Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature
Identifieur interne : 000797 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000796; suivant : 000798Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature
Auteurs : Sandra Felten ; Katrin HartmannSource :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease that poses several challenges for veterinarians: clinical signs and laboratory changes are non-specific, and there are two pathotypes of the etiologic agent feline coronavirus (FCoV), sometimes referred to as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) that vary fundamentally in their virulence, but are indistinguishable by a number of diagnostic methods. This review focuses on all important steps every veterinary practitioner has to deal with and new diagnostic tests that can be considered when encountering a cat with suspected FIP with the aim to establish a definitive diagnosis. It gives an overview on all available direct and indirect diagnostic tests and their sensitivity and specificity reported in the literature in different sample material. By providing summarized data for sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test and each sample material, which can easily be accessed in tables, this review can help to facilitate the interpretation of different diagnostic tests and raise awareness of their advantages and limitations. Additionally, diagnostic trees depict recommended diagnostic steps that should be performed in cats suspected of having FIP based on their clinical signs or clinicopathologic abnormalities. These steps can easily be followed in clinical practice.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v11111068
PubMed: 31731711
PubMed Central: 6893704
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature</title><author><name sortKey="Felten, Sandra" sort="Felten, Sandra" uniqKey="Felten S" first="Sandra" last="Felten">Sandra Felten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Katrin" sort="Hartmann, Katrin" uniqKey="Hartmann K" first="Katrin" last="Hartmann">Katrin Hartmann</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31731711</idno><idno type="pmc">6893704</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6893704</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6893704</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v11111068</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000806</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000086</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000086</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000797</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature</title><author><name sortKey="Felten, Sandra" sort="Felten, Sandra" uniqKey="Felten S" first="Sandra" last="Felten">Sandra Felten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartmann, Katrin" sort="Hartmann, Katrin" uniqKey="Hartmann K" first="Katrin" last="Hartmann">Katrin Hartmann</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease that poses several challenges for veterinarians: clinical signs and laboratory changes are non-specific, and there are two pathotypes of the etiologic agent feline coronavirus (FCoV), sometimes referred to as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) that vary fundamentally in their virulence, but are indistinguishable by a number of diagnostic methods. This review focuses on all important steps every veterinary practitioner has to deal with and new diagnostic tests that can be considered when encountering a cat with suspected FIP with the aim to establish a definitive diagnosis. It gives an overview on all available direct and indirect diagnostic tests and their sensitivity and specificity reported in the literature in different sample material. By providing summarized data for sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test and each sample material, which can easily be accessed in tables, this review can help to facilitate the interpretation of different diagnostic tests and raise awareness of their advantages and limitations. Additionally, diagnostic trees depict recommended diagnostic steps that should be performed in cats suspected of having FIP based on their clinical signs or clinicopathologic abnormalities. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31731711</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6893704</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v11111068</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-11-01068</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Review of the Current Literature</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Felten</surname><given-names>Sandra</given-names></name><xref rid="c1-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hartmann</surname><given-names>Katrin</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-11-01068">Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany;<email>hartmann@medizinische-kleintierklinik.de</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-11-01068"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>s.felten@medizinische-kleintierklinik.de</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>11</issue><elocation-id>1068</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>31</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease that poses several challenges for veterinarians: clinical signs and laboratory changes are non-specific, and there are two pathotypes of the etiologic agent feline coronavirus (FCoV), sometimes referred to as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) that vary fundamentally in their virulence, but are indistinguishable by a number of diagnostic methods. This review focuses on all important steps every veterinary practitioner has to deal with and new diagnostic tests that can be considered when encountering a cat with suspected FIP with the aim to establish a definitive diagnosis. It gives an overview on all available direct and indirect diagnostic tests and their sensitivity and specificity reported in the literature in different sample material. By providing summarized data for sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test and each sample material, which can easily be accessed in tables, this review can help to facilitate the interpretation of different diagnostic tests and raise awareness of their advantages and limitations. Additionally, diagnostic trees depict recommended diagnostic steps that should be performed in cats suspected of having FIP based on their clinical signs or clinicopathologic abnormalities. These steps can easily be followed in clinical practice.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>FIP</kwd><kwd>antibody</kwd><kwd>RT-PCR</kwd><kwd>immunohistochemistry</kwd><kwd>IHC</kwd><kwd>immunocytochemistry</kwd><kwd>ICC</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="viruses-11-01068-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Decision trees depicting recommended diagnostic steps in a case suspicious of FIP, depending on a cat’s clinical presentation: (<bold>a</bold>) diagnostic steps recommended in a cat presenting with effusion; (<bold>b</bold>) diagnostic steps recommended in a cat presenting with neurological signs; (<bold>c</bold>) diagnostic steps recommended in a cat presenting with uveitis; (<bold>d</bold>) diagnostic steps recommended in a cat presenting with non-specific clinical signs. CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; FCoV = feline coronavirus; FIP = feline infectious peritonitis; FNA = fine-needle aspirates; IHC = immunohistochemistry; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; S gene = spike gene.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-11-01068-g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Studies evaluating sensitivity and specificity of the detection of serum antibodies in comparison to either histopathology, a combination of diagnostic tests or clinical suspicion of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Control groups either consisted of healthy cats or cats with diseases other than FIP (with or without clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibody Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Group</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B19-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 39)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 39)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28–74%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64–92%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 70)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 214)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–79%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64–98%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 97)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 245)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 88)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical suspicion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 19)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 20)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western blot</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25–45%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combination of tests</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>IFAT = immunofluorescence antibody test; n. d. = not determined.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating the detection of antibodies in effusion for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) compared to histopathology, a combination of tests or a clinical suspicion of FIP. The control group of the first study consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP (with clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Type</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibody Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Group</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 119)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 74)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 88)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical suspicion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 61)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combination of tests (according to ABCD guidelines)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ABCD = European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases; IFAT = immunofluorescence antibody test; n. d. = not determined.