Evaluation of the genotoxicity potential and chronic inhalation toxicity of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141 b)
Identifieur interne : 000802 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000801; suivant : 000803Evaluation of the genotoxicity potential and chronic inhalation toxicity of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141 b)
Auteurs : R.-J. Millischer ; C. G. De Rooij ; G. M. Rush ; C. H. Farr ; R. Ben-Dyke ; C. J. Hardy ; D. J. Lewis ; G. Hodson-WalkerSource :
- Food and Chemical Toxicology [ 0278-6915 ] ; 1995.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Aberrant cell frequencies, Aberrant cells, Aberration, Alternative fluorocarbon toxicity testing, American college, Ames test, Annual meeting, Assay, Atochem, Autopsy examination, Benign, Benign testicular, Benign tumours, Blood samples, Body weight, Body weight gain, Bone marrow, Cadmium workers, Cell tumours, Chemical safety, Chromosome, Chromosome aberration, Chromosome aberration assay, Chronic toxicity, Clinical signs, Control group, Control groups, Ecetoc, Environmental mutagen society, Epigenetic mechanism, Escherichia coli, Exposure level, Exposure levels, Exposure period, Female rats, Food intake, Full rotation, Genetic toxicity, Genotoxicity, Genotoxicity data, Genotoxicity studies, High exposure group, High exposure level, Human lymphocytes, Hygiene association, Incidence, Industrial medicine, Inhalation, Inhalation study, Intergroup differences, International agency, International programme, Interstitial cell tumours, Intricate parts, Late onset, Leydig, Leydig cell, Leydig cell adenomas, Leydig cell tumors, Leydig cell tumours, Life science research, Macroscopic, Male rats, Metabolic activation, Metabolism, Micronucleus, Micronucleus test, Microscopic pathology examinations, Mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, Nasal turbinates, Negative control values, Negative results, Normochromatic erythrocytes, Ocular abnormalities, Plasma samples, Polychromatic erythrocytes, Positive control, Positive results, Present study, Rat, Risk factors, Salmonella typhimurium, Sentinel group, Significant increases, Statistical analysis, Statistical significance, Sterile glass bottles, Test concentrations, Test material, Tester strains, Testicular, Testicular masses, Testing program, Testis, Toxicity, Toxicological significance, Toxicology, Toxicology centre, Tumour, Typhimurium, Unpublished report, Vapour, Vapour phase, Weight loss, Wide variety.
Abstract
Abstract: A battery of in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted on HCFC-141b as a vapour. Bacterial gene mutation assays with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were negative in all tester strains. In vitro chromosomal aberration assays were positive on CHO cells but negative on human lymphocytes. Moreover, HCFC-141b was negative in vivo in a mouse micronucleus inhalation assay. On the basis of these data and previously reported genotoxicity testing, HCFC-141b is considered non-genotoxic. Groups of 80 male and 80 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed, by inhalation (6 hr/day, 5 days/wk) to vapours of HCFC-141b for 104 wk at target concentrations of 0 (control), 1500, 5000 and 20,000 ppm (increased from 15,000 ppm after 17 wk of exposure). No exposure-related effects of toxicological significance were noted with respect to survival, clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis or organ weight analysis. Reduced food intake and body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the 15,000 ppm group during the first 16 wk; thereafter, body weight gains in all groups were similar although the intergroup differences in body weight remained evident. Reduced food intake persisted in both sexes through wk 52 and in females during the second year of exposure. Treatment-related effects on macroscopic pathology were confined to increased incidences of testicular masses and altered appearance. Microscopic pathology examinations confirmed the testes as the target organ with findings of increased incidences of benign interstitial cell tumours and hyperplasia at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1500 ppm. The testicular changes at high exposure levels were considered to be due to a change of the senile hormonal imbalance in geriatric rats and of little significance for the assessment of human health effects.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(95)00015-T
Links to Exploration step
