Selective expansion of intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the HLA-E–specific natural killer receptor CD94 in celiac disease
Identifieur interne : 000867 ( Istex/Curation ); précédent : 000866; suivant : 000868Selective expansion of intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the HLA-E–specific natural killer receptor CD94 in celiac disease
Auteurs : Bana Jabri [États-Unis] ; Natacha Patey Ariaud De Serre [États-Unis] ; Christophe Cellier [États-Unis] ; Kelly Evans [États-Unis] ; Cécile Gache [États-Unis] ; Carla Carvalho [États-Unis] ; Jean Rançois Mougenot [États-Unis] ; Matthieu Allez [États-Unis] ; Raymond Jian [États-Unis] ; Pierre Desreumaux [États-Unis] ; Jean Réderic Colombel [États-Unis] ; Claude Matuchansky [États-Unis] ; Henri Cugnenc [États-Unis] ; Miguel Lopez Otet [États-Unis] ; Eric Vivier [États-Unis] ; Alessandro Moretta [États-Unis] ; Arthur I. Roberts [États-Unis] ; Ellen C. Ebert [États-Unis] ; Delphine Guy Rand [États-Unis] ; Nicole Brousse [États-Unis] ; Jacques Schmitz [États-Unis] ; Nadine Cerf Ensussan [États-Unis]Source :
- Gastroenterology [ 0016-5085 ] ; 2000.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Teeft :
- Adult patients, Atrophy, Autoimmune enteropathy, Bana jabri, Becton dickinson, Biopsy, Biopsy specimens, Brousse, Celiac, Celiac disease, Celiac disease iels, Celiac patients, Cell receptors, Coeliac, Coeliac disease, Control biopsy specimens, Cytokine, Cytotoxicity, Disease activity, Enteropathy, Epithelial, Epithelium, Fetal calf serum, Functional properties, Gastroenterology, Gliadin peptides, Gluten, Iels, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunol, Inhibitory, Inhibitory receptor, Intestinal, Intestine, Intraepithelial, Intraepithelial lymphocytes, Jabri, Lamina, Lamina propria, Lymphocyte, Major histocompatibility, Minor subset, Moderate villous atrophy, Moretta, Multicolor analysis, Natural killer, Natural killer cells, Nkg2, Normal controls, Normal intestine, Pbls, Pen5, Proc natl acad, Propria, Receptor, Selective increase, Standard procedures, Subset, Subtotal, Subtotal villous atrophy, Surgical, Surgical samples, Tissue transglutaminase, Total iels, Villous, Villous atrophy.
Abstract
Abstract: Background & Aims: Celiac disease is a gluten-induced enteropathy characterized by the presence of gliadin-specific CD4+ T cells in the lamina propria and by a prominent intraepithelial T-cell infiltration of unknown mechanism. The aim of this study was to characterize the subset(s) of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) expanding during active celiac disease to provide insights into the mechanisms involved in their expansion. Methods: Flow-cytometric analysis of isolated IELs and/or immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections were performed in 51 celiac patients and 50 controls with a panel of monoclonal antibodies against T-cell and natural killer (NK) receptors. In addition, in vitro studies were performed to identify candidate stimuli for NK receptor expression. Results: In normal intestine, different proportions of IELs, which were mainly T cells, expressed the NK receptors CD94/NKG2, NKR-P1A, KIR2D/3D, NKp46, Pen5, or CD56. During the active phase of celiac disease, the frequency of CD94+ IELs, which were mostly αβ T cells, was conspicuously increased over controls. In contrast, the expression of other NK markers was not modified. Furthermore, expression of CD94 could be selectively induced in vitro by T-cell receptor activation and/or interleukin 15, a cytokine produced by intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions: The gut epithelium favors the development of T cells that express NK receptors. In active celiac disease, there is a specific and selective increase of IELs expressing CD94, the HLA-E–specific NK receptor that may be related to T-cell receptor activation and/or interleukin 15 secretion. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;118:867-879
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70173-9
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<author><name sortKey="Jabri, Bana" sort="Jabri, Bana" uniqKey="Jabri B" first="Bana" last="Jabri">Bana Jabri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
