A Tale of Two RNAs during Viral Infection: How Viruses Antagonize mRNAs and Small Non-Coding RNAs in The Host Cell
Identifieur interne : 000553 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000552; suivant : 000554A Tale of Two RNAs during Viral Infection: How Viruses Antagonize mRNAs and Small Non-Coding RNAs in The Host Cell
Auteurs : Kristina M. Herbert [Mexique] ; Anita Nag [États-Unis]Source :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Viral infection initiates an array of changes in host gene expression. Many viruses dampen host protein expression and attempt to evade the host anti-viral defense machinery. Host gene expression is suppressed at several stages of host messenger RNA (mRNA) formation including selective degradation of translationally competent messenger RNAs. Besides mRNAs, host cells also express a variety of noncoding RNAs, including small RNAs, that may also be subject to inhibition upon viral infection. In this review we focused on different ways viruses antagonize coding and noncoding RNAs in the host cell to its advantage.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v8060154
PubMed: 27271653
PubMed Central: 4926174
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A Tale of Two RNAs during Viral Infection: How Viruses Antagonize mRNAs and Small Non-Coding RNAs in The Host Cell</title><author><name sortKey="Herbert, Kristina M" sort="Herbert, Kristina M" uniqKey="Herbert K" first="Kristina M." last="Herbert">Kristina M. Herbert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-08-00154">Department of Experimental Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California 22860</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Baja California 22860</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nag, Anita" sort="Nag, Anita" uniqKey="Nag A" first="Anita" last="Nag">Anita Nag</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-08-00154">Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>FL 32307</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27271653</idno><idno type="pmc">4926174</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926174</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4926174</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v8060154</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000057</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000301</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000301</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000553</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A Tale of Two RNAs during Viral Infection: How Viruses Antagonize mRNAs and Small Non-Coding RNAs in The Host Cell</title><author><name sortKey="Herbert, Kristina M" sort="Herbert, Kristina M" uniqKey="Herbert K" first="Kristina M." last="Herbert">Kristina M. Herbert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-08-00154">Department of Experimental Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California 22860</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Baja California 22860</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nag, Anita" sort="Nag, Anita" uniqKey="Nag A" first="Anita" last="Nag">Anita Nag</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-08-00154">Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>FL 32307</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Viral infection initiates an array of changes in host gene expression. Many viruses dampen host protein expression and attempt to evade the host anti-viral defense machinery. Host gene expression is suppressed at several stages of host messenger RNA (mRNA) formation including selective degradation of translationally competent messenger RNAs. Besides mRNAs, host cells also express a variety of noncoding RNAs, including small RNAs, that may also be subject to inhibition upon viral infection. In this review we focused on different ways viruses antagonize coding and noncoding RNAs in the host cell to its advantage.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benferhat, R" uniqKey="Benferhat R">R. Benferhat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Josse, T" uniqKey="Josse T">T. Josse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albaud, B" uniqKey="Albaud B">B. Albaud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gentien, D" uniqKey="Gentien D">D. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27271653</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4926174</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v8060154</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-08-00154</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Tale of Two RNAs during Viral Infection: How Viruses Antagonize mRNAs and Small Non-Coding RNAs in The Host Cell</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Herbert</surname><given-names>Kristina M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-08-00154">1</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-08-00154" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nag</surname><given-names>Anita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-08-00154">2</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-08-00154" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Ploss</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-08-00154"><label>1</label>Department of Experimental Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico</aff><aff id="af2-viruses-08-00154"><label>2</label>Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-08-00154"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>kherbert@cicese.mx</email> (K.M.H.); <email>anita.nag@famu.edu</email> (A.N.); Tel.: +52-646-175-0500 (K.M.H.); +1-850-399-5658 (A.N.)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>154</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Viral infection initiates an array of changes in host gene expression. Many viruses dampen host protein expression and attempt to evade the host anti-viral defense machinery. Host gene expression is suppressed at several stages of host messenger RNA (mRNA) formation including selective degradation of translationally competent messenger RNAs. Besides mRNAs, host cells also express a variety of noncoding RNAs, including small RNAs, that may also be subject to inhibition upon viral infection. In this review we focused on different ways viruses antagonize coding and noncoding RNAs in the host cell to its advantage.