Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis
Identifieur interne : 000120 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000119; suivant : 000121Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis
Auteurs : Robinson Sabino-Silva ; Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim ; Walter L. SiqueiraSource :
- Clinical Oral Investigations [ 1432-6981 ] ; 2020.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7088419
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7088419Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis</title><author><name sortKey="Sabino Silva, Robinson" sort="Sabino Silva, Robinson" uniqKey="Sabino Silva R" first="Robinson" last="Sabino-Silva">Robinson Sabino-Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25152.31</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2154 235X</institution-id><institution>College of Dentistry,</institution><institution>University of Saskatchewan,</institution></institution-wrap>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411284.a</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4647 6936</institution-id><institution>Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,</institution><institution>Federal University of Uberlandia,</institution></institution-wrap>Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jardim, Ana Carolina Gomes" sort="Jardim, Ana Carolina Gomes" uniqKey="Jardim A" first="Ana Carolina Gomes" last="Jardim">Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411284.a</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4647 6936</institution-id><institution>Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,</institution><institution>Federal University of Uberlandia,</institution></institution-wrap>Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siqueira, Walter L" sort="Siqueira, Walter L" uniqKey="Siqueira W" first="Walter L." last="Siqueira">Walter L. Siqueira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25152.31</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2154 235X</institution-id><institution>College of Dentistry,</institution><institution>University of Saskatchewan,</institution></institution-wrap>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7088419</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088419</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7088419</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000120</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000120</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis</title><author><name sortKey="Sabino Silva, Robinson" sort="Sabino Silva, Robinson" uniqKey="Sabino Silva R" first="Robinson" last="Sabino-Silva">Robinson Sabino-Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25152.31</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2154 235X</institution-id><institution>College of Dentistry,</institution><institution>University of Saskatchewan,</institution></institution-wrap>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411284.a</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4647 6936</institution-id><institution>Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,</institution><institution>Federal University of Uberlandia,</institution></institution-wrap>Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jardim, Ana Carolina Gomes" sort="Jardim, Ana Carolina Gomes" uniqKey="Jardim A" first="Ana Carolina Gomes" last="Jardim">Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411284.a</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4647 6936</institution-id><institution>Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,</institution><institution>Federal University of Uberlandia,</institution></institution-wrap>Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siqueira, Walter L" sort="Siqueira, Walter L" uniqKey="Siqueira W" first="Walter L." last="Siqueira">Walter L. Siqueira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25152.31</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2154 235X</institution-id><institution>College of Dentistry,</institution><institution>University of Saskatchewan,</institution></institution-wrap>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinical Oral Investigations</title><idno type="ISSN">1432-6981</idno><idno type="eISSN">1436-3771</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ksiazek, Tg" uniqKey="Ksiazek T">TG Ksiazek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erdman, D" uniqKey="Erdman D">D Erdman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldsmith, Cs" uniqKey="Goldsmith C">CS Goldsmith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Groot, Rj" uniqKey="De Groot R">RJ de Groot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Sc" uniqKey="Baker S">SC Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Rs" uniqKey="Baric R">RS Baric</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Cs" uniqKey="Brown C">CS Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enjuanes, L" uniqKey="Enjuanes L">L Enjuanes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouchier, Ra" uniqKey="Fouchier R">RA Fouchier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galiano, M" uniqKey="Galiano M">M Galiano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorbalenya, Ae" uniqKey="Gorbalenya A">AE Gorbalenya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Memish, Za" uniqKey="Memish Z">ZA Memish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S Perlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Ll" uniqKey="Poon L">LL Poon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, Ej" uniqKey="Snijder E">EJ Snijder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stephens, Gm" uniqKey="Stephens G">GM Stephens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woo, Pc" uniqKey="Woo P">PC Woo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zaki, Am" uniqKey="Zaki A">AM Zaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zambon, M" uniqKey="Zambon M">M Zambon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ziebuhr, J" uniqKey="Ziebuhr J">J Ziebuhr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hui, Dsc" uniqKey="Hui D">DSC Hui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A Zumla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, A" uniqKey="Wu A">A Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Y" uniqKey="Peng Y">Y Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, B" uniqKey="Huang B">B Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xie, X" uniqKey="Xie X">X Xie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, H" uniqKey="Sun H">H Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, L" uniqKey="Liu L">L Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barzon, L" uniqKey="Barzon L">L Barzon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pacenti, M" uniqKey="Pacenti M">M Pacenti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berto, A" uniqKey="Berto A">A Berto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinigaglia, A" uniqKey="Sinigaglia A">A Sinigaglia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franchin, E" uniqKey="Franchin E">E Franchin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lavezzo, E" uniqKey="Lavezzo E">E Lavezzo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brugnaro, P" uniqKey="Brugnaro P">P Brugnaro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palu, G" uniqKey="Palu G">G Palù</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zuanazzi, D" uniqKey="Zuanazzi D">D Zuanazzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arts, Ej" uniqKey="Arts E">EJ Arts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jorge, Pk" uniqKey="Jorge P">PK Jorge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulyar, Y" uniqKey="Mulyar Y">Y Mulyar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, R" uniqKey="Gibson R">R Gibson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Y" uniqKey="Xiao Y">Y Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bringel Dos Santos, M" uniqKey="Bringel Dos Santos M">M Bringel Dos Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machado, Maam" uniqKey="Machado M">MAAM Machado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siqueira, Wl" uniqKey="Siqueira