singapore</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7090695</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">347</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12519-020-00347-3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Management strategies of neonatal jaundice during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Xiao-Lu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Zheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Jia-Jun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>Xiao-Xia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Ming-Yuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>Li-Ping</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Du</surname><given-names>Li-Zhong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Fu</surname><given-names>Jun-Fen</given-names></name><address><email>fjf68@zju.edu.cn</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Shu</surname><given-names>Qiang</given-names></name><address><email>shuqiang@zju.edu.cn</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Children’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310052 China</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310052 China</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Women’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310003 China</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2020</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV) has become a most challenging health emergency. Owing to rigorous quarantine and control measures taken in China, routine neonatal health surveillance and follow-up have become challenging. Without follow-up surveillance, some rapid and progressive newborn diseases, such as bilirubin encephalopathy, may be ignored. The characteristics of onset age of kernicterus suggest that monitoring of bilirubin level at home provides a useful way to alert hospital visits and to prevent the development of extremely hyperbilirubinemia. Therefore, we developed an online follow-up program for convenient monitoring of bilirubin level of newborns that is based on our practical experiences. The aim is to make our management strategies of neonatal jaundice tailored to the infection prevention and control during the COVID-19 epidemic.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>New coronavirus pneumonia</kwd><kwd>Hyperbilirubinemia</kwd><kwd>Newborn</kwd><kwd>Follow-up</kwd><kwd>Internet hospital</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Introduction</title><p id="Par2">The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV), has become a most challenging health emergency [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Based on the current epidemiological and clinical evidences, the incubation period in pediatric patients ranges from 1 to 14 days [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]. So far, no documented cases of vertical transmission from mother to fetus have been reported [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>]; however, mild-to-moderate respiratory distress, fever, thrombocytopenia, increased transaminase, and other non-specific presentations in neonates with negative tests who were born to infected mother warranted further studies on vertical transmission [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>].</p><p id="Par3">Owing to rigorous quarantine and control measures taken in China, routine neonatal health surveillance and follow-up have become challenging. Women and children are vulnerable to COVID-19 infection, so avoidance of routine hospital visits is recommended by the National Health Commission of China. However, delayed treatment of rapid and progressive newborn diseases can occur. Neonatal out-patient visits are of utmost important to those with hyperbilirubinemia. For unrecognized and accelerated severe early neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, appropriate interventions are utmost important to reduce the risks of neurological dysfunction, kernicterus, or even death. From a national survey in neonates in China in 2009, 348 cases of kernicterus were reported among 33 hospitals. An important finding of the study is that these patients presented with symptoms around ages of 5–6 days, and were mostly at home [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>]. The characteristics of onset age of kernicterus suggest that monitoring of bilirubin level at home is a useful way to alert hospital visit and to prevent the development of extreme hyperbilirubinemia.</p><p id="Par4">Therefore, we developed an online follow-up program for convenient monitoring of bilirubin level of newborns that is based on our practical experiences. The aim is to make our management strategies of neonatal jaundice tailored to the infection prevention and control during the COVID-19 epidemic.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2"><title>Management strategies during hospitalization</title><sec id="Sec3"><title>Risk factor screening for severe hyperbilirubinemia</title><p id="Par5">Risk factors of severe hyperbilirubinemia include preterm birth, perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, metabolic acidosis, isoimmune hemolysis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency, cephalohematoma, significant skin bruising, hypoalbuminemia, jaundice observed in the first 24 hours, and exclusive breastfeeding with excessive weight loss [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>].</p><p id="Par6">Maternal medical history and birth history should be reviewed in detail. Every newborn infant should be examined comprehensively. According to the history, physical examination and risk factors, necessary diagnostic investigations, and laboratory tests (total serum bilirubin, count of blood cell, hematocrit, liver function, blood type, Coomb’s test, G-6-PD screening, head ultrasound, etc.) were chosen to explore the underlying conditions.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Early establishment of breastfeeding</title><p id="Par7">For infants without contraindications of enteral feeding, breastfeeding should be started at 20–30 min after birth. Infant’s weight is measured every 1–2 days. Breastfed infants usually reach the maximum weight loss by day 3 of age, and most lose weight less than 10% of their birth weight. If the weight loss is more than 10%, the adequacy of milk intake should be evaluated. Other evidence of adequate intake includes 4–6 thoroughly wet diapers in 24 h and the passage of 3–4 stools per day by the fourth day [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>]. Medical staff should evaluate mother’s lactation skills every day and identify the risks of inadequate breast milk intake promptly.