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: A battery of in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted on HCFC-141b as a vapour. Bacterial gene mutation assays with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were negative in all tester strains. In vitro chromosomal aberration assays were positive on CHO cells but negative on human lymphocytes. Moreover, HCFC-141b was negative in vivo in a mouse micronucleus inhalation assay. On the basis of these data and previously reported genotoxicity testing, HCFC-141b is considered non-genotoxic. Groups of 80 male and 80 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed, by inhalation (6 hr/day, 5 days/wk) to vapours of HCFC-141b for 104 wk at target concentrations of 0 (control), 1500, 5000 and 20,000 ppm (increased from 15,000 ppm after 17 wk of exposure). No exposure-related effects of toxicological significance were noted with respect to survival, clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis or organ weight analysis. Reduced food intake and body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the 15,000 ppm group during the first 16 wk; thereafter, body weight gains in all groups were similar although the intergroup differences in body weight remained evident. Reduced food intake persisted in both sexes through wk 52 and in females during the second year of exposure. Treatment-related effects on macroscopic pathology were confined to increased incidences of testicular masses and altered appearance. Microscopic pathology examinations confirmed the testes as the target organ with findings of increased incidences of benign interstitial cell tumours and hyperplasia at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1500 ppm. The testicular changes at high exposure levels were considered to be due to a change of the senile hormonal imbalance in geriatric rats and of little significance for the assessment of human health effects.</div>
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<abstract>Abstract: A battery of in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted on HCFC-141b as a vapour. Bacterial gene mutation assays with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were negative in all tester strains. In vitro chromosomal aberration assays were positive on CHO cells but negative on human lymphocytes. Moreover, HCFC-141b was negative in vivo in a mouse micronucleus inhalation assay. On the basis of these data and previously reported genotoxicity testing, HCFC-141b is considered non-genotoxic. Groups of 80 male and 80 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed, by inhalation (6 hr/day, 5 days/wk) to vapours of HCFC-141b for 104 wk at target concentrations of 0 (control), 1500, 5000 and 20,000 ppm (increased from 15,000 ppm after 17 wk of exposure). No exposure-related effects of toxicological significance were noted with respect to survival, clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis or organ weight analysis. Reduced food intake and body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the 15,000 ppm group during the first 16 wk; thereafter, body weight gains in all groups were similar although the intergroup differences in body weight remained evident. Reduced food intake persisted in both sexes through wk 52 and in females during the second year of exposure. Treatment-related effects on macroscopic pathology were confined to increased incidences of testicular masses and altered appearance. Microscopic pathology examinations confirmed the testes as the target organ with findings of increased incidences of benign interstitial cell tumours and hyperplasia at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1500 ppm. The testicular changes at high exposure levels were considered to be due to a change of the senile hormonal imbalance in geriatric rats and of little significance for the assessment of human health effects.</abstract>
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<note>The genotoxicity data have been presented in part at the 24th Annual Meeting of The Environmental Mutagen Society, Norfolk, Virginia, USA, April 1993 and The 6th International Congress of Toxicology, Rome, Italy, June 1992.</note>
<note>These studies were sponsored by The Program For Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). Contributing companies include: Akzo Chemicals International B.V., AlliedSignal Inc., Asahi Glass Co. Ltd, Daikin Industries Ltd, E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. Inc., Elf Atochem N.A., Elf Atochem S.A., LaRoche Chemicals Inc., Rhone Poulenc Chemicals Ltd, Showa Denko K.K., and Solvay S.A.</note>
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<abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: A battery of in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted on HCFC-141b as a vapour. Bacterial gene mutation assays with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were negative in all tester strains. In vitro chromosomal aberration assays were positive on CHO cells but negative on human lymphocytes. Moreover, HCFC-141b was negative in vivo in a mouse micronucleus inhalation assay. On the basis of these data and previously reported genotoxicity testing, HCFC-141b is considered non-genotoxic. Groups of 80 male and 80 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed, by inhalation (6 hr/day, 5 days/wk) to vapours of HCFC-141b for 104 wk at target concentrations of 0 (control), 1500, 5000 and 20,000 ppm (increased from 15,000 ppm after 17 wk of exposure). No exposure-related effects of toxicological significance were noted with respect to survival, clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis or organ weight analysis. Reduced food intake and body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the 15,000 ppm group during the first 16 wk; thereafter, body weight gains in all groups were similar although the intergroup differences in body weight remained evident. Reduced food intake persisted in both sexes through wk 52 and in females during the second year of exposure. Treatment-related effects on macroscopic pathology were confined to increased incidences of testicular masses and altered appearance. Microscopic pathology examinations confirmed the testes as the target organ with findings of increased incidences of benign interstitial cell tumours and hyperplasia at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1500 ppm. The testicular changes at high exposure levels were considered to be due to a change of the senile hormonal imbalance in geriatric rats and of little significance for the assessment of human health effects.</p>