W">WL Siqueira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Segal, A" uniqKey="Segal A">A Segal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Dt" uniqKey="Wong D">DT Wong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Silva Boghossian, Cm" uniqKey="Silva Boghossian C">CM Silva-Boghossian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colombo, Ap" uniqKey="Colombo A">AP Colombo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, M" uniqKey="Tanaka M">M Tanaka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, L" uniqKey="Liu L">L Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Q" uniqKey="Wei Q">Q Wei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez, X" uniqKey="Alvarez X">X Alvarez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, B" uniqKey="Lu B">B Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Y" uniqKey="Huang Y">Y Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, L" uniqKey="Huang L">L Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, B" uniqKey="Li B">B Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Z" uniqKey="Zheng Z">Z Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Z" uniqKey="Chen Z">Z Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Q" uniqKey="Hu Q">Q Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, H" uniqKey="Wang H">H Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Clin Oral Investig</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Clin Oral Investig</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Clinical Oral Investigations</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1432-6981</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1436-3771</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Berlin/Heidelberg</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7088419</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3248</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Letter to the Editor</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Sabino-Silva</surname><given-names>Robinson</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Jardim</surname><given-names>Ana Carolina Gomes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" equal-contrib="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1921-3658</contrib-id><name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>Walter L.</given-names></name><address><email>walter.siqueira@usask.ca</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.25152.31</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2154 235X</institution-id><institution>College of Dentistry,</institution><institution>University of Saskatchewan,</institution></institution-wrap>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411284.a</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4647 6936</institution-id><institution>Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,</institution><institution>Federal University of Uberlandia,</institution></institution-wrap>Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411284.a</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4647 6936</institution-id><institution>Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences,</institution><institution>Federal University of Uberlandia,</institution></institution-wrap>Uberlandia, Minas Gerais Brazil</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024</institution-id><institution>Canadian Institutes of Health Research</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>CIHR grants #106657 and # 400347</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>Walter L.</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Summary</title><p id="Par1">A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is associated with human-to-human transmission. The COVID-19 was recently identified in saliva of infected patients. In this point-of-view article, we discuss the potential of transmission via the saliva of this virus. The COVID-19 transmission via contact with droplets and aerosols generated during dental clinical procedures is expected. There is a need to increase investigations to the detection of COVID-19 in oral fluids and its impact on the transmission of this virus, which is crucial to improve effective strategies for prevention, especially for dentists and healthcare professionals that perform aerosol-generating procedures. Saliva can have a pivotal role in the human-to-human transmission, and non-invasive salivary diagnostics may provide a convenient and cost-effective point-of-care platform for the fast and early detection of COVID-19 infection.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2"><title>Current point of view</title><p id="Par2">The present outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus strain (COVID-19) constitutes a public health emergency of global concern [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>]. International centers for disease control and prevention are monitoring this infectious disease outbreak; symptoms of COVID-19 infection include fever, cough, and acute respiratory disease, with severe cases leading to pneumonia, kidney failure, and even death. The severe respiratory illness caused by the COVID-19 was first detected in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and infections have spread worldwide [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Currently, the available COVID-19 genome sequences from clinical samples suggest that this viral emergence is related to bat coronaviruses [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]. Although the coronavirus infection in humans frequently presents with mild severity, the betacoronavirus infection of either the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>] or the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>] resulted in higher mortality rates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>]. Given the novelty of COVID-19, some characteristics of the virus remain yet unknown. The COVID-19 outbreak serves as both a reminder and an opportunity to assist. Considering that COVID-19 was recently identified in saliva of infected patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>], the COVID-19 outbreak is a reminder that dental/oral and other health professionals must always be diligent in protecting against the spread of infectious disease, and it provides a chance to determine if a non-invasive saliva diagnostic for COVID-19 could assist in detecting such viruses and reducing the spread.</p><p id="Par3">The Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention isolated the COVID-19. It published the viral genome sequence data immediately in international database banks GenBank and the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>]. This action enabled laboratories in several countries to develop unique PCR tests focusing on the diagnosis of COVID-19 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>]. Currently, the COVID-19 transmission routes are still to be determined, but human-to-human transmission has been confirmed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>]. The laboratory diagnostic tests should be performed using nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and blood samples. Expectorated sputum and other specimens in severe respiratory disease should be considered as lower respiratory tract samples [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>]. Several potential scenarios of COVID-19 transmission have been described. The transmission via contact with droplets from talking, coughing, sneezing (related to human respiratory activities), and aerosols generated during clinical procedures is expected, as it would be for other respiratory infections. The origin of droplets can be nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal, normally associated with saliva. Larger droplets could contribute to viral transmission to subjects nearby, and, on the other side, the long-distance transmission is possible with smaller droplets infected with air-suspended viral particles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>]. Considering that laboratory diagnostic tests are also performed in blood