Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients
Identifieur interne : 000682 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000681; suivant : 000683Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients
Auteurs : Michaela P. Trudeau [États-Unis] ; Harsha Verma [États-Unis] ; Fernando Sampedro [États-Unis] ; Pedro E. Urriola [États-Unis] ; Gerald C. Shurson [États-Unis] ; Sagar M. Goyal [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Porcine Delta Corona Virus (PDCoV), and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) are major threats to swine health and contaminated feed plays a role in virus transmission. The objective of our study was to characterize inactivation of PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV in various feed ingredient matrices. Samples of complete feed, spray dried porcine plasma, meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, corn, soybean meal, and corn dried distillers grains with solubles were weighed (5 g/sample) into scintillation vials and inoculated with 1 mL of PEDV, PDCoV, or TGEV. Samples were incubated at room temperature for up to 56 days. Aliquots were removed at various time points followed by preparing serial 10-fold dilutions and inoculating in cell cultures to determine the amount of surviving virus. Inactivation kinetics were determined using the Weibull model, which estimates a delta value indicating the time necessary to reduce virus concentration by 1 log. Delta values of various ingredients were compared and analyzed as to their nutrient composition. Soybean meal had the greatest delta value (7.50 days) for PEDV (
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178094
PubMed: 28542235
PubMed Central: 5443540
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Trudeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verma, Harsha" sort="Verma, Harsha" uniqKey="Verma H" first="Harsha" last="Verma">Harsha Verma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampedro, Fernando" sort="Sampedro, Fernando" uniqKey="Sampedro F" first="Fernando" last="Sampedro">Fernando Sampedro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urriola, Pedro E" sort="Urriola, Pedro E" uniqKey="Urriola P" first="Pedro E." last="Urriola">Pedro E. Urriola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shurson, Gerald C" sort="Shurson, Gerald C" uniqKey="Shurson G" first="Gerald C." last="Shurson">Gerald C. Shurson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goyal, Sagar M" sort="Goyal, Sagar M" uniqKey="Goyal S" first="Sagar M." last="Goyal">Sagar M. Goyal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28542235</idno><idno type="pmc">5443540</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443540</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5443540</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0178094</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000682</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000682</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000682</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000682</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients</title><author><name sortKey="Trudeau, Michaela P" sort="Trudeau, Michaela P" uniqKey="Trudeau M" first="Michaela P." last="Trudeau">Michaela P. Trudeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verma, Harsha" sort="Verma, Harsha" uniqKey="Verma H" first="Harsha" last="Verma">Harsha Verma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampedro, Fernando" sort="Sampedro, Fernando" uniqKey="Sampedro F" first="Fernando" last="Sampedro">Fernando Sampedro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Urriola, Pedro E" sort="Urriola, Pedro E" uniqKey="Urriola P" first="Pedro E." last="Urriola">Pedro E. Urriola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shurson, Gerald C" sort="Shurson, Gerald C" uniqKey="Shurson G" first="Gerald C." last="Shurson">Gerald C. Shurson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goyal, Sagar M" sort="Goyal, Sagar M" uniqKey="Goyal S" first="Sagar M." last="Goyal">Sagar M. Goyal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Porcine Delta Corona Virus (PDCoV), and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) are major threats to swine health and contaminated feed plays a role in virus transmission. The objective of our study was to characterize inactivation of PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV in various feed ingredient matrices. Samples of complete feed, spray dried porcine plasma, meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, corn, soybean meal, and corn dried distillers grains with solubles were weighed (5 g/sample) into scintillation vials and inoculated with 1 mL of PEDV, PDCoV, or TGEV. Samples were incubated at room temperature for up to 56 days. Aliquots were removed at various time points followed by preparing serial 10-fold dilutions and inoculating in cell cultures to determine the amount of surviving virus. Inactivation kinetics were determined using the Weibull model, which estimates a delta value indicating the time necessary to reduce virus concentration by 1 log. Delta values of various ingredients were compared and analyzed as to their nutrient composition. Soybean meal had the greatest delta value (7.50 days) for PEDV (<italic>P</italic> < 0.06) as compared with all other ingredients. High delta values (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001) were observed in soybean meal for PDCoV (42.04 days) and TGEV (42.00 days). There was a moderate correlation between moisture content and the delta value for PDCoV (r = 0.49, <italic>P</italic> = 0.01) and TGEV (r = 0.41, <italic>P</italic> = 0.02). There was also a moderate negative correlation between TGEV survival and ether extract content (r = -0.51, <italic>P</italic> = 0.01). In conclusion, these results indicate that the first log reduction of PDCoV and TGEV takes the greatest amount of time in soybean meal. In addition to this, moisture and ether content appear to be an important determinant of virus survival in feed ingredients.