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<textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Abbreviations</head>
<item><term>AIHA</term>
<term>American Industrial Hygiene Association</term>
</item>
<item><term>CHO</term>
<term>Chinese hamster ovary</term>
</item>
<item><term>ECETOC</term>
<term>European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre</term>
</item>
<item><term>HPRT</term>
<term>hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltrans-ferase</term>
</item>
<item><term>IPCS</term>
<term>International Programme on Chemical Safety</term>
</item>
<item><term>LH</term>
<term>luteinizing hormone</term>
</item>
<item><term>NOAEL</term>
<term>noobservable-adverse-effect level</term>
</item>
<item><term>PAFT</term>
<term>Program for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing</term>
</item>
<item><term>PCE</term>
<term>polychromatic erythrocytes</term>
</item>
<item><term>PNE</term>
<term>normochromatic erythrocytes</term>
</item>
</list>
</keywords>
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<head><ce:article-footnote><ce:label>☆</ce:label>
<ce:note-para>The genotoxicity data have been presented in part at the 24th Annual Meeting of The Environmental Mutagen Society, Norfolk, Virginia, USA, April 1993 and The 6th International Congress of Toxicology, Rome, Italy, June 1992.</ce:note-para>
</ce:article-footnote>
<ce:article-footnote><ce:label>☆☆</ce:label>
<ce:note-para>These studies were sponsored by The Program For Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). Contributing companies include: Akzo Chemicals International B.V., AlliedSignal Inc., Asahi Glass Co. Ltd, Daikin Industries Ltd, E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. Inc., Elf Atochem N.A., Elf Atochem S.A., LaRoche Chemicals Inc., Rhone Poulenc Chemicals Ltd, Showa Denko K.K., and Solvay S.A.</ce:note-para>
</ce:article-footnote>
<ce:dochead><ce:textfn>Research section</ce:textfn>
</ce:dochead>
<ce:title>Evaluation of the genotoxicity potential and chronic inhalation toxicity of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141 b)</ce:title>
<ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>R.-J.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Millischer</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="COR1"><ce:sup>‡</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author><ce:given-name>C.G.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>de Rooij</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author><ce:given-name>G.M.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Rush</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF3"><ce:sup>3</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author><ce:given-name>C.H.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Farr</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF4"><ce:sup>4a</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Ben-Dyke</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF5"><ce:sup>4b</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author><ce:given-name>C.J.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Hardy</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF6"><ce:sup>5</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author><ce:given-name>D.J.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Lewis</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF6"><ce:sup>5</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name>
<ce:surname>Hodson-Walker</ce:surname>
<ce:cross-ref refid="AFF7"><ce:sup>6</ce:sup>
</ce:cross-ref>
</ce:author>
<ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label>
<ce:textfn>Elf Atochem S.A., 4 cours Michelet, Cedex 42, 92091 Paris La Défense, France</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label>
<ce:textfn>Solvay S.A., Brussels, Belgium</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:affiliation id="AFF3"><ce:label>c</ce:label>
<ce:textfn>AlliedSignal Inc., Morristown, NJ 07962, USA</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:affiliation id="AFF4"><ce:label>d</ce:label>
<ce:textfn>Elf Atochem N.A., King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:affiliation id="AFF5"><ce:label>e</ce:label>
<ce:textfn>Ben-Dyke Associates Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:affiliation id="AFF6"><ce:label>f</ce:label>
<ce:textfn>Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:affiliation id="AFF7"><ce:label>g</ce:label>
<ce:textfn>Pharmaco:LSR, Eye, Suffolk, UK</ce:textfn>