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating the detection of antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) compared to histopathology. Control groups consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP (with or without neurological signs).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibody Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Group</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP without neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 8)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 16)<break></break>Controls with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurologic diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP without neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 13)<break></break>Controls without neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 15)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 10)<break></break>Controls with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 29)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B90-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 271)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFAT</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical suspicion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>IFAT = immunofluorescence antibody test; n. d. = not determined.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from a study evaluating the detection of immune complexes for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) compared to histopathology. The control group consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP (with clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 29)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 83)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Competitive ELISA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating immunostaining for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in tissues samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed either by histopathology alone or in combination with immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue samples. Control groups, if present, consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP with clinical signs consistent with FIP.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 102)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 6)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TCB liver</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 25)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC of other organs</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TCB kidney</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 18)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC of other organs</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FNA liver</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 22)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17–31%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC of other organs</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FNA kidney</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 24)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11–20%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC of other organs</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 26)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FNA mesenteric lymph nodes</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 30)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC of other organs</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>FNA = fine-needle aspirate; ICC = immunocytochemistry; n. d. = not determined; TCB = Tru-cut biopsies.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t006_Table 6</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating immunostaining for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in effusion samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed either by histopathology alone or in combination with immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue samples. Control groups consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP with clinical signs consistent with FIP.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 21)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 49)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 50)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 79)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 31)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 109)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 62)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B128-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 10)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 7)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 27)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 29)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ICC = immunocytochemistry; IFA = immunofluorescence.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t007" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t007_Table 7</object-id><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from a study evaluating immunostaining for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue samples. The control group consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP with clinical signs (neurological or non-neurological) consistent with FIP.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 18)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 9)<break></break>Controls with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 16)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP without neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 11)<break></break>Controls without neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ICC = immunocytochemistry.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t008" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t008_Table 8</object-id><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from a study evaluating immunostaining for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in aqueous humor samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue samples. The control group consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP with clinical signs (with or without uveitis) consistent with FIP.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 26)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 12)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ICC = immunocytochemistry.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t009" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t009_Table 9</object-id><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA in tissues from cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or control cats. FIP was confirmed by various methods and control groups either consisted of healthy cats or cats with diseases other than FIP (with or without clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver, kidney, spleen</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 8)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 84)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver, kidney, spleen</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimentally induced FIP<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 13)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimen-tal infection</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hemolymphatic tissue</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 15)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 13)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60–87%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54–67%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, small intestine, lung</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 11)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 8)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FNA of mesenteric lymph nodes</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 26)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or diagnostic algorithm</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B139-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 32)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 9)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR for mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60–100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B137-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 45)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 41)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B140-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FNA of various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 57)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 45)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B142-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pooled tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 34)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 30)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65–95%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>FNA = fine-needle aspirates; IHC = immunohistochemistry; mRNA = messenger RNA; n. d. = not determined; RT-nPCR = nested RT-PCR; RT-qPCR = quantitative RT-PCR.