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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Efficacy of dried colostrum powders in the prevention of diarrhea in neonatal Holstein calves</title><author><name sortKey="Dezfouli, M R Mokhber" sort="Dezfouli, M R Mokhber" uniqKey="Dezfouli M" first="M. R. Mokhber" last="Dezfouli">M. R. Mokhber Dezfouli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezazadeh, F" sort="Rezazadeh, F" uniqKey="Rezazadeh F" first="F." last="Rezazadeh">F. Rezazadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412831.d</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000111723536</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tabriz,</institution></institution-wrap>Tabriz, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabbani, M" sort="Rabbani, M" uniqKey="Rabbani M" first="M." last="Rabbani">M. Rabbani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zahraai, S T" sort="Zahraai, S T" uniqKey="Zahraai S" first="S. T." last="Zahraai">S. T. Zahraai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seifi, H A" sort="Seifi, H A" uniqKey="Seifi H" first="H. A." last="Seifi">H. A. Seifi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411301.6</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000106661211</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,</institution></institution-wrap>Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7088381</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088381</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7088381</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00580-006-0652-0</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2006">2006</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000244</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000244</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Efficacy of dried colostrum powders in the prevention of diarrhea in neonatal Holstein calves</title><author><name sortKey="Dezfouli, M R Mokhber" sort="Dezfouli, M R Mokhber" uniqKey="Dezfouli M" first="M. R. Mokhber" last="Dezfouli">M. R. Mokhber Dezfouli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rezazadeh, F" sort="Rezazadeh, F" uniqKey="Rezazadeh F" first="F." last="Rezazadeh">F. Rezazadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412831.d</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000111723536</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tabriz,</institution></institution-wrap>Tabriz, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabbani, M" sort="Rabbani, M" uniqKey="Rabbani M" first="M." last="Rabbani">M. Rabbani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zahraai, S T" sort="Zahraai, S T" uniqKey="Zahraai S" first="S. T." last="Zahraai">S. T. Zahraai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seifi, H A" sort="Seifi, H A" uniqKey="Seifi H" first="H. A." last="Seifi">H. A. Seifi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411301.6</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000106661211</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,</institution></institution-wrap>Mashhad, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Comparative Clinical Pathology</title><idno type="ISSN">1618-5641</idno><idno type="eISSN">1618-565X</idno><imprint><date when="2006">2006</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>One hundred and twenty healthy Holstein calves were assigned randomly at birth to one of four groups; each group contained 30 calves and the calves were received as follows: group A, 85 ± 5 g of lyophilized colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group B, 85 ± 5 g of spray-dried colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group C, 750 ml frozen and thawed colostrum in 3 kg of whole milk, and group D, only 3 kg of whole milk without colostrum supplement. Each group was subdivided into 3 sub-groups of 10 calves as follows: calves fed colostrum supplement at 24 or 48 or 72 h after birth. All calves fed fresh colostrum within 6 h after birth at the amount of 5% of BW by bottle. Calves which were fed lyophilized colostrum supplement had a significant lower incidence of diarrhea in comparison to control calves. In addition, calves were received lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth showed less incidence of diarrhea than calves fed the supplement at 48 and 72 h. According to the results of present study providing lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth might have been preventive effect on calf diarrhea. The spray-dried colostrum supplement had not the same effect.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arthington, Jd" uniqKey="Arthington J">JD Arthington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cattell, Mb" uniqKey="Cattell M">MB Cattell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quigley, Jd" uniqKey="Quigley J">JD Quigley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccoy, Gc" uniqKey="Mccoy G">GC McCoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hurley, Wl" uniqKey="Hurley W">WL Hurley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boyd, Jw" uniqKey="Boyd J">JW Boyd</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bush, Lj" uniqKey="Bush L">LJ Bush</name></author><author><name sortKey="Staley, Te" uniqKey="Staley T">TE Staley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davidson, Jn" uniqKey="Davidson J">JN Davidson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yancey, Sp" uniqKey="Yancey S">SP Yancey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, Sg" uniqKey="Campbell