</ce:affiliation>
<ce:correspondence id="COR1"><ce:label>‡</ce:label>
<ce:text>Author for correspondence.</ce:text>
</ce:correspondence>
</ce:author-group>
<ce:date-accepted day="20" month="12" year="1994"></ce:date-accepted>
<ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title>
<ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>A battery of <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic>
and <ce:italic>in vivo</ce:italic>
tests were conducted on HCFC-141b as a vapour. Bacterial gene mutation assays with <ce:italic>Escherichia coli</ce:italic>
and <ce:italic>Salmonella typhimurium</ce:italic>
were negative in all tester strains. <ce:italic>In vitro</ce:italic>
chromosomal aberration assays were positive on CHO cells but negative on human lymphocytes. Moreover, HCFC-141b was negative <ce:italic>in vivo</ce:italic>
in a mouse micronucleus inhalation assay. On the basis of these data and previously reported genotoxicity testing, HCFC-141b is considered non-genotoxic. Groups of 80 male and 80 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed, by inhalation (6 hr/day, 5 days/wk) to vapours of HCFC-141b for 104 wk at target concentrations of 0 (control), 1500, 5000 and 20,000 ppm (increased from 15,000 ppm after 17 wk of exposure). No exposure-related effects of toxicological significance were noted with respect to survival, clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis or organ weight analysis. Reduced food intake and body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the 15,000 ppm group during the first 16 wk; thereafter, body weight gains in all groups were similar although the intergroup differences in body weight remained evident. Reduced food intake persisted in both sexes through wk 52 and in females during the second year of exposure. Treatment-related effects on macroscopic pathology were confined to increased incidences of testicular masses and altered appearance. Microscopic pathology examinations confirmed the testes as the target organ with findings of increased incidences of benign interstitial cell tumours and hyperplasia at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1500 ppm. The testicular changes at high exposure levels were considered to be due to a change of the senile hormonal imbalance in geriatric rats and of little significance for the assessment of human health effects.</ce:simple-para>
</ce:abstract-sec>
</ce:abstract>
<ce:keywords class="abr"><ce:section-title>Abbreviations</ce:section-title>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>AIHA</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>American Industrial Hygiene Association</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>CHO</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>Chinese hamster ovary</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>ECETOC</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>HPRT</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltrans-ferase</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>IPCS</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>International Programme on Chemical Safety</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>LH</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>luteinizing hormone</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>NOAEL</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>noobservable-adverse-effect level</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>PAFT</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>Program for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>PCE</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>polychromatic erythrocytes</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>PNE</ce:text>
<ce:keyword><ce:text>normochromatic erythrocytes</ce:text>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keyword>
</ce:keywords>
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<affiliation>Elf Atochem S.A., 4 cours Michelet, Cedex 42, 92091 Paris La Défense, France</affiliation>
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</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.G.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">de Rooij</namePart>
<affiliation>Solvay S.A., Brussels, Belgium</affiliation>
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</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.M.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Rush</namePart>
<affiliation>AlliedSignal Inc., Morristown, NJ 07962, USA</affiliation>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.H.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Farr</namePart>
<affiliation>Elf Atochem N.A., King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA</affiliation>
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</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Ben-Dyke</namePart>
<affiliation>Ben-Dyke Associates Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA</affiliation>
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</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.J.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Hardy</namePart>
<affiliation>Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK</affiliation>