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t010" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t010_Table 10</object-id><label>Table 10</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA in blood from cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or control cats. FIP was confirmed by various methods and control groups either consisted of healthy cats or cats with diseases other than FIP (with or without clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B143-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum, plasma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 17)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 15)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56–75%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75–88%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B145-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plasma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 42)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 141)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum, plasma, whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 47)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 69)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-snPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67–87%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–20%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum, plasma, whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 6)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 5)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–75%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 17)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 8)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B148-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>] </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PBMC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 81)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 17)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR for mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B148-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PBMC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 651)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 424)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR for mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or only clinical suspicion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B151-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 1)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 25)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR for mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical suspicion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B150-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 10)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 40)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical suspicion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B150-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 10)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 40)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR for mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical suspicion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B139-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WBC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR for mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B149-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum, PBMC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 43)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 49)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15–29%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B155-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FCoV-positive(<italic>n</italic> = 4)<break></break>FCoV-negative<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 5)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-LAMP</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25–50%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B156-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum/plasma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 32)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 21)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology, IHC or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B157-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum/plasma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 14)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 8)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 8)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B147-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buffy coat</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 205)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B147-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buffy coat</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 205)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR for mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.5%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buffy coat, serum or whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36–77%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>IHC = immunohistochemistry; mRNA = messenger RNA; n. d. = not determined; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RT-LAMP = reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification; RT-nPCR = nested RT-PCR; RT-snPCR = semi-nested RT-PCR; RT-qPCR = quantitative RT-PCR; WBC = white blood cells.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t011" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t011_Table 11</object-id><label>Table 11</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA in effusion from cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or control cats. FIP was confirmed by various methods and control groups either consisted of healthy cats or cats with diseases other than FIP (with or without clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B143-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 5)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 1)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B158-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">158</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 12)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or laboratory fluid analysis</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 5)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology (some cats)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 5)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 1)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 27)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B160-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (n = 20)<break></break>Controls<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 23)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B149-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 36)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 33)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B155-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FCoV-positive<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 5)<break></break>FCoV-negative<break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-LAMP</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B159-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">159</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 34)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 37)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-LAMP</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35–59%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95–97%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion or tissue</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 61)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combination of tests (according to ABCD guidelines)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 35)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 28)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B156-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 50)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 51)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology, IHC or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B157-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 35)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 24)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology and/or IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 10)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 6)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 14)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ABCD = European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases; IHC = immunohistochemistry; n. d. = not determined; RT-LAMP = reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification; RT-nPCR = nested RT-PCR; RT-qPCR = quantitative RT-PCR.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t012" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t012_Table 12</object-id><label>Table 12</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or control cats. FIP was confirmed by histopathology or detection of FCoV antigen and control groups consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP (either only neurologic or also non-neurologic diseases with clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 24)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurologic diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 16)<break></break>Controls with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurologic diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B162-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">162</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 19)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 15)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B162-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">162</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP with neurological and/or ocular signs (<italic>n</italic> = 7)<break></break>Controls with neurological and/or ocular signs (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 14)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 19)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 16)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>IHC = immunohistochemistry; n. d. = not determined; RT-qPCR = quantitative RT-PCR.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t013" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t013_Table 13</object-id><label>Table 13</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA in aqueous humor samples from cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) or control cats. FIP was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and control groups either consisted of cats with diseases other than FIP or cats euthanized due to behavioral conditions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Material</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous humor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 2)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous humor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B164-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">164</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous humor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 25)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>n. d. = not determined; RT-qPCR = quantitative RT-PCR.