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<author><name sortKey="De Serre, Natacha Patey Ariaud" sort="De Serre, Natacha Patey Ariaud" uniqKey="De Serre N" first="Natacha Patey Ariaud" last="De Serre">Natacha Patey Ariaud De Serre</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cellier, Christophe" sort="Cellier, Christophe" uniqKey="Cellier C" first="Christophe" last="Cellier">Christophe Cellier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Evans, Kelly" sort="Evans, Kelly" uniqKey="Evans K" first="Kelly" last="Evans">Kelly Evans</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
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<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Gache, Cecile" sort="Gache, Cecile" uniqKey="Gache C" first="Cécile" last="Gache">Cécile Gache</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Carla" sort="Carvalho, Carla" uniqKey="Carvalho C" first="Carla" last="Carvalho">Carla Carvalho</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mougenot, Jean Rancois" sort="Mougenot, Jean Rancois" uniqKey="Mougenot J" first="Jean Rançois" last="Mougenot">Jean Rançois Mougenot</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allez, Matthieu" sort="Allez, Matthieu" uniqKey="Allez M" first="Matthieu" last="Allez">Matthieu Allez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jian, Raymond" sort="Jian, Raymond" uniqKey="Jian R" first="Raymond" last="Jian">Raymond Jian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desreumaux, Pierre" sort="Desreumaux, Pierre" uniqKey="Desreumaux P" first="Pierre" last="Desreumaux">Pierre Desreumaux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Colombel, Jean Rederic" sort="Colombel, Jean Rederic" uniqKey="Colombel J" first="Jean Réderic" last="Colombel">Jean Réderic Colombel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matuchansky, Claude" sort="Matuchansky, Claude" uniqKey="Matuchansky C" first="Claude" last="Matuchansky">Claude Matuchansky</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cugnenc, Henri" sort="Cugnenc, Henri" uniqKey="Cugnenc H" first="Henri" last="Cugnenc">Henri Cugnenc</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez Otet, Miguel" sort="Lopez Otet, Miguel" uniqKey="Lopez Otet M" first="Miguel" last="Lopez Otet">Miguel Lopez Otet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vivier, Eric" sort="Vivier, Eric" uniqKey="Vivier E" first="Eric" last="Vivier">Eric Vivier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moretta, Alessandro" sort="Moretta, Alessandro" uniqKey="Moretta A" first="Alessandro" last="Moretta">Alessandro Moretta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Arthur I" sort="Roberts, Arthur I" uniqKey="Roberts A" first="Arthur I." last="Roberts">Arthur I. Roberts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ebert, Ellen C" sort="Ebert, Ellen C" uniqKey="Ebert E" first="Ellen C." last="Ebert">Ellen C. Ebert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guy Rand, Delphine" sort="Guy Rand, Delphine" uniqKey="Guy Rand D" first="Delphine" last="Guy Rand">Delphine Guy Rand</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brousse, Nicole" sort="Brousse, Nicole" uniqKey="Brousse N" first="Nicole" last="Brousse">Nicole Brousse</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmitz, Jacques" sort="Schmitz, Jacques" uniqKey="Schmitz J" first="Jacques" last="Schmitz">Jacques Schmitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cerf Ensussan, Nadine" sort="Cerf Ensussan, Nadine" uniqKey="Cerf Ensussan N" first="Nadine" last="Cerf Ensussan">Nadine Cerf Ensussan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
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<idno type="doi">10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70173-9</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Selective expansion of intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the HLA-E–specific natural killer receptor CD94 in celiac disease</title>