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</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.J.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Lewis</namePart>
<affiliation>Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Hodson-Walker</namePart>
<affiliation>Pharmaco:LSR, Eye, Suffolk, UK</affiliation>
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<genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre>
<originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1995</dateIssued>
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<abstract lang="en">Abstract: A battery of in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted on HCFC-141b as a vapour. Bacterial gene mutation assays with Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were negative in all tester strains. In vitro chromosomal aberration assays were positive on CHO cells but negative on human lymphocytes. Moreover, HCFC-141b was negative in vivo in a mouse micronucleus inhalation assay. On the basis of these data and previously reported genotoxicity testing, HCFC-141b is considered non-genotoxic. Groups of 80 male and 80 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed, by inhalation (6 hr/day, 5 days/wk) to vapours of HCFC-141b for 104 wk at target concentrations of 0 (control), 1500, 5000 and 20,000 ppm (increased from 15,000 ppm after 17 wk of exposure). No exposure-related effects of toxicological significance were noted with respect to survival, clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy, haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis or organ weight analysis. Reduced food intake and body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the 15,000 ppm group during the first 16 wk; thereafter, body weight gains in all groups were similar although the intergroup differences in body weight remained evident. Reduced food intake persisted in both sexes through wk 52 and in females during the second year of exposure. Treatment-related effects on macroscopic pathology were confined to increased incidences of testicular masses and altered appearance. Microscopic pathology examinations confirmed the testes as the target organ with findings of increased incidences of benign interstitial cell tumours and hyperplasia at 5000 and 20,000 ppm. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 1500 ppm. The testicular changes at high exposure levels were considered to be due to a change of the senile hormonal imbalance in geriatric rats and of little significance for the assessment of human health effects.</abstract>
<note>The genotoxicity data have been presented in part at the 24th Annual Meeting of The Environmental Mutagen Society, Norfolk, Virginia, USA, April 1993 and The 6th International Congress of Toxicology, Rome, Italy, June 1992.</note>
<note>These studies were sponsored by The Program For Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). Contributing companies include: Akzo Chemicals International B.V., AlliedSignal Inc., Asahi Glass Co. Ltd, Daikin Industries Ltd, E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. Inc., Elf Atochem N.A., Elf Atochem S.A., LaRoche Chemicals Inc., Rhone Poulenc Chemicals Ltd, Showa Denko K.K., and Solvay S.A.</note>
<note type="content">Section title: Research section</note>
<subject><genre>Abbreviations</genre>
<topic>AIHA : American Industrial Hygiene Association</topic>
<topic>CHO : Chinese hamster ovary</topic>
<topic>ECETOC : European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology Centre</topic>
<topic>HPRT : hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltrans-ferase</topic>
<topic>IPCS : International Programme on Chemical Safety</topic>
<topic>LH : luteinizing hormone</topic>
<topic>NOAEL : noobservable-adverse-effect level</topic>
<topic>PAFT : Program for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing</topic>
<topic>PCE : polychromatic erythrocytes</topic>
<topic>PNE : normochromatic erythrocytes</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Food and Chemical Toxicology</title>
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<titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>FCT</title>
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<genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre>
<originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1995</dateIssued>
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<identifier type="ISSN">0278-6915</identifier>
<identifier type="PII">S0278-6915(00)X0012-9</identifier>
<part><date>1995</date>
<detail type="volume"><number>33</number>
<caption>vol.</caption>
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<detail type="issue"><number>6</number>
<caption>no.</caption>
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<extent unit="issue-pages"><start>433</start>
<end>543</end>
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<extent unit="pages"><start>491</start>
<end>500</end>
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<identifier type="DOI">10.1016/0278-6915(95)00015-T</identifier>
<identifier type="PII">0278-6915(95)00015-T</identifier>
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