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Norkin, Lc" uniqKey="Norkin L">LC Norkin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ganwu, L" uniqKey="Ganwu L">L Ganwu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Q" uniqKey="Chen Q">Q Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harmon, Km" uniqKey="Harmon K">KM Harmon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, K J" uniqKey="Yoon K">K-J Yoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Kj" uniqKey="Schwartz K">KJ Schwartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoogland, Mj" uniqKey="Hoogland M">MJ Hoogland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cavanagh, D" uniqKey="Cavanagh D">D Cavanagh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, A" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28542235</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5443540</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0178094</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-16-44689</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject><subj-group><subject>Crop Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Crops</subject><subj-group><subject>Soybean</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Lipids</subject><subj-group><subject>Oils</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject><subj-group><subject>Animal Products</subject><subj-group><subject>Meat</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Nutrition</subject><subj-group><subject>Diet</subject><subj-group><subject>Food</subject><subj-group><subject>Meat</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Nutrition</subject><subj-group><subject>Diet</subject><subj-group><subject>Food</subject><subj-group><subject>Meat</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject><subj-group><subject>Agronomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Products</subject><subj-group><subject>Vegetable Oils</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject><subj-group><subject>Crop Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Products</subject><subj-group><subject>Vegetable Oils</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>RNA viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Experimental Organism Systems</subject><subj-group><subject>Model Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Maize</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Model Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Maize</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Plants</subject><subj-group><subject>Grasses</subject><subj-group><subject>Maize</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Experimental Organism Systems</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant and Algal Models</subject><subj-group><subject>Maize</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Animals</subject><subj-group><subject>Vertebrates</subject><subj-group><subject>Amniotes</subject><subj-group><subject>Mammals</subject><subj-group><subject>Swine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>RNA viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Trudeau</surname><given-names>Michaela P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Verma</surname><given-names>Harsha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sampedro</surname><given-names>Fernando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urriola</surname><given-names>Pedro E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shurson</surname><given-names>Gerald C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goyal</surname><given-names>Sagar M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>Adelaide</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Universidade de Aveiro, PORTUGAL</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><bold>Conceptualization:</bold> SMG GCS PEU.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Data curation:</bold> HV MPT FS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Formal analysis:</bold> MPT FS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Funding acquisition:</bold> SMG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Investigation:</bold> HV SMG MPT.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Methodology:</bold> SMG GCS PEU FS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Project administration:</bold> SMG GCS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Resources:</bold> MPT HV FS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Software:</bold> MPT FS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Supervision:</bold> SMG GCS PEU.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Validation:</bold> HV SMG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Visualization:</bold> MPT FS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – original draft:</bold> MPT.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – review & editing:</bold> MPT SMG HV FS PEU GCS.</p></list-item></list></p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>goyal001@umn.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><elocation-id>e0178094</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>5</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 Trudeau et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Trudeau et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0178094.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Porcine Delta Corona Virus (PDCoV), and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) are major threats to swine health and contaminated feed plays a role in virus transmission. The objective of our study was to characterize inactivation of PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV in various feed ingredient matrices. Samples of complete feed, spray dried porcine plasma, meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, corn, soybean meal, and corn dried distillers grains with solubles were weighed (5 g/sample) into scintillation vials and inoculated with 1 mL of PEDV, PDCoV, or TGEV. Samples were incubated at room temperature for up to 56 days. Aliquots were removed at various time points followed by preparing serial 10-fold dilutions and inoculating in cell cultures to determine the amount of surviving virus. Inactivation kinetics were determined using the Weibull model, which estimates a delta value indicating the time necessary to reduce virus concentration by 1 log. Delta values of various ingredients were compared and analyzed as to their nutrient composition. Soybean meal had the greatest delta value (7.50 days) for PEDV (<italic>P</italic> < 0.06) as compared with all other ingredients. High delta values (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001) were observed in soybean meal for PDCoV (42.04 days) and TGEV (42.00 days). There was a moderate correlation between moisture content and the delta value for PDCoV (r = 0.49, <italic>P</italic> = 0.01) and TGEV (r = 0.41, <italic>P</italic> = 0.02). There was also a moderate negative correlation between TGEV survival and ether extract content (r = -0.51, <italic>P</italic> = 0.01). In conclusion, these results indicate that the first log reduction of PDCoV and TGEV takes the greatest amount of time in soybean meal. In addition to this, moisture and ether content appear to be an important determinant of virus survival in feed ingredients.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008370</institution-id><institution>National Pork Board</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>14-274</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Goyal</surname><given-names>Sagar M.</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>This study was funded by the National Pork Board (#14-274) and awarded to SG. More information can be found at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pork.org/pork-checkoff-research/pedv/">http://www.pork.org/pork-checkoff-research/pedv/</ext-link>. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="6"></table-count><page-count count="12"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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