<author><name sortKey="Jabri, Bana" sort="Jabri, Bana" uniqKey="Jabri B" first="Bana" last="Jabri">Bana Jabri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Serre, Natacha Patey Ariaud" sort="De Serre, Natacha Patey Ariaud" uniqKey="De Serre N" first="Natacha Patey Ariaud" last="De Serre">Natacha Patey Ariaud De Serre</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cellier, Christophe" sort="Cellier, Christophe" uniqKey="Cellier C" first="Christophe" last="Cellier">Christophe Cellier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evans, Kelly" sort="Evans, Kelly" uniqKey="Evans K" first="Kelly" last="Evans">Kelly Evans</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gache, Cecile" sort="Gache, Cecile" uniqKey="Gache C" first="Cécile" last="Gache">Cécile Gache</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Carla" sort="Carvalho, Carla" uniqKey="Carvalho C" first="Carla" last="Carvalho">Carla Carvalho</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mougenot, Jean Rancois" sort="Mougenot, Jean Rancois" uniqKey="Mougenot J" first="Jean Rançois" last="Mougenot">Jean Rançois Mougenot</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allez, Matthieu" sort="Allez, Matthieu" uniqKey="Allez M" first="Matthieu" last="Allez">Matthieu Allez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jian, Raymond" sort="Jian, Raymond" uniqKey="Jian R" first="Raymond" last="Jian">Raymond Jian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Desreumaux, Pierre" sort="Desreumaux, Pierre" uniqKey="Desreumaux P" first="Pierre" last="Desreumaux">Pierre Desreumaux</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Colombel, Jean Rederic" sort="Colombel, Jean Rederic" uniqKey="Colombel J" first="Jean Réderic" last="Colombel">Jean Réderic Colombel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matuchansky, Claude" sort="Matuchansky, Claude" uniqKey="Matuchansky C" first="Claude" last="Matuchansky">Claude Matuchansky</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cugnenc, Henri" sort="Cugnenc, Henri" uniqKey="Cugnenc H" first="Henri" last="Cugnenc">Henri Cugnenc</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lopez Otet, Miguel" sort="Lopez Otet, Miguel" uniqKey="Lopez Otet M" first="Miguel" last="Lopez Otet">Miguel Lopez Otet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vivier, Eric" sort="Vivier, Eric" uniqKey="Vivier E" first="Eric" last="Vivier">Eric Vivier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moretta, Alessandro" sort="Moretta, Alessandro" uniqKey="Moretta A" first="Alessandro" last="Moretta">Alessandro Moretta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Arthur I" sort="Roberts, Arthur I" uniqKey="Roberts A" first="Arthur I." last="Roberts">Arthur I. Roberts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ebert, Ellen C" sort="Ebert, Ellen C" uniqKey="Ebert E" first="Ellen C." last="Ebert">Ellen C. Ebert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guy Rand, Delphine" sort="Guy Rand, Delphine" uniqKey="Guy Rand D" first="Delphine" last="Guy Rand">Delphine Guy Rand</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brousse, Nicole" sort="Brousse, Nicole" uniqKey="Brousse N" first="Nicole" last="Brousse">Nicole Brousse</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmitz, Jacques" sort="Schmitz, Jacques" uniqKey="Schmitz J" first="Jacques" last="Schmitz">Jacques Schmitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cerf Ensussan, Nadine" sort="Cerf Ensussan, Nadine" uniqKey="Cerf Ensussan N" first="Nadine" last="Cerf Ensussan">Nadine Cerf Ensussan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey</mods:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>*INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker, Paris, France; ‡Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ∥Department of Pathology, and ‡‡‡INSERM Unité 429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; §Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; ¶Department of Digestive Disease, Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France; #Immunology Center, MountSinai Medical Center, New York, New York; **Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; ‡‡Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; §§Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France; ∥∥Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; ¶¶Department of Immunology, Centre d'Immunologie INSERM–CNRS Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; ##Department of Molecular Immunology, Genova, Italy; and ***Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j">Gastroenterology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">YGAST</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0016-5085</idno>
<imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<date type="published" when="2000">2000</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">118</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="867">867</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="879">879</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0016-5085</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0016-5085</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>EC</term>
<term>FACS</term>
<term>FITC</term>
<term>GFD</term>
<term>IEL</term>
<term>IFN-γ</term>
<term>MHC</term>
<term>NK</term>
<term>PBL</term>
<term>PE</term>
<term>T-IEL</term>
<term>TCR</term>
<term>TNF</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult patients</term>
<term>Atrophy</term>
<term>Autoimmune enteropathy</term>
<term>Bana jabri</term>
<term>Becton dickinson</term>
<term>Biopsy</term>
<term>Biopsy specimens</term>
<term>Brousse</term>
<term>Celiac</term>
<term>Celiac disease</term>
<term>Celiac disease iels</term>
<term>Celiac patients</term>
<term>Cell receptors</term>
<term>Coeliac</term>
<term>Coeliac disease</term>
<term>Control biopsy specimens</term>
<term>Cytokine</term>
<term>Cytotoxicity</term>
<term>Disease activity</term>
<term>Enteropathy</term>
<term>Epithelial</term>
<term>Epithelium</term>
<term>Fetal calf serum</term>
<term>Functional properties</term>
<term>Gastroenterology</term>
<term>Gliadin peptides</term>
<term>Gluten</term>
<term>Iels</term>
<term>Immunohistochemical staining</term>
<term>Immunol</term>
<term>Inhibitory</term>
<term>Inhibitory receptor</term>
<term>Intestinal</term>
<term>Intestine</term>
<term>Intraepithelial</term>
<term>Intraepithelial lymphocytes</term>
<term>Jabri</term>
<term>Lamina</term>
<term>Lamina propria</term>
<term>Lymphocyte</term>
<term>Major histocompatibility</term>
<term>Minor subset</term>
<term>Moderate villous atrophy</term>
<term>Moretta</term>
<term>Multicolor analysis</term>
<term>Natural killer</term>
<term>Natural killer cells</term>
<term>Nkg2</term>
<term>Normal controls</term>
<term>Normal intestine</term>
<term>Pbls</term>
<term>Pen5</term>
<term>Proc natl acad</term>
<term>Propria</term>
<term>Receptor</term>
<term>Selective increase</term>
<term>Standard procedures</term>
<term>Subset</term>
<term>Subtotal</term>
<term>Subtotal villous atrophy</term>
<term>Surgical</term>
<term>Surgical samples</term>
<term>Tissue transglutaminase</term>
<term>Total iels</term>
<term>Villous</term>
<term>Villous atrophy</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Background & Aims: Celiac disease is a gluten-induced enteropathy characterized by the presence of gliadin-specific CD4+ T cells in the lamina propria and by a prominent intraepithelial T-cell infiltration of unknown mechanism. The aim of this study was to characterize the subset(s) of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) expanding during active celiac disease to provide insights into the mechanisms involved in their expansion. Methods: Flow-cytometric analysis of isolated IELs and/or immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections were performed in 51 celiac patients and 50 controls with a panel of monoclonal antibodies against T-cell and natural killer (NK) receptors. In addition, in vitro studies were performed to identify candidate stimuli for NK receptor expression. Results: In normal intestine, different proportions of IELs, which were mainly T cells, expressed the NK receptors CD94/NKG2, NKR-P1A, KIR2D/3D, NKp46, Pen5, or CD56. During the active phase of celiac disease, the frequency of CD94+ IELs, which were mostly αβ T cells, was conspicuously increased over controls. In contrast, the expression of other NK markers was not modified. Furthermore, expression of CD94 could be selectively induced in vitro by T-cell receptor activation and/or interleukin 15, a cytokine produced by intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions: The gut epithelium favors the development of T cells that express NK receptors. In active celiac disease, there is a specific and selective increase of IELs expressing CD94, the HLA-E–specific NK receptor that may be related to T-cell receptor activation and/or interleukin 15 secretion. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;118:867-879</div>
</front>
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