samples, the transmission by contaminated blood should also be considered. In this context, healthcare workers, such as dentists, may be unknowingly providing direct care for infected, but not yet diagnosed COVID-19 patients, or those considered to be suspected cases for surveillance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>]. Asymptomatic infections seem to be possible [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>] and transmission may occur before the disease symptoms appear. A recent clinical study indicates that 29% of 138 hospitalized patients with COVID-19-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, are healthcare workers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>]. As in bronchoscopy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>], inhalation of airborne particles and aerosols produced during dental procedures on patients with COVID-19 can be a high-risk procedure in which dentists are directly and closely exposed to this virus. Therefore, it is crucial for dentists to refine preventive strategies to avoid the COVID-19 infection by focusing on patient placement, hand hygiene, all personal protective equipment (PPE), and caution in performing aerosol-generating procedures. The Interim Guidance for Healthcare Professionals from CDC has been updated, and it is subject to change as additional information on COVID-19 infection and transmission becomes available.</p><p id="Par4">Diagnosis of COVID-19 can theoretically be performed using salivary diagnosis platforms. Some virus strains have been detected in saliva as long as 29 days after infection [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>], indicating that a non-invasive platform to rapidly differentiate the biomarkers using saliva could enhance disease detection. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>] Saliva samples could be collected in patients who present with oropharyngeal secretions as a symptom [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>]. Bearing in mind the requirement of a close contact between healthcare workers and infected patients to collect nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal samples, the possibility of a saliva self-collection can strongly reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Besides, the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal collection promotes discomfort and may promote bleeding especially in infected patients with thrombocytopenia. The sputum of a lower respiratory tract was produced by only 28% of COVID-19 patients, which indicates a strong limitation as specimen to diagnostic evaluation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>]. We suggest that there is a minimum of three different pathways for COVID-19 to present in saliva: firstly, from COVID-19 in the lower and upper respiratory tract [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>] that enters the oral cavity together with the liquid droplets frequently exchanged by these organs. Secondly, COVID-19 present in the blood can access the mouth via crevicular fluid, an oral cavity-specific exudate that contains local proteins derived from extracellular matrix and serum-derived proteins [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>]. Finally, another way for COVID-19 to occur in the oral cavity is by major- and minor-salivary gland infection, with subsequent release of particles in saliva via salivary ducts. It is essential to point out that salivary gland epithelial cells can be infected by SARS-CoV a short time after infection in rhesus macaques, suggesting that salivary gland cells could be a pivotal source of this virus in saliva [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>]. Additionally, the production of SARS-CoV-specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the saliva of animal models intranasally immunized was previously shown [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>]. Considering the similarity of both strains, we speculate that salivary diagnosis of COVID-19 could also be performed using specific antibodies to this virus.</p><p id="Par5">Further studies are needed to investigate the potential diagnostic of COVID-19 in saliva and its impact on transmission of this virus, which is crucial to improve effective strategies for prevention, especially for dentists and healthcare professionals that perform aerosol-generating procedures. Saliva can have a pivotal role in the human-to-human transmission, and salivary diagnostics may provide a convenient and cost-effective point-of-care platform for COVID-19 infection.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Publisher’s note</bold></p><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></fn><fn><p>Robinson Sabino-Silva, Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim and Walter L. Siqueira contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></fn-group><notes notes-type="funding-information"><title>Funding information</title><p>This research was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR grant nos. 106657 and 97577). The authors received financial support from the Royal Society – Newton Advanced Fellowship (grant reference NA 150195) and FAPEMIG (Minas Gerais Research Foundation - SICONV 793988/2013; APQ-02872-16 and APQ-03385-18). ACGJ received productivity fellowship (311219/2019-5) from the CNPq (National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development). The Brazilian funding agencies CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education), and FAPEMIG provide financial support to the National Institute of Science and Technology in Theranostics and Nanobiotechnology - INCT-Teranano (CNPq-465669/2014-0).</p></notes><notes notes-type="ethics"><title>Compliance with ethical standards</title><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Competing interests</title><p id="Par6">The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></notes></notes><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><label>1.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>The Lancet</collab></person-group><article-title>Emerging understandings of COVID-19</article-title><source>Lancet.</source><year>2020</year><volume>395</volume><issue>10221</issue><fpage>311</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30186-0</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31986259</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al (2019) China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China. N Engl J Med:2020. 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG et al (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR4"><label>4.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ksiazek</surname><given-names>TG</given-names></name><name><surname>Erdman</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Goldsmith</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2003</year><volume>348</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>1953</fpage><lpage>1966</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa030781</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12690092</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR5"><label>5.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Groot</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Baric</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Drosten</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Enjuanes</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Fouchier</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Galiano</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gorbalenya</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name><name><surname>Memish</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><name><surname>Perlman</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Poon</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></name><name><surname>Snijder</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Stephens</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Woo</surname><given-names>PC</given-names></name><name><surname>Zaki</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Zambon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ziebuhr</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group</article-title><source>J Virol</source><year>2013</year><volume>87</volume><issue>14</issue><fpage>7790</fpage><lpage>7792</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.01244-13</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23678167</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR6"><label>6.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hui</surname><given-names>DSC</given-names></name><name><surname>Zumla</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features</article-title><source>Infect Dis Clin N Am</source><year>2019</year><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>869</fpage><lpage>889</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.idc.2019.07.001</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C et al (2020) Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 10.1093/cid/ciaa149</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR8"><label>8.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>S0140-6736</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>30183</fpage><lpage>30185</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">World Health Organization – WHO (2020a) Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China disease outbreak news; 12 January, Accessed 12 Jan 2020. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/">https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR10"><label>10.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) originating in China</article-title><source>Cell Host Microbe</source><year>2020</year><volume>S1931–3128</volume><issue>20</issue><fpage>30072-X</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Shu Y, McCauley J (2017) GISAID: global initiative on sharing all influenza data - from vision to reality. Euro Surveill 22(13). 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">ECDC - European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European surveillance for human infection with novel coronavirus (COVID-19); 22 January, Accessed 28 Jan 2020. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/european-surveillance-human-infection-novel-coronavirus-COVID-19">https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/european-surveillance-human-infection-novel-coronavirus-COVID-19</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">World Health Organization-WHO (2020) Global surveillance for human infection with novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Interim guidance. 21 January, Accessed 28 Jan 2020. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/20200121-global-surveillance-for-COVID-19.pdf">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/20200121-global-surveillance-for-COVID-19.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR14"><label>14.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Exhaled droplets due to talking and coughing</article-title><source>J R Soc Interface</source><year>2009</year><volume>6</volume><issue>Suppl 6</issue><fpage>S703</fpage><lpage>S714</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rsif.2009.0388.focus</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19812073</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH et al (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Wang D, Hu B, Hu C et al (2020) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 10.1001/jama.2020.1585</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Group of Interventional Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Thoracic Society (2020) [Expert consensus for bronchoscopy during the epidemic of 2019 Novel Coronavirus infection (Trial version)]. 43(0):E006. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR18"><label>18.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barzon</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Pacenti</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Berto</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Sinigaglia</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Franchin</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Lavezzo</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Brugnaro</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Palù</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Isolation of infectious Zika virus from saliva and prolonged viral RNA shedding in a traveller returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, January 2016</article-title><source>Euro Surveill</source><year>2016</year><volume>21</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>30159</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.10.30159</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26987769</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR19"><label>19.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zuanazzi</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Arts</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Jorge</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name><name><surname>Mulyar</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Gibson</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Bringel Dos Santos</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Machado</surname><given-names>MAAM</given-names></name><name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>WL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Postnatal identification of zika virus peptides from saliva</article-title><source>J Dent Res</source><year>2017</year><volume>96</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1078</fpage><lpage>1084</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0022034517723325</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28825520</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR20"><label>20.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Segal</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>DT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Salivary diagnostics: enhancing disease detection and making medicine better</article-title><source>Eur J Dent Educ</source><year>2008</year><volume>12</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0579.2007.00477.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18289265</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR21"><label>21.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Silva-Boghossian</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Colombo</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Quantitative proteomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid in different periodontal conditions</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2013</year><volume>8</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>e75898</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0075898</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24098404</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR22"><label>22.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Alvarez</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques</article-title><source>J Virol</source><year>2011</year><volume>85</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>4025</fpage><lpage>4030</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/JVI.02292-10</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21289121</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR23"><label>23.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice</article-title><source>Immunology.</source><year>2010</year><volume>130</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>254</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03231.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20406307</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/CovidV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000120 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000120 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= CovidV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7088419
|texte= Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:NONE" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CovidV2
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |