Identification of highly conserved regions in L-segment of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and immunoinformatic prediction about potential novel vaccine
Identifieur interne : 000436 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000435; suivant : 000437Identification of highly conserved regions in L-segment of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and immunoinformatic prediction about potential novel vaccine
Auteurs : Arafat Rahman Oany [Bangladesh] ; Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad [Bangladesh] ; Mohammad Uzzal Hossain [Bangladesh] ; Tahmina Pervin Jyoti [Bangladesh]Source :
- Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry : AABC [ 1178-6949 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with a disease fatality rate between 15% and 70%. Despite the wide range of distribution, the virus (CCHFV) is basically endemic in Africa, Asia, eastern Europe, and the Middle East. Acute febrile illness associated with petechiae, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple-organ failure are the main symptoms of the disease. With all these fatal effects, CCHFV is considered a huge threat as no successful therapeutic approach is currently available for the treatment of this disease. In the present study, we have used the immunoinformatics approach to design a potential epitope-based vaccine against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-L of CCHFV. Both the T-cell and B-cell epitopes were assessed, and the epitope “DCSSTPPDR” was found to be the most potential one, with 100% conservancy among all the strains of CCHFV. The epitope was also found to interact with both type I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules and is considered nonallergenic as well. In vivo study of our proposed peptide is advised for novel universal vaccine production, which might be an effective path to prevent CCHF disease.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/AABC.S75250
PubMed: 25609983
PubMed Central: 4293217
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first="Arafat Rahman" last="Oany">Arafat Rahman Oany</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-aabc-8-001">Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tangail</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Shah Adil Ishtiyaq" sort="Ahmad, Shah Adil Ishtiyaq" uniqKey="Ahmad S" first="Shah Adil Ishtiyaq" last="Ahmad">Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-aabc-8-001">Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tangail</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hossain, Mohammad Uzzal" sort="Hossain, Mohammad Uzzal" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="Mohammad Uzzal" last="Hossain">Mohammad Uzzal Hossain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-aabc-8-001">Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tangail</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jyoti, Tahmina Pervin" sort="Jyoti, Tahmina Pervin" uniqKey="Jyoti T" first="Tahmina Pervin" last="Jyoti">Tahmina Pervin Jyoti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-aabc-8-001">Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Khulna</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry : AABC</title><idno type="eISSN">1178-6949</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with a disease fatality rate between 15% and 70%. Despite the wide range of distribution, the virus (CCHFV) is basically endemic in Africa, Asia, eastern Europe, and the Middle East. Acute febrile illness associated with petechiae, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple-organ failure are the main symptoms of the disease. With all these fatal effects, CCHFV is considered a huge threat as no successful therapeutic approach is currently available for the treatment of this disease. In the present study, we have used the immunoinformatics approach to design a potential epitope-based vaccine against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-L of CCHFV. Both the T-cell and B-cell epitopes were assessed, and the epitope “DCSSTPPDR” was found to be the most potential one, with 100% conservancy among all the strains of CCHFV. The epitope was also found to interact with both type I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules and is considered nonallergenic as well. In vivo study of our proposed peptide is advised for novel universal vaccine production, which might be an effective path to prevent CCHF disease.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cunha, Ba" uniqKey="Cunha B">BA Cunha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmaljohn, C" uniqKey="Schmaljohn C">C Schmaljohn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hooper, J" uniqKey="Hooper J">J Hooper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lacy, Md" uniqKey="Lacy M">MD Lacy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smego, R" uniqKey="Smego R">R Smego</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ergonul, O" uniqKey="Ergonul O">Ö Ergönül</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ergonul, O" uniqKey="Ergonul O">O 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Adv Appl Bioinform Chem</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Adv Appl Bioinform Chem</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry : AABC</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1178-6949</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25609983</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4293217</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/AABC.S75250</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">aabc-8-001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Identification of highly conserved regions in L-segment of Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and immunoinformatic prediction about potential novel vaccine</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oany</surname><given-names>Arafat Rahman</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-aabc-8-001">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-aabc-8-001"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>Shah Adil Ishtiyaq</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-aabc-8-001">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hossain</surname><given-names>Mohammad Uzzal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-aabc-8-001">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jyoti</surname><given-names>Tahmina Pervin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-aabc-8-001">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-aabc-8-001"><label>1</label>Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh</aff><aff id="af2-aabc-8-001"><label>2</label>Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-aabc-8-001">Correspondence: Arafat Rahman Oany, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh, Tel +880 15 5881 9130, Email <email>arafatr@outlook.