S">SG Campbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warner, Rg" uniqKey="Warner R">RG Warner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Foley, Ja" uniqKey="Foley J">JA Foley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otterby, De" uniqKey="Otterby D">DE Otterby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garry, Fb" uniqKey="Garry F">FB Garry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, R" uniqKey="Adams R">R Adams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cattell, Mb" uniqKey="Cattell M">MB Cattell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dinsmore, Rp" uniqKey="Dinsmore R">RP Dinsmore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haines, Dm" uniqKey="Haines D">DM Haines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chalack, Bj" uniqKey="Chalack B">BJ Chalack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naylor, Jm" uniqKey="Naylor J">JM Naylor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klaus, Ggb" uniqKey="Klaus G">GGB Klaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, A" uniqKey="Bennett A">A Bennett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Ew" uniqKey="Jones E">EW Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Larson, Rl" uniqKey="Larson R">RL Larson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pierce, Vl" uniqKey="Pierce V">VL Pierce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Randle, Rf" uniqKey="Randle R">RF Randle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mee, Jf" uniqKey="Mee J">JF Mee</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Arrell, Kj" uniqKey="O Arrell K">KJ O’Farrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reitsma, P" uniqKey="Reitsma P">P Reitsma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehra, R" uniqKey="Mehra R">R Mehra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morin, De" uniqKey="Morin D">DE Morin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccoy, Gc" uniqKey="Mccoy G">GC McCoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hurley, Wl" uniqKey="Hurley W">WL Hurley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Naylor, Jm" uniqKey="Naylor J">JM Naylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kronfeld, Ds" uniqKey="Kronfeld D">DS Kronfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bech Nielsen, S" uniqKey="Bech Nielsen S">S Bech-Nielsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartholomew, Rc" uniqKey="Bartholomew R">RC Bartholomew</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pare, J" uniqKey="Pare J">J Paré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thurmond, Mc" uniqKey="Thurmond M">MC Thurmond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardner, Ia" uniqKey="Gardner I">IA Gardner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Picanso, Jp" uniqKey="Picanso J">JP Picanso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perino, Lj" uniqKey="Perino L">LJ Perino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quigley, Jd" uniqKey="Quigley J">JD Quigley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Welborn, Mg" uniqKey="Welborn M">MG Welborn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Radostits, Om" uniqKey="Radostits O">OM Radostits</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acres, Sd" uniqKey="Acres S">SD Acres</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zaremba, W" uniqKey="Zaremba W">W Zaremba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guterbock, Wm" uniqKey="Guterbock W">WM Guterbock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmberg, Ca" uniqKey="Holmberg C">CA 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Comp Clin Path</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Comp Clin Path</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Comparative Clinical Pathology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1618-5641</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1618-565X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer-Verlag</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7088381</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">652</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00580-006-0652-0</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Efficacy of dried colostrum powders in the prevention of diarrhea in neonatal Holstein calves</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Dezfouli</surname><given-names>M. R. Mokhber</given-names></name><address><email>mokhberd@ut.ac.ir</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rezazadeh</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rabbani</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zahraai</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seifi</surname><given-names>H. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412831.d</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000111723536</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tabriz,</institution></institution-wrap>Tabriz, Iran</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.46072.