Coronavirus disease-2019: is fever an adequate screening for the returning travelers?
Identifieur interne : 000138 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000137; suivant : 000139Coronavirus disease-2019: is fever an adequate screening for the returning travelers?
Auteurs : George M. Bwire ; Linda S. PauloSource :
- Tropical Medicine and Health [ 1348-8945 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
On Thursday, 30 January 2020, World Health Organization declared Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-2019) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since its identification in late December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, the number of cases imported into other countries is increasing, and the epidemiological map is changing rapidly. On the other hand, body temperature screening (fever) is the major test performed at points of entry, i.e., airports, in the returning travelers in most of the countries with limited resources. However, the recent report on asymptomatic contact transmission of COVID-19 and travelers who passed the symptoms-based screening and tested positive for COVID-19 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) challenges this approach as body temperature screening may miss travelers incubating the disease or travelers concealing fever during travel. On this note, travel restrictions to and from high risk areas and/or 14 days quarantine of travelers coming from high risk areas are recommended to prevent possible importation of COVID-19. Currently, RT-PCR is a reliable test in detecting both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00201-2
PubMed: 32165854
PubMed Central: 7061485
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7061485Le document en format XML
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Bwire</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25867.3e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1481 7466</institution-id><institution>School of Pharmacy,</institution><institution>Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paulo, Linda S" sort="Paulo, Linda S" uniqKey="Paulo L" first="Linda S." last="Paulo">Linda S. Paulo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25867.3e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1481 7466</institution-id><institution>School of Public Health and Social Sciences,</institution><institution>Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Tropical Medicine and Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1348-8945</idno><idno type="eISSN">1349-4147</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">On Thursday, 30 January 2020, World Health Organization declared Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-2019) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since its identification in late December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, the number of cases imported into other countries is increasing, and the epidemiological map is changing rapidly. On the other hand, body temperature screening (fever) is the major test performed at points of entry, i.e., airports, in the returning travelers in most of the countries with limited resources. However, the recent report on asymptomatic contact transmission of COVID-19 and travelers who passed the symptoms-based screening and tested positive for COVID-19 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) challenges this approach as body temperature screening may miss travelers incubating the disease or travelers concealing fever during travel. On this note, travel restrictions to and from high risk areas and/or 14 days quarantine of travelers coming from high risk areas are recommended to prevent possible importation of COVID-19. Currently, RT-PCR is a reliable test in detecting both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuan, Mm" uniqKey="Kuan M">MM Kuan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, T" uniqKey="Lin T">T Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chuang, Jh" uniqKey="Chuang J">JH Chuang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Hs" uniqKey="Wu H">HS Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thwaites, Ge" uniqKey="Thwaites G">GE Thwaites</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, Npj" uniqKey="Day N">NPJ Day</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Trop Med Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Trop Med Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Tropical Medicine and Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1348-8945</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1349-4147</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32165854</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7061485</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s41182-020-00201-2</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Letter to the Editor</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Coronavirus disease-2019: is fever an adequate screening for the returning travelers?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Bwire</surname><given-names>George M.</given-names></name><address><email>georgebwire@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paulo</surname><given-names>Linda S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25867.3e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1481 7466</institution-id><institution>School of Pharmacy,</institution><institution>Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25867.3e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1481 7466</institution-id><institution>School of Public Health and Social Sciences,</institution><institution>Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>9</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>48</volume><elocation-id>14</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2020</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">On Thursday, 30 January 2020, World Health Organization declared Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-2019) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since its identification in late December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, the number of cases imported into other countries is increasing, and the epidemiological map is changing rapidly. On the other hand, body temperature screening (fever) is the major test performed at points of entry, i.e., airports, in the returning travelers in most of the countries with limited resources. However, the recent report on asymptomatic contact transmission of COVID-19 and travelers who passed the symptoms-based screening and tested positive for COVID-19 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) challenges this approach as body temperature screening may miss travelers incubating the disease or travelers concealing fever during travel. On this note, travel restrictions to and from high risk areas and/or 14 days quarantine of travelers coming from high risk areas are recommended to prevent possible importation of COVID-19. Currently, RT-PCR is a reliable test in detecting both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>Fever</kwd><kwd>Returning travelers</kwd><kwd>Temperature screening</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="Par6">To the Editor,</p><p id="Par7">Since the outbreak of Coronavirus on December 31, 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, the number of cases from China that have been imported into other countries is increasing, and the epidemiological map is changing rapidly [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>]. In this regard, World Health Organization (WHO) on Thursday, 30 January 2020, announced a Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).