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Oany et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with a disease fatality rate between 15% and 70%. Despite the wide range of distribution, the virus (CCHFV) is basically endemic in Africa, Asia, eastern Europe, and the Middle East. Acute febrile illness associated with petechiae, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple-organ failure are the main symptoms of the disease. With all these fatal effects, CCHFV is considered a huge threat as no successful therapeutic approach is currently available for the treatment of this disease. In the present study, we have used the immunoinformatics approach to design a potential epitope-based vaccine against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-L of CCHFV. Both the T-cell and B-cell epitopes were assessed, and the epitope “DCSSTPPDR” was found to be the most potential one, with 100% conservancy among all the strains of CCHFV. The epitope was also found to interact with both type I and II major histocompatibility complex molecules and is considered nonallergenic as well. In vivo study of our proposed peptide is advised for novel universal vaccine production, which might be an effective path to prevent CCHF disease.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>single-stranded RNA</kwd><kwd>immunoinformatics</kwd><kwd>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</kwd><kwd>epitope</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary divergence among the different RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-L molecules of the CCHFV.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Here, cladogram view is shown with appropriate distance among the different strains. The blue dotted view indicates the node of the tree.</p><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> CCHFV, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>MSA of the conserved region of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-L. Only the partial sequences containing the proposed epitope sequence are shown here.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Clustalx color is used here. Different colors indicate different amino acid residues.</p><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> MSA, multiple-sequence alignment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity prediction of the conserved peptide, ranging from 3,563 to 3,915 MSA number.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> The region from 197 to 202 is the proposed epitope. The X- and Y-axes represent the sequence position and antigenic propensity score, respectively. The threshold value is 1.0. The regions above the threshold are antigenic, shown in yellow.</p><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> MSA, multiple-sequence alignment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Emini surface accessibility prediction of the proposed epitope, with a minimum propensity score of 0.327 and maximum score of 1.488.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> The X- and Y-axes represent the sequence position and surface probability, respectively. The threshold value is 1.0. The regions above the threshold are antigenic, shown in yellow.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Bepipred linear epitope prediction of the proposed epitope with a minimum propensity score of 1.631 and maximum score of 2.094.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> The X- and Y-axes represent the sequence position and propensity score, respectively. The threshold is 0.350. The regions having beta turns are shown in yellow. The highest peak region indicates the most potent B-cell epitope.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Three-dimensional structure prediction and validation.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Three-dimensional model of the conserved region. Here, the epitope “DCSSTPPDR” is shown spherically. The outerside location of the epitope indicates its surface accessibility. (<bold>B</bold>) Ramachandran plot of the predicted model shows that most of the residues are in the allowed region of the plot, proving the validity of the model.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Disorder prediction of the conserved antigenic amino acid sequences. Here, our proposed epitope lies outside (197–202) of the disordered region to secure its potentiality as an effective epitope.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Amino acids in the input sequence are considered disordered when the blue line is above the gray dashed line, that is, when the confidence score is >0.5. The orange line shows the confidence score of the disordered protein-binding residue predictions.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Protein variability index of the conserved peptides of all the sequences. The prediction suggests that our proposed epitope (197–202) falls in the invariable region.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> The conservancy threshold was 1.0 in this analysis. The X-axis indicates the amino acid positions in the sequences and the Y-axis indicates the Shannon variability score.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="aabc-8-001Fig8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Antigenicity determination of the conserved peptide by Vaxijen server</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peptide number</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peptide</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Region</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vaxijen score (threshold: 0.4)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LIQTLFPDKFEDFLDRTQLHPEFRDLTPDFSLTQKVHFKRNQIPSVENVQISIDATLPESVEAVPVTERKMFPLPETPLSEVHSIERIMENFTRLM</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,563–3,658</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6556</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DYGERGIVEENHMKFSGEDQLETRQLLLVEVGFQTDIDGKIRTDHKKWKDILKLLELLGIKCSFIACADCSSTPPDRWWI</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,694–3,773</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4268</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EDRVRVLKNSVSFLFNKLSRNSPTEVTDIVVGAISTQKVRSYLKAGTATKTPVSTKDVLETWEK</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,775–3,838</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3662</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MKEHILNRPTGLTLPTSLEQAMRKGLVEGVVISKEGSESCINMLKENLDRITDEFERTKFKHELTQNITTSEKML</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,841–3,915</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1044</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Prediction of the T-cell epitope by NetCTL server on the basis of combined score</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epitope</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combined score (nM)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CSSTPPDRW</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7235</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DVLETWEKM</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6491</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEKMKEHIL</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5089</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ERTKFKHEL</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4955</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VPVTERKMF</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4734</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Prediction of the T-cell epitope by CTLPred server</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epitope</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Start position</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Score (ANN/SVM)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LNRPTGLTL</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00/−0.23718777</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FSLTQKVHF</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99/−0.23718777</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ADCSSTPPD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99/−0.23718777</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LSRNSPTEV</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99/−0.23718777</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TSLEQAMRK</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99/−0.23718777</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-aabc-8-001"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ANN/SVM, artificial neural networks/support vector machines; CTLP, Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Prediction (CTLPred).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>MHC-I and MHC-II interaction of the proposed sequence by IEDB-AR</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epitope</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MHC interaction</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>MHC-I interaction analysis</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DCSSTPPDR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-C*12:03, HLA-C*03:03, HLA-C*14:02, HLA-B*58:01, HLA-C*12:03, HLA-C*03:03, HLA-C*15:02, HLA-B*57:01</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>MHC-II interaction analysis</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIACADCSSTPPDRW</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HLA-DRB1*04:01, HLA-DRB1*03:01, HLA-DRB1*08:02, HLA-DRB3*01:01, DQB1*03:01, HLA-DRB1*09:01, HLA-DRB5*01:01, HLA-DRB1*04:05, DQB1*04:02, HLA-DRB1*11:01, HLA-DRB1*07:01, DQB1*02:01, HLA-DRB1*13:02, DQB1*03:02, DQB1*05:01, HLA-DRB4*01:01, HLA-DRB1*01:01, HLA-DRB3*02:02, DPB1*04:01, DQB1*06:02, DPB1*14:01, HLA-DRB1*15:01, DPB1*02:01, HLA-DRB1*12:01, DPB1*04:02, DPB1*05:01, DPB1*01:01</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-aabc-8-001"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> IEDB-AR, Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource; MHC, major histocompatibility complex.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity analysis</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Start position</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">End position</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peptide</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peptide length</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RTQLHPEF</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PDFSLTQKVHFK</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IPSVENVQISIDVTLPESVEAVPVT</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FPLPETPLSEVHSI</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QSAVEHESPSISAF</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TRQLLLVEVG</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">182</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">204</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ILKLLELLGIKCSFIACADCSST</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">229</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RVRVLKNSVSFLFNK</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">VTDIVVGAI</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">258</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TQKVRSYLKAG</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KTPVSTKDVLET</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">287</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">295</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GLTLPASLE</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">302</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">310</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LVEGVVISK</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">314</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ESCINM</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t6-aabc-8-001" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Epitope conservancy analysis</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peptide sequence</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peptide length</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage of protein sequence match</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum identity</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DCSSTPPDR</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100% (34/34)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIACADCSSTPPDRW</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100% (34/34)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Bangladesh</li></country></list><tree><country name="Bangladesh"><noRegion><name sortKey="Oany, Arafat Rahman" sort="Oany, Arafat Rahman" uniqKey="Oany A" first="Arafat Rahman" last="Oany">Arafat Rahman Oany</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ahmad, Shah Adil Ishtiyaq" sort="Ahmad, Shah Adil Ishtiyaq" uniqKey="Ahmad S" first="Shah Adil Ishtiyaq" last="Ahmad">Shah Adil Ishtiyaq Ahmad</name><name sortKey="Hossain, Mohammad Uzzal" sort="Hossain, Mohammad Uzzal" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="Mohammad Uzzal" last="Hossain">Mohammad Uzzal Hossain</name><name sortKey="Jyoti, Tahmina Pervin" sort="Jyoti, Tahmina Pervin" uniqKey="Jyoti T" first="Tahmina Pervin" last="Jyoti">Tahmina Pervin 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