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000406127950</institution-id><institution>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Tehran,</institution></institution-wrap>Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411301.6</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000106661211</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine,</institution><institution>Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,</institution></institution-wrap>Mashhad, Iran</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>127</fpage><lpage>130</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day><month>8</month><year>2006</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>10</month><year>2006</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2006</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p>One hundred and twenty healthy Holstein calves were assigned randomly at birth to one of four groups; each group contained 30 calves and the calves were received as follows: group A, 85 ± 5 g of lyophilized colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group B, 85 ± 5 g of spray-dried colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group C, 750 ml frozen and thawed colostrum in 3 kg of whole milk, and group D, only 3 kg of whole milk without colostrum supplement. Each group was subdivided into 3 sub-groups of 10 calves as follows: calves fed colostrum supplement at 24 or 48 or 72 h after birth. All calves fed fresh colostrum within 6 h after birth at the amount of 5% of BW by bottle. Calves which were fed lyophilized colostrum supplement had a significant lower incidence of diarrhea in comparison to control calves. In addition, calves were received lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth showed less incidence of diarrhea than calves fed the supplement at 48 and 72 h. According to the results of present study providing lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth might have been preventive effect on calf diarrhea. The spray-dried colostrum supplement had not the same effect.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Calf</kwd><kwd>Diarrhea</kwd><kwd>Colostrum</kwd><kwd>Lyophilized</kwd><kwd>Spray-dried</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2007</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Introduction</title><p>Transfer of passive immunity in newborn calves occurs through the oral consumption and subsequent absorption of immunoglobulin (Ig) soon after birth (Bush and Staley <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">1980</xref>). Prevalence of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in calves has been reported to range from 11 to 31% in North America (Perino <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">1997</xref>). Klaus et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">1969</xref>) reported that 30% of calves that consumed colostrum remained hypogammaglobulinemic. A recent survey by the USDA reported that 41% of 2,177 calves sampled between 24 and 48 h of age failed to attain serum IgG concentrations of or above 210 g/l (Center for Animal Health Monitoring <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1993</xref>).</p><p>The relationship between neonatal morbidity or mortality and FPT of Ig has been demonstrated in numerous epidemiological studies (Boyd <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">1972</xref>; Davidson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">1981</xref>; Naylor et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">1977</xref>).</p><p>The interval after birth to colostrum consumption and Ig concentration of colostrum bears the greatest influence on subsequent attainment of passive immunity in newborn calves (Arthington et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2000</xref>).</p><p>Many attempts have been made to artificially augment the ability of calves to attain passive immune support, such as stored surplus colostrum (Foley and Otterby <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1978</xref>), injectable Ig solutions (Quigley and Welborn <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">1996</xref>), dried colostrum (Morin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">1997</xref>; Garry et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1996</xref>), and concentrated milk whey (Mee et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">1996</xref>). However, none of these methods have proven to provide adequate passive immune support.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to test the value of lyophilized and spray-dried colostrum as a colostrum supplement on the incidence of neonatal calf diarrhea.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and methods</title><p>The study was carried out in a commercial dairy farm in the south of Tehran. The herd had a recent history of neonatal calf diarrhea. One hundred and twenty first-milking colostrum samples were collected in plastic containers from cows that have just given birth. The samples were immediately frozen at −20°C. To select high-tittered colostrum against <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> K<sub>99</sub>, rotavirus, and corona virus, competitive ELISA test was done using an ELISA diagnostic kit (Biox, Belgium).</p><p>Colostrum lyophilization was performed using Epislon-1-12D apparatus (Martin Christ, Germany). Freezing time of the samples was 4 h at −30°C. The required time for vacuuming samples was 19 h at a negative pressure of 1.03 mbar.</p><p>Spray-drying of colostrum was performed using Mini spray-dryer-B-191 (Buchi, Switzerland). The maximum applied temperature was 50°C and the pressure was 5–8 mbar. The required time for powdering 1 l of colostrum was 5 h.</p><p>One hundred and twenty healthy Holstein calves were assigned randomly at birth to one of four groups; each group contained 30 calves as follows: group A, 85 ± 5 g of lyophilized colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group B, 85 ± 5 g of spray-dried colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group C, 750 ml frozen and thawed colostrum in 3 kg of whole milk; and group D, only 3 kg of whole milk without colostrum supplement. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of ten calves as follows: calves fed with colostrum supplement at 24, 48, or 72 h after birth. Mean±SD body weight (BW) of calves at birth was 42.45 ± 9.75. All calves were fed fresh colostrum, 5% of BW by bottle, within 6 h of birth. They were separated from dams immediately after receiving first colostrum and were kept in individual calf pens. Alfalfa hay and concentrates were added to daily feeding at 14 days after birth.</p><p>The incidence of diarrhea, consistency of feces, and concurrent disease with diarrhea was evaluated through the first 30 days after birth. In addition, weight of calves at the age of 1 month was measured.</p><p>Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA, independent Student’s <italic>t</italic> test, and Chi-square test (SPSS for Windows). A <italic>p</italic> values less than 0.05 was considered as significant.</p></sec><sec id="Sec3" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>All the colostrum samples (100%) had antibodies against rotavirus, 111 samples (92.5%) against corona virus, and 7 samples (5.8%) against <italic>E. coli</italic> K<sub>99</sub>.</p><p>Only one diarrheic calf from the control group died throughout the study. Calves that were fed lyophilized colostrum supplement had a significantly lower incidence of diarrhea in comparison to control calves (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>). In addition, calves that received lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth showed less incidence of diarrhea than calves fed with the supplement at 48 and 72 h (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). Calves were classified into four groups related to the interval of birth and diarrhea occurrence: 1–7, 8–14, 15–21, and 22–30 days. On the basis of the interval of birth and diarrhea incidence, there was no significant difference between the colostrum-type groups (Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>).
<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Relative and absolute frequency of diarrhea in calves fed with three types of colostrum supplement and control groups</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Colostrum supplement type</th><th colspan="2">Diarrhea</th><th colspan="2">Non-diarrhea</th><th rowspan="2">Treatment vs control</th></tr><tr><th>No.</th><th>%</th><th>No.</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Spray-dried</td><td>16</td><td>23.2</td><td>14</td><td>27.5</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>Lyophilized</td><td>13</td><td>18.8</td><td>17</td><td>33.3</td><td>S**</td></tr><tr><td>Frozen and thawed</td><td>18</td><td>26.1</td><td>12</td><td>23.5</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>Control</td><td>22</td><td>31.9</td><td>8</td><td>15.7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>69</td><td></td><td>51</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>S</italic> Significant, <italic>NS</italic> nonsignificant</p><p>**<italic>p</italic> < 0.01</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Relative and absolute frequency of diarrhea in calves fed with three types of colostrum supplement and control groups at different times (24, 48, and 72 h after birth)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Colostrum supplement type</th><th>Diarrhea incidence</th><th>24h</th><th>48h</th><th>72h</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Spray-dried</td><td>Diarrhea</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Non-diarrhea</td><td>3</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Lyophilized<sup>a</sup></td><td>Diarrhea</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Non-diarrhea</td><td>8</td><td>5</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Frozen and thawed</td><td>Diarrhea</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Non-diarrhea</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Control</td><td>Diarrhea</td><td>8</td><td>8</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Non-diarrhea</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Total</td><td>Diarrhea</td><td>22</td><td>22</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Non-diarrhea</td><td>18</td><td>18</td><td>15</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>a</sup>Calves fed with lyophilized colostrum supplement had a significant (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01) decrease of diarrhea incidence in comparison with control calves.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Comparing the different age groups of calves on the basis of time of diarrhea incidence</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Colostrum supplement type</th><th colspan="8">Age of calves at diarrhea incidence<sup>a</sup></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">1–7 days</th><th colspan="2">8–14 days</th><th colspan="2">15–21 days</th><th colspan="2">22–30 days</th></tr><tr><th>No.</th><th>%</th><th>No.</th><th>%</th><th>No.</th><th>%</th><th>No.</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Spray–dried</td><td>3</td><td>18.8</td><td>12</td><td>30.8</td><td>2</td><td>15.4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Lyophilized</td><td>3</td><td>18.8</td><td>6</td><td>15.4</td><td>4</td><td>30.8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Frozen and thawed</td><td>4</td><td>25</td><td>10</td><td>25.6</td><td>4</td><td>30.8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Control</td><td>6</td><td>37.5</td><td>11</td><td>28.2</td><td>3</td><td>23.1</td><td>1</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>16</td><td>100</td><td>39</td><td>100</td><td>13</td><td>100</td><td>1</td><td>100</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>a</sup>Nonsignificant</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>There was no significant difference between groups on the basis of body weight at birth or at 30 days after birth (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>).
