The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections in China: prevention, control and challenges
Identifieur interne : 000129 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000128; suivant : 000130The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections in China: prevention, control and challenges
Auteurs : Sheng Zhang ; Meng Yuan Diao ; Liwei Duan ; Zhaofen Lin ; Dechang ChenSource :
- Intensive Care Medicine [ 0342-4642 ] ; 2020.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-05977-9
PubMed: 32123989
PubMed Central: 7079863
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institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310006 Zhejiang China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duan, Liwei" sort="Duan, Liwei" uniqKey="Duan L" first="Liwei" last="Duan">Liwei Duan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.73113.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0369 1660</institution-id><institution>Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital,</institution><institution>Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University),</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200433 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Zhaofen" sort="Lin, Zhaofen" uniqKey="Lin Z" first="Zhaofen" last="Lin">Zhaofen Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.73113.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0369 1660</institution-id><institution>Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital,</institution><institution>Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University),</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200433 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Dechang" sort="Chen, Dechang" uniqKey="Chen D" first="Dechang" last="Chen">Dechang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200025 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32123989</idno><idno type="pmc">7079863</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079863</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7079863</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00134-020-05977-9</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000129</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000129</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections in China: prevention, control and challenges</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Sheng" sort="Zhang, Sheng" uniqKey="Zhang S" first="Sheng" last="Zhang">Sheng Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id 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sort="Duan, Liwei" uniqKey="Duan L" first="Liwei" last="Duan">Liwei Duan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.73113.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0369 1660</institution-id><institution>Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital,</institution><institution>Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University),</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200433 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Zhaofen" sort="Lin, Zhaofen" uniqKey="Lin Z" first="Zhaofen" last="Lin">Zhaofen Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.73113.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0369 1660</institution-id><institution>Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital,</institution><institution>Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University),</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200433 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Dechang" sort="Chen, Dechang" uniqKey="Chen D" first="Dechang" last="Chen">Dechang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200025 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Intensive Care Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">0342-4642</idno><idno type="eISSN">1432-1238</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Xh" uniqKey="Guan X">XH Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, P" uniqKey="Wu P">P Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bettencourt, Lm" uniqKey="Bettencourt L">LM Bettencourt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, Rm" uniqKey="Ribeiro R">RM Ribeiro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rothe, C" uniqKey="Rothe C">C Rothe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schunk, M" uniqKey="Schunk M">M Schunk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sothmann, P" uniqKey="Sothmann P">P Sothmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Intensive Care Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Intensive Care Med</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Intensive Care Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0342-4642</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1432-1238</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Berlin/Heidelberg</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32123989</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7079863</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">5977</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00134-020-05977-9</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Letter</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections in China: prevention, control and challenges</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Sheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Diao</surname><given-names>Meng Yuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Duan</surname><given-names>Liwei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Zhaofen</given-names></name><address><email>linzhaofen@hotmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-0211</contrib-id><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Dechang</given-names></name><address><email>chendechangsh@hotmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200025 China</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13402.34</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 700X</institution-id><institution>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital,</institution><institution>Zhejiang University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Hangzhou, 310006 Zhejiang China</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.73113.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0369 1660</institution-id><institution>Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Changzheng Hospital,</institution><institution>Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University),</institution></institution-wrap>Shanghai, 200433 China</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p>Dear Editor,</p><p id="Par1">Since December 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that began from Wuhan, Hubei Province, has rapidly spread to 34 provincial-level divisions of China [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>] and 25 countries around the world [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Up to February 15, 2020, 68,586 cases in China and 526 cases in other countries have been identified as having COVID-19 (eFigure 1). The estimated mortality rate is 3.1% in Wuhan, 2.8% in Hubei Province, 0.6% in other provinces of China, 2.4% in China and 0.4% in other countries, respectively.