Conventional and molecular diagnostic testing for the acute neurologic patient
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Auteurs : Peter P. Nghiem [États-Unis] ; Scott J. Schatzberg [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care [ 1479-3261 ] ; 2010-02.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Abnormality, Active infection, Acute disease, Acute neurodiagnostic testing, Acute neurologic patient, Acute neurologic patients, Acute onset, Acute phase proteins, Anaplasma, Anim, Anim hosp assoc, Annual symposium, Antemortem, Antemortem basis, Antemortem diagnosis, Antibody indices, Antibody testing, Antibody titers, Antigen testing, Assay, Assoc, Bacillary angiomatosis, Bacterial meningitis, Bartonella, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella infection, Biological sample, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Brainstem, Canine, Canine distemper, Canine distemper virus, Canine meningoencephalitis, Caninum, Caninum infection, Case signalment, Caudal brainstem, Cerebrospinal, Clin, Clin microbiol, Clinical signs, Coccidiodes immitis, Codehop, Common route, Contrast enhancement, Critical care, Critical care society, Critical patient, Cryptococcus neoformans, Degenerate, Depressed sensorium, Diagnostic testing, Differential cell count, Differential diagnosis, Distemper, Ehrlichia, Ehrlichia canis, Encephalitis, Encephalitis virus, Enhancement, Etiology, Feline, Fipv, Focal form, Footpad epithelium, Fungal, Fungal culture, Genomic regions, Gondii, Granulomatous, Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, Haired skin, Herpes, Herpes simplex encephalitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Hosp, Human neurology, Idiopathic, Imaging, Imaging features, Immitis, Immune response, Immunosorbant assay, Infection, Infectious agent, Infectious agents, Infectious disease, Infectious diseases, Intern, Lesion, Magnetic resonance imaging, Meningeal, Meningeal enhancement, Meningitis, Meningitis arteritis, Meningoencephalitis, Meningoencephalomyelitis, Metabolic derangements, Microarray, Microarray analysis, Microarray technology, Microbiol, Mononuclear, Multifocal, Multiple organ systems, Mycotic agent, Nasal mucosa, Necrotising encephalitis, Necrotizing, Necrotizing encephalitis, Necrotizing encephalomyelitis, Necrotizing leukoencephalitis, Necrotizing meningoencephalitis, Neoplastic disorders, Neospora caninum, Nervous system, Neurodiagnostic, Neurologic, Neurologic signs, Nghiem, Nghiem schatzberg, Normal pupillary light responses, Normal vision, Nucleic, Nucleic acids, Other tissues, Past decade, Pathogen, Peritonitis, Peritonitis virus, Pleocytosis, Polymerase, Polymerase chain reaction, Polymorphonuclear pleocytosis, Positive controls, Pract, Presumptive antemortem diagnosis, Primer, Radiol ultrasound, Regional pathogens, Retrospective study, Rickettsia, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsial, Rickettsial organisms, Schatzberg, Sequence analysis, Serologic, Serologic testing, Small anim pract, Small animal medicine, Spinal cord, Srma, System infection, Titer, Toxoplasma gondii, Unknown etiology, Upper motor neuron, Variable degrees, Various neurodiagnostic tests, Vertebral column, Veterinary, Veterinary emergency, Veterinary medicine, Veterinary neurology, Viral, Viral encephalitis, White matter, Whole blood, Yorkshire terrier, Young dogs.
