Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies
Identifieur interne : 000836 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000835; suivant : 000837Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies
Auteurs : Ghanta N. Rao ; James HuffSource :
- Toxicological Sciences [ 1096-6080 ] ; 1990.
Abstract
Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies. RA0, G. N., AND HUFF J. (1990). Fundam. App. Toxicol. 15, 33–43. The chance that alternatives will completely replace animals for toxicology research in the foreseeable future is nil. Continual refinement of animal toxicity and carcinogenesis studies, however, can be an effective means of reducing the numbers of animals used and conserving time and resources without compromising scientific quality. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Adequate care of animals with control of variables such as light, temperature, diet, bedding, diseases, and genetic characters of laboratory animals will decrease the variability. Humane considerations and euthanasia of animals with large masses and other conditions interfering with eating and drinking, major injuries and ulcers related to husbandry and treatment, and diseases indicating pain and suffering will help not only to alleviate further pain and distress but also to facilitate collection of tissues without secondary complications for detection of chemical treatment-related lesions. Limiting the duration of studies to decrease the variability due to age-associated changes will also refine long-term studies. Other considerations for refinement of carcinogenesis studies include selection of the most sensitive sex of one or more species for evaluation of selected chemicals in a class where toxic and carcinogenic potential of other representative chemicals are known. Genetically engineered animal models with known oncogenes may reduce the duration and increase the sensitivity of carcinogenesis studies with a reduction in the use of animals.
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DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/15.1.33
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RA0, G. N., AND HUFF J. (1990). Fundam. App. Toxicol. 15, 33–43. The chance that alternatives will completely replace animals for toxicology research in the foreseeable future is nil. Continual refinement of animal toxicity and carcinogenesis studies, however, can be an effective means of reducing the numbers of animals used and conserving time and resources without compromising scientific quality. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Adequate care of animals with control of variables such as light, temperature, diet, bedding, diseases, and genetic characters of laboratory animals will decrease the variability. Humane considerations and euthanasia of animals with large masses and other conditions interfering with eating and drinking, major injuries and ulcers related to husbandry and treatment, and diseases indicating pain and suffering will help not only to alleviate further pain and distress but also to facilitate collection of tissues without secondary complications for detection of chemical treatment-related lesions. Limiting the duration of studies to decrease the variability due to age-associated changes will also refine long-term studies. Other considerations for refinement of carcinogenesis studies include selection of the most sensitive sex of one or more species for evaluation of selected chemicals in a class where toxic and carcinogenic potential of other representative chemicals are known. 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The chance that alternatives will completely replace animals for toxicology research in the foreseeable future is nil. Continual refinement of animal toxicity and carcinogenesis studies, however, can be an effective means of reducing the numbers of animals used and conserving time and resources without compromising scientific quality. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Adequate care of animals with control of variables such as light, temperature, diet, bedding, diseases, and genetic characters of laboratory animals will decrease the variability. Humane considerations and euthanasia of animals with large masses and other conditions interfering with eating and drinking, major injuries and ulcers related to husbandry and treatment, and diseases indicating pain and suffering will help not only to alleviate further pain and distress but also to facilitate collection of tissues without secondary complications for detection of chemical treatment-related lesions. Limiting the duration of studies to decrease the variability due to age-associated changes will also refine long-term studies. Other considerations for refinement of carcinogenesis studies include selection of the most sensitive sex of one or more species for evaluation of selected chemicals in a class where toxic and carcinogenic potential of other representative chemicals are known. Genetically engineered animal models with known oncogenes may reduce the duration and increase the sensitivity of carcinogenesis studies with a reduction in the use of animals.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.964</score><pdfWordCount>4964</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>30839</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>496 x 729 pts</pdfPageSize><pdfWordsPerPage>451</pdfWordsPerPage><pdfText>true</pdfText><refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>277</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1912</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>0</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies</title><genre><json:string>other</json:string></genre><host><title>Toxicological Sciences</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>1096-6080</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1096-0929</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>toxsci</json:string></publisherId><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>33</first><last>43</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>SYMPOSIUM</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>1990</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE BIOLOGIC RESPONSES OF TEST ANIMALS</json:string><json:string>National Toxicology Program</json:string><json:string>Dohme Research Laboratories</json:string><json:string>National Cancer Institute-National Toxicology Program</json:string><json:string>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</json:string><json:string>Procter and Gamble Co</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Lawrence Boone</json:string><json:string>Most</json:string><json:string>Herbert Amyx</json:string><json:string>Michael Jokinen</json:string><json:string>Joseph Haseman</json:string></persName><placeName><json:string>Toxicity</json:string><json:string>Goldberg</json:string></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>Haseman and Huff (1987)</json:string><json:string>Grice, 1984</json:string><json:string>Boorman et al., 1986</json:string><json:string>Newcomer et al, 1987</json:string><json:string>Collins, 1986</json:string><json:string>Haseman et al., 1985</json:string><json:string>Homburger el al, 1983</json:string><json:string>Frederick, 1986</json:string><json:string>Haseman and Huff( 1987)</json:string><json:string>Newberne et al., 1973</json:string><json:string>NTP, 1984</json:string><json:string>Bellhorn, 1980</json:string><json:string>NTP, 1989</json:string><json:string>Rao et al, 1988b</json:string><json:string>Rao, 1988a</json:string><json:string>Rao et al., 1989b</json:string><json:string>Greenman et ai, 1984</json:string><json:string>National Research Council, 1988</json:string><json:string>Rao et al., 1989a</json:string><json:string>Wiskemann et ai, 1986</json:string><json:string>Greenman et ai, 1982</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/HXZ-8KSS2L75-W</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - 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<front>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">toxsci</journal-id>