</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Monitoring and management of hyperbilirubinemia before discharge</title><p id="Par8">Jaundice is usually seen first in the face of the infant, and then progresses to the trunk and extremities. Since the visual estimation of the degree of jaundice is not reliable, we recommend transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) measurement as the first choice. The interval between two measurements is 12–24 h. The results should be recorded in the chart. TCB is correlated with total serum bilirubin (TSB) decreasing as serum bilirubin concentration higher than 255 μmol/L (15 mg/dL), so TSB should be checked to confirm when TCB > 255 μmol/L.</p><p id="Par9">During the first days after birth, the bilirubin level is changing dynamically, so we use the hour-specific nomogram developed by Bhutani to predict the subsequent severe hyperbilirubinemia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>]. The bilirubin level below the 40th percentile is labeled as a low-risk zone and that above the 95th is labeled as a high-risk zone. Bilirubin levels between 40 to 75th and 75th to 95th percentile are low–intermediate-risk zone and high–intermediate-risk zone, respectively.</p><p id="Par10">The management plan is developed based on the risk zones as follows:<list list-type="order"><list-item><p id="Par11">TCB level < 75th percentile (low-risk or low–intermediate-risk zone): the risk of subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia is low; infants just need routine care and repeated TCB in 24 hours.</p></list-item><list-item><p id="Par12">TCB level between 75 and 95th percentile (high–intermediate-risk zone) without any risk factors: the risk of subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia is still low; infants just need routine care and repeat TCB in 24 hours.</p></list-item><list-item><p id="Par13">TCB level between 75 and 95th percentile (high–intermediate-risk zone) with at least one of the risk factors: the risk of subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia is high; infants need aggressive breast feeding, ensure adequate intake and reduce the enterohepatic circulation. TCB should be repeated in 12 hours. Evaluate the causes of jaundice.</p></list-item><list-item><p id="Par14">TCB level > 95th percentile (high-risk zone): the risk of subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia is very high; TSB should be checked. Infants need prompt intervention, start phototherapy, or exchange transfusion if the criteria met. Monitor the bilirubin level closely and evaluate the causes of jaundice.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>Parenting education</title><p id="Par15">With the rapid development of internet technology, smartphone application software (APP) has been used successfully in the monitoring for transcutaneous bilirubin level of newborn infants [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>]. We use online training instead of the classroom teaching during the epidemic. Parents can access the resources including education videos and training brochures on social media. Every parent should be fully informed of the potential harm of hyperbilirubinemia, the importance of bilirubin monitoring, the availability of online resources, and methods for assessing a newborn infant’s condition. In addition, detailed information about COVID-19 and prevention strategies should be provided.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec7"><title>Discharge</title><sec id="Sec8"><title>Indications of discharge</title><p id="Par16">Healthy newborn infants with gestational age at 35 or more weeks are usually discharged on days 2 or 3 if the vital signs are stable, if feeding is good and daily weight loss is less than 3% of birth weight, and if the value of TCB on the day of discharge is below the 75th percentile. For the newborn infants admitted to the special care nursery or neonatal intensive-care unit, the indications of discharge include the following: (1) the underlying disease is cured or significantly improved; (2) the vital signs are stable; (3) infants who had been treated with phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion should be observed for at least 24 to 48 hours to make sure of no obvious rebound of bilirubin; (4) the TCB value on the day of discharge is below the 75th percentile.</p></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>Follow-up strategy</title><p id="Par17">The follow-up plan is made based on the gestational age of infants, days after birth, and the bilirubin level on discharge day. The time schedule of the first online follow-up is listed in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>. Parents should be advised to use the APP software for remote follow-up and online consultation. Doctors will give the color calibration card for transcutaneous bilirubin measurement to parents. The remote follow-up route is mainly through Internet hospitals or other qualified Internet platforms. Under the guidance of healthcare workers, parents can make an appointment in Internet hospital before infants discharged home.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Time schedule of online follow-up after discharge</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Age at discharge (h)</th><th align="left">Bilirubin level at discharge (percentile)</th><th align="left">Timing for the first online follow-up</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">48–72</td><td align="left"> < 40th</td><td align="left">2–3 d after discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">40th–75th</td><td align="left">1–2 d after discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left">72–96</td><td align="left"> < 40th</td><td align="left">3–5 d after discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">40th–75th</td><td align="left">2–3 d after discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left">96–120 or more</td><td align="left"> < 40th</td><td align="left">3–5 d after discharge</td></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">40th–75th</td><td align="left">2–3 d after discharge</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec10"><title>Remote follow-up after discharge</title><sec id="Sec11"><title>General condition evaluation</title><p id="Par18">The parents shall fill in the questionnaire on the APP software, including the general conditions of the infant, feeding issues, weight changes, abnormal clinical symptoms, etc. (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Questionnaire for online follow-up evaluation</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left"></th><th align="left">Contents</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">General situations</td><td align="left"><p>1. What is baby’s temperature today?