Abstract
Objective – The aim of this review is to describe and evaluate both conventional and molecular diagnostic testing utilized in dogs and cats with acute neurologic diseases. Various types of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are explored along with novel molecular diagnostic testing that ultimately may prove useful in the critical care setting. Data Sources – PUBMED was searched to obtain relevant references material using keywords: ‘canine OR feline meningitis AND meningoencephalitis,’‘feline infectious peritonitis,’‘canine distemper,’‘canine OR feline AND toxoplasma,’‘canine neospora,’‘canine OR feline AND rickettsia,’‘granulomatous meningoencephalitis,’‘steroid responsive meningitis arteritis,’‘necrotizing encephalitis,’‘novel neurodiagnostics,’‘canine OR feline AND CNS borrelia,’‘canine OR feline AND CNS bartonella,’‘canine OR feline AND CNS fungal,’‘nested OR multiplex OR degenerate OR consensus OR CODEHOP AND PCR.’ Research findings from the authors' laboratory and current veterinary textbooks also were utilized. Human Data Synthesis – Molecular diagnostic testing including conventional, real‐time, and consensus and degenerate PCR and microarray analysis are utilized routinely for the antemortem diagnosis of infectious meningoencephalitis (ME) in humans. Recently, PCR using consensus degenerate hybrid primers (CODEHOP) has been used to identify and characterize a number of novel human viruses. Veterinary Data Synthesis – Molecular diagnostic testing such as conventional and real‐time PCR aid in the diagnosis of several important central nervous system infectious agents including canine distemper virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, rickettsial species, and others. Recently, broadly reactive consensus and degenerate PCR reactions have been applied to canine ME including assays for rickettsial organisms, Borrelia spp. and Bartonella spp., and various viral families. Conclusions – In the acute neurologic patient, there are several key infectious diseases that can be pursued by a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic testing. It is important that the clinician understands the utility, as well as the limitations, of the various neurodiagnostic tests that are available.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00495.x
Affiliations:
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<term>Active infection</term>
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<term>Acute neurodiagnostic testing</term>
<term>Acute neurologic patient</term>
<term>Acute neurologic patients</term>
<term>Acute onset</term>
<term>Acute phase proteins</term>
<term>Anaplasma</term>
<term>Anim</term>
<term>Anim hosp assoc</term>
<term>Annual symposium</term>
<term>Antemortem</term>
<term>Antemortem basis</term>
<term>Antemortem diagnosis</term>
<term>Antibody indices</term>
<term>Antibody testing</term>
<term>Antibody titers</term>
<term>Antigen testing</term>
<term>Assay</term>
<term>Assoc</term>
<term>Bacillary angiomatosis</term>
<term>Bacterial meningitis</term>
<term>Bartonella</term>
<term>Bartonella henselae</term>
<term>Bartonella infection</term>
<term>Biological sample</term>
<term>Blastomyces dermatitidis</term>
<term>Brainstem</term>
<term>Canine</term>
<term>Canine distemper</term>
<term>Canine distemper virus</term>
<term>Canine meningoencephalitis</term>
<term>Caninum</term>
<term>Caninum infection</term>
<term>Case signalment</term>
<term>Caudal brainstem</term>
<term>Cerebrospinal</term>
<term>Clin</term>
<term>Clin microbiol</term>
<term>Clinical signs</term>
<term>Coccidiodes immitis</term>
<term>Codehop</term>
<term>Common route</term>
<term>Contrast enhancement</term>
<term>Critical care</term>
<term>Critical care society</term>
<term>Critical patient</term>
<term>Cryptococcus neoformans</term>
<term>Degenerate</term>
<term>Depressed sensorium</term>
<term>Diagnostic testing</term>
<term>Differential cell count</term>
<term>Differential diagnosis</term>
<term>Distemper</term>
<term>Ehrlichia</term>
<term>Ehrlichia canis</term>
<term>Encephalitis</term>
<term>Encephalitis virus</term>
<term>Enhancement</term>
<term>Etiology</term>
<term>Feline</term>
<term>Fipv</term>
<term>Focal form</term>
<term>Footpad epithelium</term>
<term>Fungal</term>
<term>Fungal culture</term>
<term>Genomic regions</term>
<term>Gondii</term>
<term>Granulomatous</term>
<term>Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis</term>
<term>Haired skin</term>
<term>Herpes</term>
<term>Herpes simplex encephalitis</term>
<term>Histoplasma capsulatum</term>
<term>Hosp</term>
<term>Human neurology</term>
<term>Idiopathic</term>
<term>Imaging</term>
<term>Imaging features</term>
<term>Immitis</term>
<term>Immune response</term>
<term>Immunosorbant assay</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Infectious agent</term>
<term>Infectious agents</term>
<term>Infectious disease</term>