<table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Comparison of body weight (kilograms) at birth and 30 days after birth in four groups of calves on the basis of colostrum type supplement</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th> </th><th>Colostrum supplement type</th><th>Mean</th><th>SD</th><th> </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">BW at birth</td><td>Spray-dried</td><td align="center">43.63</td><td align="center">4.88</td><td rowspan="4">NS</td></tr><tr><td>Lyophilized</td><td align="center">42.55</td><td align="center">6.43</td></tr><tr><td>Frozen and thawed</td><td align="center">41.20</td><td align="center">6.26</td></tr><tr><td>Control</td><td align="center">42.41</td><td align="center">6.25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">BW at 30 days</td><td>Spray-dried</td><td align="center">45.85</td><td align="center">4.65</td><td rowspan="4">NS</td></tr><tr><td>Lyophilized</td><td align="center">45.31</td><td align="center">6.31</td></tr><tr><td>Frozen and thawed</td><td align="center">45.15</td><td align="center">4.67</td></tr><tr><td>Control</td><td align="center">44.81</td><td align="center">5.45</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>NS</italic> Nonsignificant</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="Sec4" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>In spite of high diarrhea morbidity rate in this herd, only one calf died throughout the study. It seems that colostrum ingestion within 6 h of birth affected the mortality due to diarrhea rather than morbidity. On the other hand, failure of passive transfer of immunity is only one of the factors determining disease occurrence. Population density, general sanitation (Paré et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">1993</xref>; Larson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1998</xref>), and dam vaccination status (Radostits and Acres <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">1983</xref>; Perino <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">1997</xref>) are management factors to consider when investigating morbidity in newborn calves.</p><p>The calves that received lyophilized colostrum supplement had a lower incidence of diarrhea in comparison with control group. There were no significant differences among the four groups for BW gain or the interval from birth to diarrhea occurrence.</p><p>Previous researches have indicated that colostrum supplements derived from milk are less effective than maternal colostrum in providing adequate passive immune support in neonatal calves (Zaremba et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1993</xref>; Garry et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1996</xref>; Mee et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">1996</xref>; Morin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">1997</xref>). This is often attributed to the low concentration of IgG offered in most commercial supplements and poor absorption kinetics (Haines et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">1990</xref>). Zaremba et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1993</xref>) showed that administration of 85 g of dried colostrum powder did not lead to significantly higher IgG concentrations 24 h after birth than administration of 3 kg of colostrum. Morbidity and mortality rates were not significantly different among groups. However, the first group of calves that were fed with colostrum supplement alone did not receive fresh colostrum after birth in the study of Zaremba et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1993</xref>). This is contrary to our study in which all calves were fed with fresh milk within 6 h of birth, and dried colostrum was used as a supplementary feeding at least 24 h after birth.</p><p>Fresh maternal colostrum feeding at the early hours after birth is not replaceable with other forms of processed or dried colostrum in providing efficient passive immunity (Zaremba et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">1993</xref>; Morin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">1997</xref>). However, according to the results of the present study, providing lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth might have exerted a preventive effect on calf diarrhea. The spray-dried colostrum supplement did not have the same effect. The reason for this is not clear, but it is possible that immunoglobulin may be degraded by spray drying method.</p><p>The major criticism of this study was the inability to measure IgG levels of the calves on the day of birth and at 30 days of age. Further research is needed to determine any relationship between lyophilized colostrum supplement feeding and IgG and solids in the supplement and IgG absorption.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>The authors thank Dr. Alireza Bahonar, assistant professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of University of Tehran, for performing statistical assistance. 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