</p><p id="Par2">Faced with such a grim situation, the Chinese government has taken a series of unprecedented rigorous measures. First, all the 31 provincial-level divisions in China mainland have launched the highest level of responding mechanism for major public health emergency. Second, Wuhan and other 12 cities in Hubei Province have consecutively shut down all outbound transportation channels and suspended public transportation. Third, the State Council announced that both the Spring Festival holiday and winter vacation will be extended. Fourth, two emergency makeshift hospitals (Huoshenshan and Leishenshan hospitals) with a total capacity of 2600 beds were built and more than ten cabin hospitals were renovated with more than 10,000 beds in Wuhan. Fifth, more than 30,000 members from military and public hospitals have successively headed out to Wuhan and other cities in Hubei Province.</p><p id="Par3">Although the number of confirmed cases is still increasing, the increasing rate has showed a downward trend from February 4, 2020 (eFigure 2). Despite Hubei Province, Guangdong, Henan, Zhejiang, Hunan and Anhui are the top five provinces with respect to the ranking order of confirmed cases. The increasing rates of confirmed cases in these provinces also showed a downward trend recently (eFigure 3). Using a real-time Bayesian estimation model and a reported serial interval of COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>], we computed time-dependent reproduction number, <italic>R</italic>(<italic>t</italic>), which is defined as the expected number of secondary cases that one primary case will generate during infectious disease transmission. As shown in Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>, <italic>R</italic>(<italic>t</italic>) has showed a downward trend in Wuhan, Hubei Province, outside Hubei, and China from January 27, 2020, to February 10, 2020. The downward trend of <italic>R</italic>(<italic>t</italic>) indicates that the prevention and control measures may be effective, although long-term effects remain to be evaluated.<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Real-time reproduction number of COVID-19 in China, outside Hubei, Hubei and Wuhan. Real-time reproduction number <italic>R</italic>(<italic>t</italic>) with 95% confidence interval of COVID-19 in <bold>a</bold> China, <bold>b</bold> outside Hubei, <bold>c</bold> Hubei Province and <bold>d</bold> Wuhan. The estimates of <italic>R</italic>(<italic>t</italic>) were truncated at February 10, 2020, because the diagnosis criteria for COVID-19 are adjusted since February 12, giving a sharp increase in number of new cases who was identified as having COVID-19. Incorporating these data for <italic>R</italic>(<italic>t</italic>) derivation would obtain misleading results</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="134_2020_5977_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p><p id="Par4">However, we still confront a number of great challenges. First, source of SARS-CoV-2 remains pendent and the population is generally susceptible to the new virus. Second, although human-to-human spread [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>] is thought to occur mainly via respiratory droplets and close contact, fecal–oral transmission or vertical transmission may also be a means of transmission. Third, asymptomatic cases with COVID-19 have been reported [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>], and several places in China have reported confirmed cases without clear transmission chain, which indicates that there may be some infected cases still wandering among population and spreading virus. Fourth, as the Spring Festival holiday nears its end, hundreds of millions people will migrate from hometown to metropolitan areas for work. Such a large scale of population migration proposes a huge challenge for epidemic control and prevention.</p><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><sec id="Sec2"><p>Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.<supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="MOESM1"><media xlink:href="134_2020_5977_MOESM1_ESM.docx"><caption><p>Supplementary file1 (DOCX 498 kb)</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Publisher's Note</bold></p><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></fn><fn><p>Sheng Zhang, Meng Yuan Diao and Liwei Duan have contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></fn-group><notes notes-type="author-contribution"><title>Authors' contribution</title><p>SZ and MYD helped in the conception and design of the study. SZ and LWD contributed to data collection and analysis. MYD helped in the first draft writing. ZFL and CDC contributed to the final approval of the version to be submitted. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.</p></notes><notes notes-type="ethics"><title>Compliance with ethical standards</title><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p>The authors declared no conflict of interest.</p></notes></notes><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">National health commission of the People's Republic of China (2020) The latest situation of new coronavirus pneumonia. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqfkdt/202002/4a1b1ec6c03548099de1c3aa935d04fd.shtml">https://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/yqfkdt/202002/4a1b1ec6c03548099de1c3aa935d04fd.shtml</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report-26. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200215-sitrep-26-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=a4cc6787_2">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200215-sitrep-26-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=a4cc6787_2</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR3"><label>3.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>XH</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2020</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2001316</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32109013</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR4"><label>4.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bettencourt</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Real time Bayesian estimation of the epidemic potential of emerging infectious diseases</article-title><source>PLoS ONE</source><year>2008</year><volume>3</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>e2185</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0002185</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18478118</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR5"><label>5.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rothe</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Schunk</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Sothmann</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany [published online January 28, 2020]</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2020</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc2001272</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32003551</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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