<journal-title>Toxicological Sciences</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="epub">1096-0929</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1096-6080</issn>
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<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
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<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15.1.33</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/toxsci/15.1.33</article-id>
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<subject>SYMPOSIUM</subject>
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<title-group>
<article-title>Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>RAO</surname><given-names>GHANTA N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>HUFF</surname><given-names>JAMES</given-names></name>
</contrib>
<aff><institution>National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</institution> <addr-line>Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709</addr-line></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<fn id="fn1"><p><sup>1</sup>Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA, February 26-March 3, 1989.</p></fn>
<corresp id="cor1"><sup>2</sup>To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at NIEHS/NTP, MD AO-O1, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>7</month>
<year>1990</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>43</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>22</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>1990</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>30</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>1990</year>
</date>
</history>
<copyright-statement>© 1990 by the Society of Toxicology</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>1990</copyright-year>
<abstract>
<p>Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies. RA0, G. N., AND HUFF J. (1990). <italic>Fundam. App. Toxicol</italic>. 15, 33–43. The chance that alternatives will completely replace animals for toxicology research in the foreseeable future is nil. Continual refinement of animal toxicity and carcinogenesis studies, however, can be an effective means of reducing the numbers of animals used and conserving time and resources without compromising scientific quality. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Adequate care of animals with control of variables such as light, temperature, diet, bedding, diseases, and genetic characters of laboratory animals will decrease the variability. Humane considerations and euthanasia of animals with large masses and other conditions interfering with eating and drinking, major injuries and ulcers related to husbandry and treatment, and diseases indicating pain and suffering will help not only to alleviate further pain and distress but also to facilitate collection of tissues without secondary complications for detection of chemical treatment-related lesions. Limiting the duration of studies to decrease the variability due to age-associated changes will also refine long-term studies. Other considerations for refinement of carcinogenesis studies include selection of the most sensitive sex of one or more species for evaluation of selected chemicals in a class where toxic and carcinogenic potential of other representative chemicals are known. Genetically engineered animal models with known oncogenes may reduce the duration and increase the sensitivity of carcinogenesis studies with a reduction in the use of animals.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
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</article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies1</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GHANTA N.</namePart><namePart type="family">RAO</namePart><affiliation>National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709</affiliation><affiliation>2To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at NIEHS/NTP, MD AO-O1, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JAMES</namePart><namePart type="family">HUFF</namePart><affiliation>National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other" displayLabel="other" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-7474895G-0">other</genre><originInfo><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1990-07</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">1990-01-30</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1990</copyrightDate></originInfo><abstract>Refinement of Long-Term Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies. RA0, G. N., AND HUFF J. (1990). Fundam. App. Toxicol. 15, 33–43. The chance that alternatives will completely replace animals for toxicology research in the foreseeable future is nil. Continual refinement of animal toxicity and carcinogenesis studies, however, can be an effective means of reducing the numbers of animals used and conserving time and resources without compromising scientific quality. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Adequate care of animals with control of variables such as light, temperature, diet, bedding, diseases, and genetic characters of laboratory animals will decrease the variability. Humane considerations and euthanasia of animals with large masses and other conditions interfering with eating and drinking, major injuries and ulcers related to husbandry and treatment, and diseases indicating pain and suffering will help not only to alleviate further pain and distress but also to facilitate collection of tissues without secondary complications for detection of chemical treatment-related lesions. Limiting the duration of studies to decrease the variability due to age-associated changes will also refine long-term studies. Other considerations for refinement of carcinogenesis studies include selection of the most sensitive sex of one or more species for evaluation of selected chemicals in a class where toxic and carcinogenic potential of other representative chemicals are known. Genetically engineered animal models with known oncogenes may reduce the duration and increase the sensitivity of carcinogenesis studies with a reduction in the use of animals.</abstract><note type="footnotes">1Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA, February 26-March 3, 1989.</note><note type="author-notes">2To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at NIEHS/NTP, MD AO-O1, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Toxicological Sciences</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><topic>SYMPOSIUM</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1096-6080</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1096-0929</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">toxsci</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">toxsci</identifier><part><date>1990</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>15</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>33</start><end>43</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">0BFA3196FD6DCF70EF11BAC2CF8FB1E81EBB4B6B</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/HXZ-8KSS2L75-W</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1093/toxsci/15.1.33</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">15.1.33</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 1990 by the Society of Toxicology</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-GTWS0RDP-M">oup</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Converted from (version 1.2.0) to MODS version 3.6.</recordOrigin><recordCreationDate encoding="w3cdtf">2019-12-09</recordCreationDate></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/HXZ-8KSS2L75-W/record.json</uri></json:item></metadata><annexes><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/HXZ-8KSS2L75-W/annexes.pdf</uri></json:item></annexes><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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