Relationship between the GOLD combined COPD assessment staging system and bacterial isolation
Identifieur interne : 000465 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000464; suivant : 000466Relationship between the GOLD combined COPD assessment staging system and bacterial isolation
Auteurs : Yusuf Aydemir [Turquie] ; Özlem Aydemir [Turquie] ; Fatma Kalem [Turquie]Source :
- International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [ 1176-9106 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Acute exacerbations, which are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity, adversely affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prognosis by accelerating loss of lung function. It is important to know the microorganisms that commonly cause exacerbations in the patient groups classified according to clinical and functional characteristics for fast and accurate treatment of acute exacerbations.
The last Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) publication recommended a new staging system containing obstruction degree, frequency of exacerbations, and quality of life questionnaires. This study is designed to analyze the relationship between the bacteria isolated in acute exacerbations and new GOLD stages.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria (PPB) isolation with culture and polymerase chain reaction methods were obtained from 114 acute exacerbation COPD patients, classified into A, B, C, and D groups by analyzing the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) value, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, and exacerbation frequency according to the new GOLD staging system.
There was a significant correlation between exacerbation frequency and PPB isolation (
Bacterial infection may cause an acute exacerbation equally in each stage for COPD. The difference in bacterial etiology is more related to exacerbation frequency than FEV1 and CAT scores for an acute exacerbation. Determining exacerbation frequency is significant for treatment success in empirical antibiotic selection.
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DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S70620
PubMed: 25298733
PubMed Central: 4186572
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Relationship between the GOLD combined COPD assessment staging system and bacterial isolation</title><author><name sortKey="Aydemir, Yusuf" sort="Aydemir, Yusuf" uniqKey="Aydemir Y" first="Yusuf" last="Aydemir">Yusuf Aydemir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-copd-9-1045">Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sakarya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aydemir, Ozlem" sort="Aydemir, Ozlem" uniqKey="Aydemir O" first="Özlem" last="Aydemir">Özlem Aydemir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-copd-9-1045">Department of Microbiology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Sakarya University, Sakarya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sakarya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalem, Fatma" sort="Kalem, Fatma" uniqKey="Kalem F" first="Fatma" last="Kalem">Fatma Kalem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-copd-9-1045">Department of Microbiology, Konya Numune Hospital, Konya, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Konya Numune Hospital, Konya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Konya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25298733</idno><idno type="pmc">4186572</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4186572</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4186572</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/COPD.S70620</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000889</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000889</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000889</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000889</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000619</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000619</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000465</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Relationship between the GOLD combined COPD assessment staging system and bacterial isolation</title><author><name sortKey="Aydemir, Yusuf" sort="Aydemir, Yusuf" uniqKey="Aydemir Y" first="Yusuf" last="Aydemir">Yusuf Aydemir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-copd-9-1045">Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sakarya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aydemir, Ozlem" sort="Aydemir, Ozlem" uniqKey="Aydemir O" first="Özlem" last="Aydemir">Özlem Aydemir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-copd-9-1045">Department of Microbiology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Sakarya University, Sakarya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sakarya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalem, Fatma" sort="Kalem, Fatma" uniqKey="Kalem F" first="Fatma" last="Kalem">Fatma Kalem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-copd-9-1045">Department of Microbiology, Konya Numune Hospital, Konya, Turkey</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Konya Numune Hospital, Konya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Konya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-9106</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-2005</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Acute exacerbations, which are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity, adversely affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prognosis by accelerating loss of lung function. It is important to know the microorganisms that commonly cause exacerbations in the patient groups classified according to clinical and functional characteristics for fast and accurate treatment of acute exacerbations.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The last Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) publication recommended a new staging system containing obstruction degree, frequency of exacerbations, and quality of life questionnaires. This study is designed to analyze the relationship between the bacteria isolated in acute exacerbations and new GOLD stages.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Potentially pathogenic bacteria (PPB) isolation with culture and polymerase chain reaction methods were obtained from 114 acute exacerbation COPD patients, classified into A, B, C, and D groups by analyzing the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) value, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, and exacerbation frequency according to the new GOLD staging system.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>There was a significant correlation between exacerbation frequency and PPB isolation (<italic>P</italic>=0.002). There was no relationship between GOLD stage, FEV<sub>1</sub>, and CAT score with PPB isolation. The isolated bacteria diversity and mixed infection frequency were higher in the GOLD stage D group. <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli</italic>, and <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> were isolated only from D group patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Bacterial infection may cause an acute exacerbation equally in each stage for COPD. The difference in bacterial etiology is more related to exacerbation frequency than FEV<sub>1</sub> and CAT scores for an acute exacerbation. Determining exacerbation frequency is significant for treatment success in empirical antibiotic selection.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seemungal, Ta" uniqKey="Seemungal T">TA Seemungal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, Gc" uniqKey="Donaldson G">GC Donaldson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Ea" uniqKey="Paul E">EA Paul</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hurst, Jr" uniqKey="Hurst J">JR Hurst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vestbo, J" uniqKey="Vestbo J">J Vestbo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anzueto, A" uniqKey="Anzueto A">A Anzueto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Celli, Br" uniqKey="Celli B">BR Celli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Ne" uniqKey="Thomas N">NE Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Ja" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">International Journal of COPD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-9106</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-2005</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25298733</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4186572</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/COPD.S70620</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">copd-9-1045</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Relationship between the GOLD combined COPD assessment staging system and bacterial isolation</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aydemir</surname><given-names>Yusuf</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-copd-9-1045">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-copd-9-1045"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aydemir</surname><given-names>Özlem</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-copd-9-1045">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kalem</surname><given-names>Fatma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-copd-9-1045">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-copd-9-1045"><label>1</label>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey</aff><aff id="af2-copd-9-1045"><label>2</label>Department of Microbiology, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey</aff><aff id="af3-copd-9-1045"><label>3</label>Department of Microbiology, Konya Numune Hospital, Konya, Turkey</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-copd-9-1045">Correspondence: Yusuf Aydemir, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sakarya University Hospital, 54100 Sakarya, Turkey, Tel +90 264 295 6630, Fax +90 264 295 6629, Email <email>dryaydemir@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><fpage>1045</fpage><lpage>1051</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Aydemir et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Acute exacerbations, which are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity, adversely affect chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prognosis by accelerating loss of lung function. It is important to know the microorganisms that commonly cause exacerbations in the patient groups classified according to clinical and functional characteristics for fast and accurate treatment of acute exacerbations.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>The last Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) publication recommended a new staging system containing obstruction degree, frequency of exacerbations, and quality of life questionnaires. This study is designed to analyze the relationship between the bacteria isolated in acute exacerbations and new GOLD stages.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Potentially pathogenic bacteria (PPB) isolation with culture and polymerase chain reaction methods were obtained from 114 acute exacerbation COPD patients, classified into A, B, C, and D groups by analyzing the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) value, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, and exacerbation frequency according to the new GOLD staging system.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>There was a significant correlation between exacerbation frequency and PPB isolation (<italic>P</italic>=0.002). There was no relationship between GOLD stage, FEV<sub>1</sub>, and CAT score with PPB isolation. The isolated bacteria diversity and mixed infection frequency were higher in the GOLD stage D group. <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli</italic>, and <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic> were isolated only from D group patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Bacterial infection may cause an acute exacerbation equally in each stage for COPD. The difference in bacterial etiology is more related to exacerbation frequency than FEV<sub>1</sub> and CAT scores for an acute exacerbation. Determining exacerbation frequency is significant for treatment success in empirical antibiotic selection.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>acute exacerbation</kwd><kwd>bacterial etiology</kwd><kwd>polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>GOLD</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-copd-9-1045" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>General characteristics of the study population</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total patients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excluded patients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1"> Due to</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Previous antibiotic treatment</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poor cooperation PFT</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accompanying comorbidities</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not adequate quality of sputum</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Included patients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outpatients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inpatients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">GOLD class</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> A</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All of outpatients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> B</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 inpatient</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 inpatients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> D</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 inpatients</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Exacerbations</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Smoking</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pneumococcal vaccination</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Age, mean (SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (±9)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum 39</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum 86</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> FEV<sub>1</sub> %, mean (SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (±15)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum 24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum 82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CAT, mean (SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (±10)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum 3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum 40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CRP, mg/mL, mean (SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.6 (45)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum 3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum 150</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Leukocytes, ×10<sup>9</sup> cells/L, mean (SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.6 (4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum 6.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum 22.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sedimentation, mm/hour, mean (SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (15)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum 1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum 71</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-copd-9-1045"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CAT, COPD Assessment Test; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FEV<sub>1</sub>, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; PFT, pulmonary function test; SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-copd-9-1045" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Distribution of culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (%)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>Culture</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal flora</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72 (63.1)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (10.5)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Haemophilus influenzae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (8.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Moraxella catarrhalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Escherichia coli</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.9)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacterial isolation total (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>PCR</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-copd-9-1045">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (35.1)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pneumoniae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (15.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>H. influenzae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (15.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> + <italic>H. influenzae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. catarrhalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (6.1)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K. pneumoniae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (6.1)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> + <italic>M. catarrhalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (5.3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E. coli</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>H. influenzae</italic> + <italic>M. catarrhalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. pneumoniae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. aureus</italic> + <italic>H. influenzae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacterial isolation total (%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.7</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn10-copd-9-1045"><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn2-copd-9-1045"><label>a</label><p>The PCR kit has no ability to detect <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> and <italic>A. baumanii.</italic></p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-copd-9-1045" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Relationship between various parameters and bacterial isolation</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Culture
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">PCR
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacterial isolation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No bacterial isolation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bacterial isolation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No bacterial isolation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (mean, years)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.483</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.574</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex (n, female/male)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/31</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18/55</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.381</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19/58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9/28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.599</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRP (mean, mg/mL)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.902</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.750</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leukocytes (mean, ×10<sup>9</sup> cells/L)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.204</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.942</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sedimentation (mean, mm/hour)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.114</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.435</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FEV<sub>1</sub> (mean, % predicted)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.251</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.184</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAT (mean)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.159</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.301</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exacerbations (mean)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.083</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GOLD class (n, groups A/B/C/D)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/11/9/18</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/19/20/23</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.325</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/19/18/29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/11/11/12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.801</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-copd-9-1045"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CAT, COPD Assessment Test; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FEV<sub>1</sub>, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-copd-9-1045" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Relationship between FEV<sub>1</sub>, CAT, and exacerbation frequency with positive bacterial isolation</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive bacterial isolation (PCR)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FEV<sub>1</sub> >50% vs FEV<sub>1</sub> ≤50%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.817</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAT <10 vs CAT ≥10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.257</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exacerbations 0–1 vs ≥2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn4-copd-9-1045"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CAT, COPD Assessment Test; COPD, COPD, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; FEV<sub>1</sub>, forced expiratory volume in 1 second.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Turquie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Turquie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Aydemir, Yusuf" sort="Aydemir, Yusuf" uniqKey="Aydemir Y" first="Yusuf" last="Aydemir">Yusuf Aydemir</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Aydemir, Ozlem" sort="Aydemir, Ozlem" uniqKey="Aydemir O" first="Özlem" last="Aydemir">Özlem Aydemir</name><name sortKey="Kalem, Fatma" sort="Kalem, Fatma" uniqKey="Kalem F" first="Fatma" last="Kalem">Fatma Kalem</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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