Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar.
Identifieur interne : 000601 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000600; suivant : 000602Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar.
Auteurs : Elmoubasher Farag ; Reina S. Sikkema ; Tinka Vinks ; Md Mazharul Islam ; Mohamed Nour ; Hamad Al-Romaihi ; Mohammed Al Thani ; Muzzamil Atta ; Farhoud H. Alhajri ; Salih Al-Marri ; Mohd Alhajri ; Chantal Reusken ; Marion KoopmansSource :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2018.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animal Husbandry, Animals, Camelus (virology), Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology), Coronavirus Infections (transmission), Coronavirus Infections (veterinary), Disease Reservoirs (veterinary), Disease Reservoirs (virology), Farms, Humans, Life Style, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (genetics), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (isolation & purification), Phylogeny, Qatar (epidemiology), RNA, Viral, Zoonoses (epidemiology), Zoonoses (transmission), Zoonoses (virology).
- MESH :
- chemical : RNA, Viral.
- geographic , epidemiology : Qatar.
- epidemiology : Coronavirus Infections, Zoonoses.
- genetics : Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
- isolation & purification : Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.
- transmission : Coronavirus Infections, Zoonoses.
- veterinary : Coronavirus Infections, Disease Reservoirs.
- virology : Camelus, Disease Reservoirs, Zoonoses.
- Animal Husbandry, Animals, Farms, Humans, Life Style, Phylogeny.
Abstract
MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus) antibodies were detected in camels since 1983, but the first human case was only detected in 2012. This study sought to identify and quantify possible drivers for the MERS-CoV emergence and spillover to humans. A list of potential human, animal and environmental drivers for disease emergence were identified from literature. Trends in possible drivers were analyzed from national and international databases, and through structured interviews with experts in Qatar. The discovery and exploitation of oil and gas led to a 5-fold increase in Qatar GDP coupled with a 7-fold population growth in the past 30 years. The lifestyle gradually transformed from Bedouin life to urban sedentary life, along with a sharp increase in obesity and other comorbidities. Owing to substantial governmental support, camel husbandry and competitions flourished, exacerbating the already rapidly occurring desertification that forced banning of free grazing in 2005. Consequently, camels were housed in compact barns alongside their workers. The transition in husbandry leading to high density camel farming along with increased exposure to humans, combined with the increase of camel movement for the racing and breeding industry, have led to a convergence of factors driving spillover of MERS-CoV from camels to humans.
DOI: 10.3390/v11010022
PubMed: 30602691
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:30602691Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar.</title><author><name sortKey="Farag, Elmoubasher" sort="Farag, Elmoubasher" uniqKey="Farag E" first="Elmoubasher" last="Farag">Elmoubasher Farag</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. eabdfarag@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sikkema, Reina S" sort="Sikkema, Reina S" uniqKey="Sikkema R" first="Reina S" last="Sikkema">Reina S. Sikkema</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.sikkema@erasmusmc.nl.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinks, Tinka" sort="Vinks, Tinka" uniqKey="Vinks T" first="Tinka" last="Vinks">Tinka Vinks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. tinkavinks@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Md Mazharul" sort="Islam, Md Mazharul" uniqKey="Islam M" first="Md Mazharul" last="Islam">Md Mazharul Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. walidbdvet@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nour, Mohamed" sort="Nour, Mohamed" uniqKey="Nour M" first="Mohamed" last="Nour">Mohamed Nour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. mnour@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Romaihi, Hamad" sort="Al Romaihi, Hamad" uniqKey="Al Romaihi H" first="Hamad" last="Al-Romaihi">Hamad Al-Romaihi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. halromaihi@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Thani, Mohammed" sort="Al Thani, Mohammed" uniqKey="Al Thani M" first="Mohammed" last="Al Thani">Mohammed Al Thani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. malthani@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Atta, Muzzamil" sort="Atta, Muzzamil" uniqKey="Atta M" first="Muzzamil" last="Atta">Muzzamil Atta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. muzamilata@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhajri, Farhoud H" sort="Alhajri, Farhoud H" uniqKey="Alhajri F" first="Farhoud H" last="Alhajri">Farhoud H. Alhajri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. m6066@mme.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Marri, Salih" sort="Al Marri, Salih" uniqKey="Al Marri S" first="Salih" last="Al-Marri">Salih Al-Marri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. dralmarri@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhajri, Mohd" sort="Alhajri, Mohd" uniqKey="Alhajri M" first="Mohd" last="Alhajri">Mohd Alhajri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. malhajri1@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal" sort="Reusken, Chantal" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal" last="Reusken">Chantal Reusken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. c.reusken@erasmusmc.nl.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion" sort="Koopmans, Marion" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion" last="Koopmans">Marion Koopmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.koopmans@erasmusmc.nl.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:30602691</idno><idno type="pmid">30602691</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v11010022</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000601</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000601</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar.</title><author><name sortKey="Farag, Elmoubasher" sort="Farag, Elmoubasher" uniqKey="Farag E" first="Elmoubasher" last="Farag">Elmoubasher Farag</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. eabdfarag@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sikkema, Reina S" sort="Sikkema, Reina S" uniqKey="Sikkema R" first="Reina S" last="Sikkema">Reina S. Sikkema</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.sikkema@erasmusmc.nl.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinks, Tinka" sort="Vinks, Tinka" uniqKey="Vinks T" first="Tinka" last="Vinks">Tinka Vinks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. tinkavinks@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, Md Mazharul" sort="Islam, Md Mazharul" uniqKey="Islam M" first="Md Mazharul" last="Islam">Md Mazharul Islam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. walidbdvet@gmail.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nour, Mohamed" sort="Nour, Mohamed" uniqKey="Nour M" first="Mohamed" last="Nour">Mohamed Nour</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. mnour@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Romaihi, Hamad" sort="Al Romaihi, Hamad" uniqKey="Al Romaihi H" first="Hamad" last="Al-Romaihi">Hamad Al-Romaihi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. halromaihi@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Thani, Mohammed" sort="Al Thani, Mohammed" uniqKey="Al Thani M" first="Mohammed" last="Al Thani">Mohammed Al Thani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. malthani@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Atta, Muzzamil" sort="Atta, Muzzamil" uniqKey="Atta M" first="Muzzamil" last="Atta">Muzzamil Atta</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. muzamilata@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhajri, Farhoud H" sort="Alhajri, Farhoud H" uniqKey="Alhajri F" first="Farhoud H" last="Alhajri">Farhoud H. Alhajri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. m6066@mme.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Marri, Salih" sort="Al Marri, Salih" uniqKey="Al Marri S" first="Salih" last="Al-Marri">Salih Al-Marri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. dralmarri@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhajri, Mohd" sort="Alhajri, Mohd" uniqKey="Alhajri M" first="Mohd" last="Alhajri">Mohd Alhajri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. malhajri1@moph.gov.qa.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal" sort="Reusken, Chantal" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal" last="Reusken">Chantal Reusken</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. c.reusken@erasmusmc.nl.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion" sort="Koopmans, Marion" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion" last="Koopmans">Marion Koopmans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.koopmans@erasmusmc.nl.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animal Husbandry</term><term>Animals</term><term>Camelus (virology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (epidemiology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (transmission)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (veterinary)</term><term>Disease Reservoirs (veterinary)</term><term>Disease Reservoirs (virology)</term><term>Farms</term><term>Humans</term><term>Life Style</term><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (genetics)</term><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (isolation & purification)</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Qatar (epidemiology)</term><term>RNA, Viral</term><term>Zoonoses (epidemiology)</term><term>Zoonoses (transmission)</term><term>Zoonoses (virology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Qatar</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="veterinary" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Disease Reservoirs</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Camelus</term><term>Disease Reservoirs</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animal Husbandry</term><term>Animals</term><term>Farms</term><term>Humans</term><term>Life Style</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus) antibodies were detected in camels since 1983, but the first human case was only detected in 2012. This study sought to identify and quantify possible drivers for the MERS-CoV emergence and spillover to humans. A list of potential human, animal and environmental drivers for disease emergence were identified from literature. Trends in possible drivers were analyzed from national and international databases, and through structured interviews with experts in Qatar. The discovery and exploitation of oil and gas led to a 5-fold increase in Qatar GDP coupled with a 7-fold population growth in the past 30 years. The lifestyle gradually transformed from Bedouin life to urban sedentary life, along with a sharp increase in obesity and other comorbidities. Owing to substantial governmental support, camel husbandry and competitions flourished, exacerbating the already rapidly occurring desertification that forced banning of free grazing in 2005. Consequently, camels were housed in compact barns alongside their workers. The transition in husbandry leading to high density camel farming along with increased exposure to humans, combined with the increase of camel movement for the racing and breeding industry, have led to a convergence of factors driving spillover of MERS-CoV from camels to humans.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">30602691</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2019</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>13</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>09</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1999-4915</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>11</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>31</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Viruses</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Viruses</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">E22</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3390/v11010022</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus) antibodies were detected in camels since 1983, but the first human case was only detected in 2012. This study sought to identify and quantify possible drivers for the MERS-CoV emergence and spillover to humans. A list of potential human, animal and environmental drivers for disease emergence were identified from literature. Trends in possible drivers were analyzed from national and international databases, and through structured interviews with experts in Qatar. The discovery and exploitation of oil and gas led to a 5-fold increase in Qatar GDP coupled with a 7-fold population growth in the past 30 years. The lifestyle gradually transformed from Bedouin life to urban sedentary life, along with a sharp increase in obesity and other comorbidities. Owing to substantial governmental support, camel husbandry and competitions flourished, exacerbating the already rapidly occurring desertification that forced banning of free grazing in 2005. Consequently, camels were housed in compact barns alongside their workers. The transition in husbandry leading to high density camel farming along with increased exposure to humans, combined with the increase of camel movement for the racing and breeding industry, have led to a convergence of factors driving spillover of MERS-CoV from camels to humans.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Farag</LastName><ForeName>Elmoubasher</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1281-6205</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. eabdfarag@moph.gov.qa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sikkema</LastName><ForeName>Reina S</ForeName><Initials>RS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-7331-6274</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.sikkema@erasmusmc.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vinks</LastName><ForeName>Tinka</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. tinkavinks@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Islam</LastName><ForeName>Md Mazharul</ForeName><Initials>MM</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7357-9645</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. walidbdvet@gmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nour</LastName><ForeName>Mohamed</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6762-3742</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. mnour@moph.gov.qa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Romaihi</LastName><ForeName>Hamad</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. halromaihi@moph.gov.qa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al Thani</LastName><ForeName>Mohammed</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. malthani@moph.gov.qa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Atta</LastName><ForeName>Muzzamil</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5100-0866</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. muzamilata@yahoo.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alhajri</LastName><ForeName>Farhoud H</ForeName><Initials>FH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha 35081, Qatar. m6066@mme.gov.qa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Al-Marri</LastName><ForeName>Salih</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. dralmarri@moph.gov.qa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>AlHajri</LastName><ForeName>Mohd</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Public of Health, Doha 42, Qatar. malhajri1@moph.gov.qa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reusken</LastName><ForeName>Chantal</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. c.reusken@erasmusmc.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Koopmans</LastName><ForeName>Marion</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.koopmans@erasmusmc.nl.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>31</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Viruses</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101509722</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1999-4915</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012367">RNA, Viral</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000822" MajorTopicYN="N">Animal Husbandry</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002162" MajorTopicYN="N">Camelus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="Y">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="N">transmission</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000662" MajorTopicYN="Y">veterinary</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004197" MajorTopicYN="N">Disease Reservoirs</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000662" MajorTopicYN="Y">veterinary</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000072480" MajorTopicYN="N">Farms</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008019" MajorTopicYN="N">Life Style</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D065207" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010802" MajorTopicYN="N">Phylogeny</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011780" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Qatar</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012367" MajorTopicYN="N">RNA, Viral</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015047" MajorTopicYN="N">Zoonoses</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="N">transmission</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Drivers</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">MERS-CoV</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Qatar</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>10</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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