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>mRNA</kwd><kwd>endonuclease</kwd><kwd>host shut-off</kwd><kwd>virus</kwd><kwd>RNAi</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="viruses-08-00154-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Inhibition of host pre-mRNA transcription and processing by specific viral proteins. Poliovirus protein 3C and RVFV protein NSs block the initiation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) at promoter sequences by inactivating transcription factor II H (TFIIH) or transcription factor II D (TFIID), respectively. The influenza virus protein NS1 blocks pre-mRNA cleavage by inhibiting cleavage polyadenylation factor CPSF and poly(A) binding protein PABP. NS1 also blocks pre-mRNA splicing by interfering with the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex. In addition, localization of poly(A) binding protein PABP is manipulated by several of the indicated viruses to dampen RNA stability, transport, and mRNA translation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-08-00154-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-08-00154-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Decapping, cap snatching and cellular mRNA decay. In the case of VACV, the 5′ protective cap of the mRNA is removed by the viral decapping proteins (D9 or D10), which then allows for the host protein XRN1 to degrade the RNA. In Influenza virus, cap snatching by the PA protein initiates viral RNA synthesis that uses the removed cap as a primer leaving uncapped cellular mRNAs for degradation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-08-00154-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-08-00154-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Endonucleolytic cleavage of mRNA in the 5′ UTR. Viral proteins SOX (Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus, KSHV), BGLF5 (Epstein Barr virus; EBV), VHS RNase (herpes simplex virus 1; HSV-1), and NSP1 (severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus; SCoV) bind to the ribosome on translating mRNAs. RNA is cleaved in the 5′-UTR by viral or cellular endonucleases. Cleaved mRNAs are degraded by the exosome in the 3′→5′ direction, and by XRN1 5′→3′.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-08-00154-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-08-00154-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Major pathways for small RNA biogenesis and function. The major classes of RNAs involved in the endogenous RNAi response and that have been implicated in anti-viral function are microRNAs (miRNAs), and short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which are partially defined by their mechanisms of biogenesis and function. MiRNAs are typically derived from long Pol II transcripts, which fold into short imperfectly-basepaired hairpin structures. They undergo two cleavage steps by RNaseIII enzymes, Drosha in the nucleus and Dicer in the cytoplasm, to become ~22 nt dsRNAs. SiRNAs are normally derived from long perfectly-basepaired dsRNAs, which may result from convergent transcription, transcription of long inverted repeats, or by RNA dependent RNA Polymerases. Viruses often form dsRNA intermediates during their lifecycle. 22 bp products are produced by Dicer cleavage. SiRNAs are fairly uncommon in vertebrates; however, mammalian germ cells and embryonic stem cells appear to produce a variety of siRNAs from endogenous dsRNAs and long dsRNA [<xref rid="B72-viruses-08-00154" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>,<xref rid="B73-viruses-08-00154" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>,<xref rid="B74-viruses-08-00154" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]. One strand of the dsRNA is then incorporated into the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) and becomes known as the miRNA or siRNA guide strand. A principal component of the RISC complex is an Argonaute (AGO) family protein which goes on to sequence-specifically recognize target mRNAs. MiRNAs typically show imperfect complementarity to their target sequences and therefore direct translational repression and a slow decapping and decay of the target mRNA. SiRNAs are perfectly complementary to their target mRNAs. This perfect complementarity activates the endonuclease or “slicer” activity of Ago so that the target is cleaved and quickly degraded.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-08-00154-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-08-00154-f005" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Viral RNAs can induce cellular miRNA degradation. (<bold>A</bold>) Generalized scheme showing a viral RNA (in black) bound to a cellular miRNA (in red). In at least three documented examples this type of binding induces miRNA degradation. (<bold>B</bold>) The 3’ UTR of mouse cytomegalovirus (mCMV) <italic>m169</italic> binds to and induces the degradation of miR-27 in host cells. (<bold>C</bold>) The noncoding RNA of herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) HSUR-1 also binds to and induces the degradation of miR-27. The sequence and predicted secondary structure of HSUR-1 are shown. Black nucleotides are perfectly conserved in all available genome sequences from independent isolates of HVS A, B, and C strains and also in <italic>Herpesvirus ateles</italic>. Predicted basepairs and non-canonical basepairs are by black dots or double dots, respectively. (<bold>D</bold>) The intergenic noncoding region in UL144-145 RNA of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) binds and induces the degradation of miR-17.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-08-00154-g005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="viruses-08-00154-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-08-00154-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Viruses highlighted.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Classification of Virus (Genome Type)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">I: Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)</td><td rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Herpesviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)</td><td rowspan="5" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Linear dsDNA genome remains encased in enveloped viral capsid<break></break>Viral DNA is replicated and transcribed in the cell’s nucleus<break></break>Life cycle has separate latent and infectious lytic phase</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herpes Virus Saimiri (HVS)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytomegalovirus (CMV)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adenoviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonenveloped nuclear capsid encases dsDNA genome<break></break>Nuclear replication<break></break>Early and late phase life cycle</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poxviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaccinia virus (VACV)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enveloped with dsDNA genome<break></break>Replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">III: Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reoviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rotavirus</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonenveloped virion with linear dsRNA genome<break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="11" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">IV: Single-stranded (+) sense RNA ((+) ssRNA)</td><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Coronaviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human Coronavirus (HCoV)</td><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Spiked, enveloped virion with nucleocapsid<break></break>ssRNA is capped and polyadenylated <break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS CoV)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Picornaviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poliovirus</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Nonenveloped virion with linear ssRNA genome<break></break>mRNA is