Temporary carriage of bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus by fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to infected calves
Identifieur interne : 000292 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000291; suivant : 000293Temporary carriage of bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus by fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to infected calves
Auteurs : Veslem Y Sunniva Oma [Norvège] ; Thea Klem [Norvège] ; Madeleine Tr Vén [Suède] ; Stefan Alenius [Suède] ; Britt Gjerset [Norvège] ; Mette Myrmel [Norvège] ; Maria Stokstad [Norvège]Source :
- BMC Veterinary Research [ 1746-6148 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
In order to prevent spread of the endemic pathogens bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) between herds, knowledge of indirect transmission by personnel and fomites is fundamental. The aims of the study were to determine the duration of viral RNA carriage and the infectivity of viral particles on fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to BCoV and BRSV. During two animal infection experiments, swabs were collected from personnel (nasal mucosa) and their clothes, boots and equipment after contact with calves shedding either virus. Viral RNA was quantified by RT-qPCR or droplet digital RT-PCR (RT-ddPCR), and selected samples with high levels of viral RNA were tested by cell culture for infectivity.
For BCoV, 46% (
The results indicate that human nasal mucosa can carry both BCoV and BRSV RNA after exposure to virus shedding calves, but the carriage seems short-lived and the transmission potential is likely limited. High viral loads on contaminates fomites 24 h after exposure to infected animals, and detection of infective BCoV, indicate that contaminated fomites represent a significant risk for indirect transmission between herds.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1335-1
PubMed: 29357935
PubMed Central: 5778652
Affiliations:
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PMC:5778652Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p id="Par1">In order to prevent spread of the endemic pathogens bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) between herds, knowledge of indirect transmission by personnel and fomites is fundamental. The aims of the study were to determine the duration of viral RNA carriage and the infectivity of viral particles on fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to BCoV and BRSV. During two animal infection experiments, swabs were collected from personnel (nasal mucosa) and their clothes, boots and equipment after contact with calves shedding either virus. Viral RNA was quantified by RT-qPCR or droplet digital RT-PCR (RT-ddPCR), and selected samples with high levels of viral RNA were tested by cell culture for infectivity.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p id="Par2">For BCoV, 46% (<italic>n</italic>
= 80) of the swabs from human nasal mucosa collected 30 min after exposure were positive by RT-qPCR. After two, four and six hours, 15%, 5% and 0% of the swabs were positive, respectively. Infective virions were not detected in mucosal swabs (<italic>n</italic>
= 2). A high viral RNA load was detected on 97% (<italic>n</italic>
= 44) of the fomites 24 h after exposure, and infective virions were detected in two of three swabs. For BRSV, 35% (<italic>n</italic>
= 26) of the human nasal mucosa swabs collected 30 min after exposure, were positive by RT-ddPCR, but none were positive for infective virions. Of the fomites, 89% (<italic>n</italic>
= 38) were positive for BRSV RNA 24 h after exposure, but all were negative for infective viruses.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="Par3">The results indicate that human nasal mucosa can carry both BCoV and BRSV RNA after exposure to virus shedding calves, but the carriage seems short-lived and the transmission potential is likely limited. High viral loads on contaminates fomites 24 h after exposure to infected animals, and detection of infective BCoV, indicate that contaminated fomites represent a significant risk for indirect transmission between herds.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Vet Res</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Vet. Res</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Veterinary Research</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1746-6148</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">29357935</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5778652</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1335</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12917-018-1335-1</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Temporary carriage of bovine coronavirus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus by fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to infected calves</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7254-7724</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oma</surname>
<given-names>Veslemøy Sunniva</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Veslemoy.Oma@nmbu.no</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klem</surname>
<given-names>Thea</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Thea.Klem@nmbu.no</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tråvén</surname>
<given-names>Madeleine</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Madeleine.Traven@slu.se</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alenius</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Stefan.Alenius@slu.se</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gjerset</surname>
<given-names>Britt</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Britt.Gjerset@vetinst.no</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Myrmel</surname>
<given-names>Mette</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Mette.Myrmel@nmbu.no</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stokstad</surname>
<given-names>Maria</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>Maria.Stokstad@nmbu.no</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0607 975X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19477.3c</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences,</institution>
<institution>Norwegian University of Life Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8578 2742</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6341.0</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Clinical Sciences,</institution>
<institution>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
75007 Uppsala, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9542 2193</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.410549.d</institution-id>
<institution>Norwegian Veterinary Institute,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway</aff>
<aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0607 975X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19477.3c</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology,</institution>
<institution>Norwegian University of Life Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>22</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<elocation-id>22</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2018</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2018</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p id="Par1">In order to prevent spread of the endemic pathogens bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) between herds, knowledge of indirect transmission by personnel and fomites is fundamental. The aims of the study were to determine the duration of viral RNA carriage and the infectivity of viral particles on fomites and human nasal mucosa after exposure to BCoV and BRSV. During two animal infection experiments, swabs were collected from personnel (nasal mucosa) and their clothes, boots and equipment after contact with calves shedding either virus. Viral RNA was quantified by RT-qPCR or droplet digital RT-PCR (RT-ddPCR), and selected samples with high levels of viral RNA were tested by cell culture for infectivity.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p id="Par2">For BCoV, 46% (<italic>n</italic>
= 80) of the swabs from human nasal mucosa collected 30 min after exposure were positive by RT-qPCR. After two, four and six hours, 15%, 5% and 0% of the swabs were positive, respectively. Infective virions were not detected in mucosal swabs (<italic>n</italic>
= 2). A high viral RNA load was detected on 97% (<italic>n</italic>
= 44) of the fomites 24 h after exposure, and infective virions were detected in two of three swabs. For BRSV, 35% (<italic>n</italic>
= 26) of the human nasal mucosa swabs collected 30 min after exposure, were positive by RT-ddPCR, but none were positive for infective virions. Of the fomites, 89% (<italic>n</italic>
= 38) were positive for BRSV RNA 24 h after exposure, but all were negative for infective viruses.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="Par3">The results indicate that human nasal mucosa can carry both BCoV and BRSV RNA after exposure to virus shedding calves, but the carriage seems short-lived and the transmission potential is likely limited. High viral loads on contaminates fomites 24 h after exposure to infected animals, and detection of infective BCoV, indicate that contaminated fomites represent a significant risk for indirect transmission between herds.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Indirect transmission</kwd>
<kwd>Virus infectivity</kwd>
<kwd>Biosecurity</kwd>
<kwd>Bovine respiratory disease</kwd>
<kwd>Human nasal mucosa</kwd>
<kwd>Cattle</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005416</institution-id>
<institution>Norges Forskningsråd</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>224771/E40</award-id>
<principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Stokstad</surname>
<given-names>Maria</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2018</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Norvège</li>
<li>Suède</li>
</country>
<region><li>Østlandet</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Oslo</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="Norvège"><region name="Østlandet"><name sortKey="Oma, Veslem Y Sunniva" sort="Oma, Veslem Y Sunniva" uniqKey="Oma V" first="Veslem Y Sunniva" last="Oma">Veslem Y Sunniva Oma</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Gjerset, Britt" sort="Gjerset, Britt" uniqKey="Gjerset B" first="Britt" last="Gjerset">Britt Gjerset</name>
<name sortKey="Klem, Thea" sort="Klem, Thea" uniqKey="Klem T" first="Thea" last="Klem">Thea Klem</name>
<name sortKey="Myrmel, Mette" sort="Myrmel, Mette" uniqKey="Myrmel M" first="Mette" last="Myrmel">Mette Myrmel</name>
<name sortKey="Stokstad, Maria" sort="Stokstad, Maria" uniqKey="Stokstad M" first="Maria" last="Stokstad">Maria Stokstad</name>
</country>
<country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tr Ven, Madeleine" sort="Tr Ven, Madeleine" uniqKey="Tr Ven M" first="Madeleine" last="Tr Vén">Madeleine Tr Vén</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Alenius, Stefan" sort="Alenius, Stefan" uniqKey="Alenius S" first="Stefan" last="Alenius">Stefan Alenius</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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