Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV
Identifieur interne : 000036 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000035; suivant : 000037Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV
Auteurs : Jiabao Xu ; Shizhe Zhao ; Tieshan Teng ; Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla ; Wan Zhu ; Longxiang Xie ; Yunlong Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiangqian GuoSource :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v12020244
PubMed: 32098422
PubMed Central: 7077191
Affiliations:
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00244">Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;<email>xujiabao0907@126.com</email>
(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
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(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00244">Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;<email>xujiabao0907@126.com</email>
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(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV</title>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, Jiabao" sort="Xu, Jiabao" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jiabao" last="Xu">Jiabao Xu</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00244">Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;<email>xujiabao0907@126.com</email>
(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
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(T.T.)</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhao, Shizhe" sort="Zhao, Shizhe" uniqKey="Zhao S" first="Shizhe" last="Zhao">Shizhe Zhao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00244">Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;<email>xujiabao0907@126.com</email>
(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
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(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhu, Wan" sort="Zhu, Wan" uniqKey="Zhu W" first="Wan" last="Zhu">Wan Zhu</name>
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(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
(S.Z.);<email>xiaoshan1220@163.com</email>
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<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-12-00244">Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;<email>xujiabao0907@126.com</email>
(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.</p>
</div>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32098422</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7077191</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v12020244</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-12-00244</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Communication</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Jiabao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00244">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-viruses-12-00244">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>Shizhe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00244">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-viruses-12-00244">†</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2150-0261</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Teng</surname>
<given-names>Tieshan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00244">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdalla</surname>
<given-names>Abualgasim Elgaili</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-12-00244">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>Wan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-viruses-12-00244">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6825-9690</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Xie</surname>
<given-names>Longxiang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00244">1</xref>
<xref rid="c1-viruses-12-00244" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Yunlong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-viruses-12-00244">4</xref>
<xref rid="c1-viruses-12-00244" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Xiangqian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-12-00244">1</xref>
<xref rid="c1-viruses-12-00244" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-viruses-12-00244"><label>1</label>
Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;<email>xujiabao0907@126.com</email>
(J.X.);<email>zhaoshizhe1126@126.com</email>
(S.Z.);<email>xiaoshan1220@163.com</email>
(T.T.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-viruses-12-00244"><label>2</label>
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia;<email>gasimmicro@gmail.com</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af3-viruses-12-00244"><label>3</label>
Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;<email>ms.wanzhu@gmail.com</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af4-viruses-12-00244"><label>4</label>
Henan Bioengineering Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-12-00244"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>xielongxiang123@126.com</email>
(L.X.); <email>biowyl@126.com</email>
(Y.W.); <email>xqguo@henu.edu.cn</email>
(X.G.); Tel.: +86-0371-22892960 (L.X.); +86-0371-67999699 (Y.W.); +86-0371-22892960 (X.G.)</corresp>
<fn id="fn1-viruses-12-00244"><label>†</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>2</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>244</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>04</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>coronaviruses</kwd>
<kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
<kwd>SARS-CoV</kwd>
<kwd>genomic comparison</kwd>
<kwd>proteomic comparison</kwd>
<kwd>pathogenic mechanism</kwd>
<kwd>clinical manifestations</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="viruses-12-00244-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Timeline of SARS (<bold>a</bold>
) and COVID-19 (<bold>b</bold>
) epidemic development.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="viruses-12-00244-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="viruses-12-00244-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>
) Comparison of the number of SARS and COVID-19 patients in China (including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) and other countries; (<bold>b</bold>
) the number of SARS patients in different provinces of China; (<bold>c</bold>
) an increased number of COVID-19 patients over time was showed in a histogram. On Feb. 11th, Hubei Province had added a “clinical diagnosis case” classification, and identified suspected cases with pneumonia imaging features as clinical diagnosis cases so that patients can receive standardized treatment as soon as possible. (<bold>d</bold>
) The number of COVID-19 patients in different provinces of China. The time period shown in the picture was in the Spring Festival transportation.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="viruses-12-00244-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="viruses-12-00244-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>The distribution of COVID-2019 patients in China (<bold>a</bold>
) and Hubei Province (<bold>b</bold>
). XJ, Xinjiang; XZ, Xizang; GS, Gansu; QH, Qinghai; SC, Sichuan; YN, Yunnan; IM, Inner Mongolia; NX, Ningxia; SN, Shaanxi; CQ, Chongqing; GZ, Guizhou; GX, Guangxi; HI, Hainan; SX, Shanxi, HA, Henan; HB, Hubei; HN, Hunan; GD, Guangdong; HK, Hong Kong; HE, Hebei; BJ, Beijing; TJ, Tianjin; SD, Shandong; AH, Anhui; JX, Jiangxi; JS, Jiangsu; SH, Shanghai; ZJ, Zhejiang; FJ, Fujian; TW, Taiwan; HL, Heilongjiang; JL, Jilin; LN, Liaoning.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="viruses-12-00244-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="viruses-12-00244-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>
) Genomic sequence alignment between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV; (<bold>b</bold>
) Dot plot matrix calculated for the complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="viruses-12-00244-g004"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="viruses-12-00244-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00244-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of SARS and COVID-19.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Items</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">COVID-19</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First occurrence</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nov. 16th, 2002 in Foshan, Guangdong</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dec. 07th, 2019 in Wuhan,<break></break>
Hubei</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathogen</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-CoV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-CoV-2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intermediate host</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Paguma larvata</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pangolin, Mink (Possible)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Definitive host</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhinolophus sinicus</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhinolophus affinis</italic>
(Possible)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus type</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNA virus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNA virus</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species pathogen</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β-coronavirus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β-coronavirus</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total DNA sequence length of pathogen</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29,751</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29,903</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Latency</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–4 days on average</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3–7 days on average</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptible people</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Young adults</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">People who have not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male–female patient ratio</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1:1.25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.70:1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mortality</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.60%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.10%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical symptoms</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever, cough, myalgia, dyspnea, and diarrhea</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever, fatigue, and dry cough</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Propagation mode</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Droplets or close contacts</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Droplets or close contacts</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major regional distribution</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beijing, Guangdong, Shanxi in China</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hubei, especially Wuhan in China</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diagnostic methods</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR, rRT-PCR, RT-LAMP, rRT-LAMP, Coronavirus detection kit</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR, rRT-PCR, RT-LAMP, rRT-LAMP, Coronavirus detection kit</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucocorticoid and interferon</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lopinavir/ritonavir (in testing)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="viruses-12-00244-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00244-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of protein sequences SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV by Blastp.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">SARS-CoV-2</th>
<th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">SARS-CoV</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein Name</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accession Number</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Putative Function/Domain</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accession Number</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Query Cover *</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent Identity</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725298.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nonstructural polyprotein pp1a </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ABF65834.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.34%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725299.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyprotein orf1a</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFR58698.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.82%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725300.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyprotein 1a</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ARO76381.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.80%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725302.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp6-pp1a/pp1ab (TM3)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828864.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.15%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725303.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chain A, Replicase Polyprotein 1ab, Light Chain </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2AHM_A</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.80%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725304.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chain E, Replicase Polyprotein 1ab, Heavy Chain</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2AHM_E</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.47%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725305.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp9-pp1a/pp1ab </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828867.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.35%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725306.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chain A, Non-structural Protein 10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5C8S_A</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.12%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725312.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp11-pp1a</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_904321.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.62%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf1a polyprotein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725295.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf1a polyprotein (pp1a)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828850.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.58%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf1ab polyprotein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724389.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf1ab polyprotein (pp1ab) </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828849.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.26%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf3a protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724391.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hypothetical protein sars3a</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828852.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.04%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf6 protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724394.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hypothetical protein sars6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828856.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.85%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf7a protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724395.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">protein 8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ARO76387.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.70%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf7b protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725296.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hypothetical protein sars7b</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_849175.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.37%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf8 protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724396.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">orf10 protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725255.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2’-O-ribose methyltransferase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725311.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp16-pp1ab (2’-o-MT) </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828873.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.60%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3C-like proteinase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725301.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polyprotein 1a </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ARO76381.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.08%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3’-to-5’ exonuclease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725309.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp14-pp1ab (nuclease ExoN homolog) </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828871.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.07%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">endoRNAse</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725310.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp15-pp1ab (endoRNAse)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828872.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.73%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">envelope protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724392.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">APO40581.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.74%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">helicase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725308.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp13-pp1ab (ZD, NTPase/HEL)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828870.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.83%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">leader protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725297.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp1-pp1a/pp1ab </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828860.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.44%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">membrane glycoprotein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724393.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">matrix protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828855.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.54%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nucleocapsid phosphoprotein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724397.2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nucleocapsid protein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ARO76389.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.52%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009725307.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nsp12-pp1ab (RdRp) </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NP_828869.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.35%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">surface glycoprotein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YP_009724390.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">spike glycoprotein</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ABD72985.1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.42%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>“-” represents no homologous protein. Query cover represents the percentage of the protein sequences that are participating in the comparison. Percent identity indicates the homology.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="viruses-12-00244-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-12-00244-t003_Table 3</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Proposed questions to study SARS-CoV-2 for future studies.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">What is the effect of the surface epitope and receptor binding domain of S protein of SARS-CoV-2 on the virus’ infectivity?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is there any effect of SARS-CoV vaccine designed according to S protein on SARS-CoV-2?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does SARS-CoV-2 orf8 and orf10 proteins, which have no homology proteins in SARS-CoV, play roles in the infectivity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2? </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Can the susceptibility of asymptomatic carriers be judged by detecting the serum reactivity level of N protein?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apart from droplet transmission and contact transmission, are there other methods to transmit SARS-CoV-2?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">What is the percentage of COVID-19 patients have been infected with SARS and produced antibodies?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is there an effective specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 solution?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does traditional Chinese medicine have any effect on the treatment of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Do ethnic differences affect the transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2?</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Do any environmental factors, such as regional conditions or climate, affect SARS-CoV-2 transmission?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Abdalla, Abualgasim Elgaili" sort="Abdalla, Abualgasim Elgaili" uniqKey="Abdalla A" first="Abualgasim Elgaili" last="Abdalla">Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla</name>
<name sortKey="Guo, Xiangqian" sort="Guo, Xiangqian" uniqKey="Guo X" first="Xiangqian" last="Guo">Xiangqian Guo</name>
<name sortKey="Teng, Tieshan" sort="Teng, Tieshan" uniqKey="Teng T" first="Tieshan" last="Teng">Tieshan Teng</name>
<name sortKey="Xie, Longxiang" sort="Xie, Longxiang" uniqKey="Xie L" first="Longxiang" last="Xie">Longxiang Xie</name>
<name sortKey="Xu, Jiabao" sort="Xu, Jiabao" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jiabao" last="Xu">Jiabao Xu</name>
<name sortKey="Zhao, Shizhe" sort="Zhao, Shizhe" uniqKey="Zhao S" first="Shizhe" last="Zhao">Shizhe Zhao</name>
<name sortKey="Zhu, Wan" sort="Zhu, Wan" uniqKey="Zhu W" first="Wan" last="Zhu">Wan Zhu</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wang, Yunlong" sort="Wang, Yunlong" uniqKey="Wang Y" first="Yunlong" last="Wang">Yunlong Wang</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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