</p><p id="Par8">To curb the spread of COVID-19, WHO has implemented several public health measures including rapid identification, diagnosis and management of the cases, identification and follow-up of contacts, infection prevention and control in health care settings, implementation of health measures for travelers, awareness rising in the population, and risk communication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>].</p><p id="Par9">Additionally, countries are taking measures to prevent the importation of COVID-19, i.e., on January 31, 2020, the President of the USA signed a presidential “Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Non-immigrants of Persons who Pose a Risk of Transmitting COVID-19” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]. Other measures implemented elsewhere include quarantine of travelers coming from risk countries and symptoms-based screening at points of entry [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>], which were also employed during Ebola outbreaks. In support of this approach, WHO reported that temperature screening at entry detected the majority of exported cases during the current outbreak with the COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>].</p><p id="Par10">However, 4 people in Germany were infected with Coronavirus-2019 through contact with an asymptomatic patient [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>], although there is a claim that the patient from China who transmitted the virus when she/he was attending the business meeting in Germany was symptomatic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>]. But, evidence is still clear that the other 2 patients who never came into contact with the Chinese patient contracted the virus from an asymptomatic German patient who attended the meeting with a Chinese patient. This added to the ongoing debates about virus transmission, where some of the scientists believe that asymptomatic patients are transmitting the infection. WHO says “People who cough or sneeze are more likely to spread the virus,…But even if they do, asymptomatic transmission likely plays a minor role in the epidemic overall.” Additionally, evidence from Germany reported that 2 out of 114 travelers (1.8%) from Wuhan, China, who had passed the symptoms-based screening tested positive for COVID-19 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>].</p><p id="Par11">More interestingly, Japanese citizens evacuated from the source of a COVID-19 outbreak that have been diagnosed with the infection after initially testing negative, a man in his 50s who returned from the Chinese city of Wuhan on the first Japanese evacuation flight on January 29, 2020, previously twice tested negative for the virus. However, a third test 12 days later found the man—who has been isolated in his hotel room since his return was infected. In addition to that, the number of people in Diamond Princess testing positive for COVID-19 keep on increasing, since it arrived off Japan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>].</p><p id="Par12">A case from the UK reports on the British businessman who is linked to 11 coronavirus cases that a suspect was advised to attend an isolated room at hospital, despite showing no symptoms and later tested positive for COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>]. National Health Service has advised any individual experiencing symptoms, even if mild, after traveling from mainland China, Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, or Macau, to stay indoors. In Africa, Egypt is the first country to confirm COVID-19 infection and the country’s health ministry says the affected person is a non-Egypt citizen (foreigner) who presented with no serious symptoms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>]. The second COVID-19 case in Africa has been reported to occur in Algeria from a foreigner coming from the northern part of Italy who arrived in the country on Feb 17, 2020. Northern Italy, home to many Algerians, has been the center of an outbreak of the coronavirus with more than 280 cases and 11 deaths [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>]. From Latin America, Brazil is the first country to confirm the case of COVID-19 in a 61-year-old who had visited Italy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>].</p><p id="Par13">Lastly, a published study on clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, documented that fever was present in 98.6% (136/138) of hospitalized patients, whereas 2 non-intensive care unit patients (1.4%) did not present with fever [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>]. In this regard, body temperature might not be an adequate screening as it can potentially miss travelers incubating the disease or travelers concealing fever during travel and contribute to the importation of the virus to the countries of destination. Therefore, travel restrictions to and from high risk areas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>] and/or 14-day quarantine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>] of people coming from high risk areas are recommended to prevent possible importation of COVID-19. Currently, RT-PCR is a reliable test in detecting both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>]. Lastly, in previous experience from other viral outbreaks, i.e., dengue virus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>] and Ebola [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>], fever screening especially at airport had a positive effect on partially blocking importation of cases. Kuan et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>] reported that airport fever screening was successful in identifying 45% (244/542; 95% confidence interval 33.1–57.8%) of imported dengue cases with fever.</p></body><back><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title><def-list><def-item><term>COVID-19</term><def><p id="Par2">Corona virus disease-2019</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHEIC</term><def><p id="Par3">Public Health Emergency of International Concern</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RT-PCR</term><def><p id="Par4">Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>WHO</term><def><p id="Par5">World Health Organization</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Publisher’s Note</bold></p><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors would like to thank Pharms, Alphonce Ignace, Manase Kilonzi, Wigilya Mikomangwa, Hamu Mlyuka, and Fatuma Felix for their time and comments during conceptualization. Thanks to the editor(s) for accepting this letter and comments on the manuscript.</p></ack><notes notes-type="author-contribution"><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>GMB conceived the idea of the letter, reviewed the literature, and prepared the first draft. LSP reviewed the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p></notes><notes notes-type="funding-information"><title>Funding</title><p>No external funding was used in the preparation of this letter.</p></notes><notes notes-type="data-availability"><title>Availability of data and materials</title><p>Data used to draw the conclusion are provided in this letter. Conclusions drawn in this letter reflect authors’ views and not the Institution of Affiliation.</p></notes><notes><title>Ethics approval and consent to participate</title><p id="Par14">Not applicable.</p></notes><notes><title>Consent for publication</title><p id="Par15">Not applicable.</p></notes><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Competing interests</title><p id="Par16">The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></notes><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situational Report-37. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200226-sitrep-37-covid-19.pdf">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200226-sitrep-37-covid-19.pdf</ext-link>. 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