<term>Infectious diseases</term>
<term>Intern</term>
<term>Lesion</term>
<term>Magnetic resonance imaging</term>
<term>Meningeal</term>
<term>Meningeal enhancement</term>
<term>Meningitis</term>
<term>Meningitis arteritis</term>
<term>Meningoencephalitis</term>
<term>Meningoencephalomyelitis</term>
<term>Metabolic derangements</term>
<term>Microarray</term>
<term>Microarray analysis</term>
<term>Microarray technology</term>
<term>Microbiol</term>
<term>Mononuclear</term>
<term>Multifocal</term>
<term>Multiple organ systems</term>
<term>Mycotic agent</term>
<term>Nasal mucosa</term>
<term>Necrotising encephalitis</term>
<term>Necrotizing</term>
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<term>Necrotizing encephalomyelitis</term>
<term>Necrotizing leukoencephalitis</term>
<term>Necrotizing meningoencephalitis</term>
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<term>Neospora caninum</term>
<term>Nervous system</term>
<term>Neurodiagnostic</term>
<term>Neurologic</term>
<term>Neurologic signs</term>
<term>Nghiem</term>
<term>Nghiem schatzberg</term>
<term>Normal pupillary light responses</term>
<term>Normal vision</term>
<term>Nucleic</term>
<term>Nucleic acids</term>
<term>Other tissues</term>
<term>Past decade</term>
<term>Pathogen</term>
<term>Peritonitis</term>
<term>Peritonitis virus</term>
<term>Pleocytosis</term>
<term>Polymerase</term>
<term>Polymerase chain reaction</term>
<term>Polymorphonuclear pleocytosis</term>
<term>Positive controls</term>
<term>Pract</term>
<term>Presumptive antemortem diagnosis</term>
<term>Primer</term>
<term>Radiol ultrasound</term>
<term>Regional pathogens</term>
<term>Retrospective study</term>
<term>Rickettsia</term>
<term>Rickettsia rickettsii</term>
<term>Rickettsial</term>
<term>Rickettsial organisms</term>
<term>Schatzberg</term>
<term>Sequence analysis</term>
<term>Serologic</term>
<term>Serologic testing</term>
<term>Small anim pract</term>
<term>Small animal medicine</term>
<term>Spinal cord</term>
<term>Srma</term>
<term>System infection</term>
<term>Titer</term>
<term>Toxoplasma gondii</term>
<term>Unknown etiology</term>
<term>Upper motor neuron</term>
<term>Variable degrees</term>
<term>Various neurodiagnostic tests</term>
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<term>Veterinary</term>
<term>Veterinary emergency</term>
<term>Veterinary medicine</term>
<term>Veterinary neurology</term>
<term>Viral</term>
<term>Viral encephalitis</term>
<term>White matter</term>
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<term>Yorkshire terrier</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Objective – The aim of this review is to describe and evaluate both conventional and molecular diagnostic testing utilized in dogs and cats with acute neurologic diseases. Various types of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are explored along with novel molecular diagnostic testing that ultimately may prove useful in the critical care setting. Data Sources – PUBMED was searched to obtain relevant references material using keywords: ‘canine OR feline meningitis AND meningoencephalitis,’‘feline infectious peritonitis,’‘canine distemper,’‘canine OR feline AND toxoplasma,’‘canine neospora,’‘canine OR feline AND rickettsia,’‘granulomatous meningoencephalitis,’‘steroid responsive meningitis arteritis,’‘necrotizing encephalitis,’‘novel neurodiagnostics,’‘canine OR feline AND CNS borrelia,’‘canine OR feline AND CNS bartonella,’‘canine OR feline AND CNS fungal,’‘nested OR multiplex OR degenerate OR consensus OR CODEHOP AND PCR.’ Research findings from the authors' laboratory and current veterinary textbooks also were utilized. Human Data Synthesis – Molecular diagnostic testing including conventional, real‐time, and consensus and degenerate PCR and microarray analysis are utilized routinely for the antemortem diagnosis of infectious meningoencephalitis (ME) in humans. Recently, PCR using consensus degenerate hybrid primers (CODEHOP) has been used to identify and characterize a number of novel human viruses. Veterinary Data Synthesis – Molecular diagnostic testing such as conventional and real‐time PCR aid in the diagnosis of several important central nervous system infectious agents including canine distemper virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, rickettsial species, and others. Recently, broadly reactive consensus and degenerate PCR reactions have been applied to canine ME including assays for rickettsial organisms, Borrelia spp. and Bartonella spp., and various viral families. Conclusions – In the acute neurologic patient, there are several key infectious diseases that can be pursued by a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic testing. It is important that the clinician understands the utility, as well as the limitations, of the various neurodiagnostic tests that are available.</div>
</front>
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