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t014" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t014_Table 14</object-id><label>Table 14</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) spike (S) gene mutations in tissue samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed by histopathology alone or in combination with immunohistochemistry (IHC), control cats were either healthy cats or cats with diseases other than FIP (with or without clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Type</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B185-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">185</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tissue or ascites</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 118)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR plus S gene sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B137-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tissue</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 47)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 10)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR plus pyrosequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91% (M1058L)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B187-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">187</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tissue</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR plus sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B140-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FNA of various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 9)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR plus sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tissue</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 225)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 258)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR plus pyrosequencing ± Sanger sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tissue</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 10)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 8)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR plus sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B142-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pooled tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 34)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 30)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FNA or IB of various tissues</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15–50%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>FNA = fine-needle aspirates; IB = incisional biopsies; M1058L = substitution of methionine to leucine at position 1058 of the FCoV S protein; n. d. = not determined; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RT-nPCR = nested RT-PCR; RT-qPCR = quantitative RT-PCR.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t015" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t015_Table 15</object-id><label>Table 15</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) spike (S) gene mutations in blood samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed by histopathology alone, in combination with immunohistochemistry (IHC) or by positive immunostaining of FCoV antigen in effusion. Control cats were cats with diseases other than FIP (with clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Type</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B156-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum/plasma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 31)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 21)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR plus S gene sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology, IHC or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B157-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serum/plasma</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 14)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 3)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology and/or IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 7)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 7)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR plus S gene sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buffy coat, serum or whole blood</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–23%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>n. d. = not determined; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RT-nPCR = nested RT-PCR.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t016" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t016_Table 16</object-id><label>Table 16</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) spike (S) gene mutations in effusion samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed by histopathology alone, in combination with immunohistochemistry (IHC) or by immunostaining of FCoV antigen in effusion. Control cats were either healthy cats or cats with diseases other than FIP (with or without clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Type</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B170-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">170</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 15)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR plus S gene sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B160-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">160</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 23)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR plus pyrosequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF, aqueous humor, ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 47)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 50)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-qPCR plus pyrosequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Healthy or diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B156-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">156</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 49)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 51)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR plus S gene sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology, IHC or detection of FCoV antigen in effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B157-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">157</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascites or pleural effusion</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 35)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 24)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology and/or IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body cavity effusions</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 10)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 6)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-nPCR plus S gene sequencing</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body cavity effusions</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 14)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; n. d. = not determined; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RT-nPCR = nested RT-PCR; RT-qPCR = quantitative RT-PCR.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t017" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t017_Table 17</object-id><label>Table 17</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from studies evaluating the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) spike (S) gene mutations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Control cats, if present, were cats with diseases other than FIP (with clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Type</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B188-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">188</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 31)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 29)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B188-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">188</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 6)<break></break>Controls with neurological signs (<italic>n</italic> = 10)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSF</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 16)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>n. d. = not determined; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-11-01068-t018" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-01068-t018_Table 18</object-id><label>Table 18</label><caption><p>Sensitivity and specificity from different studies evaluating the detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) spike (S) gene mutations in aqueous humor samples. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Control cats, if present, were cats with diseases other than FIP (with clinical signs consistent with FIP).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample Type</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assay</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference Standard for FIP</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Cats</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous humor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 20)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B164-viruses-11-01068" ref-type="bibr">164</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous humor</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIP (<italic>n</italic> = 25)<break></break>Controls (<italic>n</italic> = 11)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n. d.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Histopathology/IHC</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diseases other than FIP</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>n. d. = not determined; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Felten, Sandra" sort="Felten, Sandra" uniqKey="Felten S" first="Sandra" last="Felten">Sandra Felten</name><name sortKey="Hartmann, Katrin" sort="Hartmann, Katrin" uniqKey="Hartmann K" first="Katrin" last="Hartmann">Katrin Hartmann</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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