</p><p>2. The change of weight</p><p>3. How many wet diapers changing per day?</p><p>4. Less or very low crying</p><p>5. High or pitched crying</p><p>6. Color of lips (blue/purple/pale)</p><p>7. Any labored breathing?</p><p>8. Is there any abnormal movements?</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Jaundice</td><td align="left"><p>1. TCB level (via the smartphone APP)</p><p>2. Degree of jaundice assessed by observation (Involving the head, trunk, limbs, palm) in natural light<sup>a</sup></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Feeding issues</td><td align="left"><p>1. Breast feeding or formula feeding?</p><p>2. The frequency of feeding per day</p><p>3. Vomiting or not</p></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>a</sup>The smartphone APP for TCB measurement is not available</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec12"><title>Evaluation of risks of jaundice</title><p id="Par19">Parents can download and install the APP software on the smart phone for remote follow-up and bilirubin monitoring. Parents may practice using the software under the direction of medical staff. After downloading and installing the APP on a smartphone, parents can place a color calibration card (a modified Macbeth Color Checker card with a small hollow square area) on the skin over the sternum of the newborn, then start the APP, and take a photo of the card by smartphone camera. The image data will be transmitted to the cloud for analysis, the results of transcutaneous bilirubin level will be given automatically in several seconds and will be forwarded to the associated medical staff’s smartphone simultaneously. According to the time schedule in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>, parents check the TCB level by smartphone as described above. After getting the results, the neonatologists would give advice to parents based on the newborn's situation and the TCB level. If the measured TCB level is variable, parents should recheck it under good lighting condition. If an alarm value is indicated by the software, parents should take the neonates to the hospital. The frequency of bilirubin measurement can be increased at any time if parents feel their infant’s jaundice is getting more significant.</p></sec><sec id="Sec13"><title>Vaccination recommendation</title><p id="Par20">The WHO vaccination guidelines did not regard neonatal jaundice as the contraindication of vaccination, and there was no clinical evidence that high bilirubin level is an effect of vaccination. However, during the period of epidemic, we suggest that routine vaccination be postponed according to the experts' consensus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec14"><title>Out-patient clinic visiting</title><sec id="Sec15"><title>Indications</title><p id="Par21">During the online follow-up, if any of the following criteria are met, the newborn infant should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible: (1) inadequate milk intake and lethargy; (2) the weight has not return to birth weight by 7–10 days of age; (3) presentation of any other symptoms, such as dyspnea, fever or hypothermia, frequent vomiting, seizure, etc.; (4) the bilirubin level > 95th percentile in the first week after birth or more than 255 μmol/L (15 mg/dL) after 7 days of age, or the increment of bilirubin level is beyond 5 mg/dL within 24 h; (5) the doctors in charge of the online follow-up suggesting need of an out-patient visit.</p></sec><sec id="Sec16"><title>Prevention strategies for infants visiting the clinic</title><p id="Par22">During the epidemic, we should pay high attention to the prevention and control of COVID-19 infection. For each infant visiting the clinic, we should collect the epidemiological history of the infant, the families, caregivers, and visitors during the previous 14 days and we also should measure the body temperature routinely.</p><p id="Par23">Infants can be admitted to the special nursery if without any close contact history with an infected person including family members, caregivers, and visitors. For infants with significant hyperbilirubinemia, we recommend intervention after admission, as the out-patient daytime phototherapy will increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p id="Par24">If the infant, family member or caregivers are exposed to any infected person, the infant should be considered as suspected case of infection and should be admitted to a single isolation room with protection. The infant should be settled in an incubator instead of a radiant warmer.</p><p id="Par25">If the infant is critically ill or if the hospital has not been equipped with an isolation unit, emergency transport should be launched. The transport should be organized by the public health administrative department. The transport team should include a physician, nurse, and ambulance driver. All team members should be well trained with the knowledge and skills about COVID-19 infection prevention [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>].</p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Publisher's Note</bold></p><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></fn></fn-group><notes notes-type="author-contribution"><title>Author contributions</title><p>MXL and CZ contributed equally to this paper. All authors take part in drafting the paper and approved the final version.</p></notes><notes notes-type="funding-information"><title>Funding:</title><p>This paper was supported by Zhejiang University Special Scientific Research Fund for COVID-19 Prevention and Control.</p></notes><notes notes-type="ethics"><title>Compliance with ethical standards</title><notes><title>Ethical approval</title><p id="Par27">Not required.</p></notes><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflict of interest</title><p id="Par26">The authors have no financial relationships relevance to the article to disclose.</p></notes></notes><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><label>1.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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