protected by 5’ linkage to VpG protein, polyadenylated</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caliciviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonenveloped virion with linear RNA genome<break></break>mRNA is protected by 5’ linkage to VpG protein, polyadenylated <break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Flaviviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)</td><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Enveloped virion<break></break>mRNA is without a poly(A) tail but can be capped (WNV and DENV) or uncapped (HCV) <break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue Virus (DENV)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Nile Virus (WNV)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Togaviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sindbis Virus (SINV)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enveloped virion <break></break>mRNA is capped, polyadenylated<break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nodaviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nodamura Virus (NoV)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-enveloped virion with linear RNA genome<break></break>mRNA is capped but not polyadenylated<break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">V: Single-stranded (-) sense RNA ((-) RNA)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bunyaviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative stranded enveloped virus with RNA genome<break></break>mRNA is capped by cap snatching but is not polyadenylated<break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orthomyxoviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza Virus</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enveloped virion contains linear ssRNA genome<break></break>mRNA is capped by cap snatching and polyadenylated<break></break>Replication is nuclear</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhabdoviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vesicular Somatic Virus (VSV)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enveloped virus with linear ssRNA genome<break></break>mRNA is capped and polyadenylated<break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filoviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ebola virus</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filamentous virus <break></break>mRNA is capped and polyadenylated<break></break>Replication is cytoplasmic</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">VI: Single-stranded (+) sense RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Retroviridae</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1)</td><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Enveloped virion contains two ssRNAs that are capped and polyadenylated<break></break>Replication is nuclear</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primate foamy virus</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="viruses-08-00154-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-08-00154-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Summary of mRNA suppression mechanisms.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of mRNA Suppression</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virus</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Viral protein and mechanism</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">mRNA Transcription</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">poliovirus</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Picornaviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protease 3C mediated cleavage of TFIID</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VSV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhabdoviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein M mediated inhibition of TFIID</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RVFV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bunyaviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NSs mediated inhibition of TFIIH</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Orthomyxoviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS1 blocks RNA processing by CPSF, PAB, U6 RNA</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Post-transcription suppression of mRNA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RVFV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bunyaviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nucleocapsid protein mediated 5′-cap removal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Orthomyxoviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PB2 mediated 5′-cap removal, PA mediated RNA cleavage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poxvirus<break></break>SINV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Poxviridae</italic><break></break><italic>Togaviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D9 and D10 mediated decapping of mRNA<break></break>HuR capture by viral 3′UTR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Translational inhibition with and without mRNA cleavage</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KSHV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Herpesviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SOX mediated mRNA cleavage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EBV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Herpesviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BGLF5 mediated mRNA cleavage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HSV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Herpesviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HSV-1 RNase mediated mRNA cleavage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HCoV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coronaviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NSP1 mediated ribosome stalling</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS CoV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coronaviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NSP1 mediated ribosome stalling followed by cleavage by unknown cellular protein</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MERSCoV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coronaviridae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NSP1 mediated ribosome stalling and cleavage by unknown nuclease</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Mexique</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Mexique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Herbert, Kristina M" sort="Herbert, Kristina M" uniqKey="Herbert K" first="Kristina M." last="Herbert">Kristina M. Herbert</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nag, Anita" sort="Nag, Anita" uniqKey="Nag A" first="Anita" last="Nag">Anita Nag</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|area= CovidV1
|flux= Ncbi
|étape= Merge
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4926174
|texte= A Tale of Two RNAs during Viral Infection: How Viruses Antagonize mRNAs and Small Non-Coding RNAs in The Host Cell
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27271653" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CovidV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |