Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum
Identifieur interne : 000774 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000773; suivant : 000775Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum
Auteurs : Daisuke Kinose ; Emiko Ogawa ; Megumi Kudo ; Satoshi Marumo ; Hirofumi Kiyokawa ; Yuma Hoshino ; Toyohiro Hirai ; Kazuo Chin ; Shigeo Muro ; Michiaki MishimaSource :
- The Clinical Respiratory Journal [ 1752-6981 ] ; 2016-01.
Abstract
Background: Bacteria and viruses are major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Molecular components of these pathogens are recognized by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by various cells in the airway, which leads to initiation of inflammatory processes. Expression levels of PRRs in airway inflammatory cells are expected to affect susceptibility to COPD exacerbation. Aims: This prospective observational study was conducted to detect any association between exacerbation and PRR expression. Methods: Thirty‐one male COPD patients were recruited. At baseline, clinical history, lung function measurements, peripheral blood samples and induced sputum were obtained. Using sputum samples, we performed gene expression analysis of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, NOD1, NOD2, RIG‐I and MDA‐5 by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in addition to quantitative bacterial culture. COPD exacerbations were assessed based on Anthonisen's criteria using symptom diaries for the following 1‐year period. Results: During 1‐year follow‐up period, 13 patients experienced at least one exacerbation, but 18 patients did not. Those with exacerbations tended to be more severe COPD and showed larger neutrophil fraction in their induced sputum. Among PRRs, only TLR3 gene expression was increased in COPD patients with exacerbation compared with those without exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including neutrophil fraction and TLR3 gene expression as predictor variables demonstrated that only an increase of neutrophil fraction, but not TLR3 gene expression, was a significant predictor for COPD exacerbation. Conclusion: TLR3 expression in inflammatory cells might affect the susceptibility to COPD exacerbation.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/crj.12171
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:94F27A970F6FC3B47ED89F596AFC6157509AD2DALe document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title><author><name sortKey="Kinose, Daisuke" sort="Kinose, Daisuke" uniqKey="Kinose D" first="Daisuke" last="Kinose">Daisuke Kinose</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, Emiko" sort="Ogawa, Emiko" uniqKey="Ogawa E" first="Emiko" last="Ogawa">Emiko Ogawa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Health Administration Center and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Emiko Ogawa, MD, PhD, Health Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‐Tsukinowa‐cho, Otsu, 520‐2192 Shiga, JapanTel: +81 77 548 2087Fax: +81 77 548 2087email:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: eogawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kudo, Megumi" sort="Kudo, Megumi" uniqKey="Kudo M" first="Megumi" last="Kudo">Megumi Kudo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marumo, Satoshi" sort="Marumo, Satoshi" uniqKey="Marumo S" first="Satoshi" last="Marumo">Satoshi Marumo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiyokawa, Hirofumi" sort="Kiyokawa, Hirofumi" uniqKey="Kiyokawa H" first="Hirofumi" last="Kiyokawa">Hirofumi Kiyokawa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoshino, Yuma" sort="Hoshino, Yuma" uniqKey="Hoshino Y" first="Yuma" last="Hoshino">Yuma Hoshino</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirai, Toyohiro" sort="Hirai, Toyohiro" uniqKey="Hirai T" first="Toyohiro" last="Hirai">Toyohiro Hirai</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Kazuo" sort="Chin, Kazuo" uniqKey="Chin K" first="Kazuo" last="Chin">Kazuo Chin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muro, Shigeo" sort="Muro, Shigeo" uniqKey="Muro S" first="Shigeo" last="Muro">Shigeo Muro</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mishima, Michiaki" sort="Mishima, Michiaki" uniqKey="Mishima M" first="Michiaki" last="Mishima">Michiaki Mishima</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:94F27A970F6FC3B47ED89F596AFC6157509AD2DA</idno><date when="2016" year="2016">2016</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/crj.12171</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2/fulltext.pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000774</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000774</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title><author><name sortKey="Kinose, Daisuke" sort="Kinose, Daisuke" uniqKey="Kinose D" first="Daisuke" last="Kinose">Daisuke Kinose</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, Emiko" sort="Ogawa, Emiko" uniqKey="Ogawa E" first="Emiko" last="Ogawa">Emiko Ogawa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Health Administration Center and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Emiko Ogawa, MD, PhD, Health Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‐Tsukinowa‐cho, Otsu, 520‐2192 Shiga, JapanTel: +81 77 548 2087Fax: +81 77 548 2087email:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: eogawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kudo, Megumi" sort="Kudo, Megumi" uniqKey="Kudo M" first="Megumi" last="Kudo">Megumi Kudo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marumo, Satoshi" sort="Marumo, Satoshi" uniqKey="Marumo S" first="Satoshi" last="Marumo">Satoshi Marumo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiyokawa, Hirofumi" sort="Kiyokawa, Hirofumi" uniqKey="Kiyokawa H" first="Hirofumi" last="Kiyokawa">Hirofumi Kiyokawa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoshino, Yuma" sort="Hoshino, Yuma" uniqKey="Hoshino Y" first="Yuma" last="Hoshino">Yuma Hoshino</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirai, Toyohiro" sort="Hirai, Toyohiro" uniqKey="Hirai T" first="Toyohiro" last="Hirai">Toyohiro Hirai</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Kazuo" sort="Chin, Kazuo" uniqKey="Chin K" first="Kazuo" last="Chin">Kazuo Chin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muro, Shigeo" sort="Muro, Shigeo" uniqKey="Muro S" first="Shigeo" last="Muro">Shigeo Muro</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mishima, Michiaki" sort="Mishima, Michiaki" uniqKey="Mishima M" first="Michiaki" last="Mishima">Michiaki Mishima</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">The Clinical Respiratory Journal</title><title level="j" type="alt">THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL</title><idno type="ISSN">1752-6981</idno><idno type="eISSN">1752-699X</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="11">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="21">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">11</biblScope><date type="published" when="2016-01">2016-01</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1752-6981</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1752-6981</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Background: Bacteria and viruses are major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Molecular components of these pathogens are recognized by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by various cells in the airway, which leads to initiation of inflammatory processes. Expression levels of PRRs in airway inflammatory cells are expected to affect susceptibility to COPD exacerbation. Aims: This prospective observational study was conducted to detect any association between exacerbation and PRR expression. Methods: Thirty‐one male COPD patients were recruited. At baseline, clinical history, lung function measurements, peripheral blood samples and induced sputum were obtained. Using sputum samples, we performed gene expression analysis of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, NOD1, NOD2, RIG‐I and MDA‐5 by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in addition to quantitative bacterial culture. COPD exacerbations were assessed based on Anthonisen's criteria using symptom diaries for the following 1‐year period. Results: During 1‐year follow‐up period, 13 patients experienced at least one exacerbation, but 18 patients did not. Those with exacerbations tended to be more severe COPD and showed larger neutrophil fraction in their induced sputum. Among PRRs, only TLR3 gene expression was increased in COPD patients with exacerbation compared with those without exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including neutrophil fraction and TLR3 gene expression as predictor variables demonstrated that only an increase of neutrophil fraction, but not TLR3 gene expression, was a significant predictor for COPD exacerbation. Conclusion: TLR3 expression in inflammatory cells might affect the susceptibility to COPD exacerbation.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Daisuke Kinose</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Emiko Ogawa</name><affiliations><json:string>Health Administration Center and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan</json:string><json:string>Emiko Ogawa, MD, PhD, Health Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‐Tsukinowa‐cho, Otsu, 520‐2192 Shiga, JapanTel: +81 77 548 2087Fax: +81 77 548 2087email:</json:string><json:string>E-mail: eogawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Megumi Kudo</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Satoshi Marumo</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Hirofumi Kiyokawa</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Yuma Hoshino</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Toyohiro Hirai</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Kazuo Chin</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Shigeo Muro</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Michiaki Mishima</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>COPD</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>exacerbation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>induced sputum</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>innate immune system</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>TLR3</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>CRJ12171</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Background: Bacteria and viruses are major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Molecular components of these pathogens are recognized by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by various cells in the airway, which leads to initiation of inflammatory processes. Expression levels of PRRs in airway inflammatory cells are expected to affect susceptibility to COPD exacerbation. Aims: This prospective observational study was conducted to detect any association between exacerbation and PRR expression. Methods: Thirty‐one male COPD patients were recruited. At baseline, clinical history, lung function measurements, peripheral blood samples and induced sputum were obtained. Using sputum samples, we performed gene expression analysis of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, NOD1, NOD2, RIG‐I and MDA‐5 by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in addition to quantitative bacterial culture. COPD exacerbations were assessed based on Anthonisen's criteria using symptom diaries for the following 1‐year period. Results: During 1‐year follow‐up period, 13 patients experienced at least one exacerbation, but 18 patients did not. Those with exacerbations tended to be more severe COPD and showed larger neutrophil fraction in their induced sputum. Among PRRs, only TLR3 gene expression was increased in COPD patients with exacerbation compared with those without exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including neutrophil fraction and TLR3 gene expression as predictor variables demonstrated that only an increase of neutrophil fraction, but not TLR3 gene expression, was a significant predictor for COPD exacerbation. Conclusion: TLR3 expression in inflammatory cells might affect the susceptibility to COPD exacerbation.</abstract><qualityIndicators><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>238</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1782</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><score>9.856</score><pdfWordCount>6600</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>45286</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.5</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>613.304 x 800.334 pts</pdfPageSize><pdfWordsPerPage>600</pdfWordsPerPage><pdfText>true</pdfText></qualityIndicators><title>Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>The Clinical Respiratory Journal</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1752-699X</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>1752-6981</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1752-699X</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>CRJ</json:string></publisherId><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>11</first><last>21</last><total>11</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</value></json:item><json:item><value>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</value></json:item></subject></host><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - science</json:string><json:string>2 - respiratory system</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Medicine</json:string><json:string>3 - Genetics(clinical)</json:string><json:string>1 - Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Medicine</json:string><json:string>3 - Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine</json:string><json:string>1 - Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Medicine</json:string><json:string>3 - Immunology and Allergy</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences medicales</json:string><json:string>4 - immunopathologie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2016</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2016</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/crj.12171</json:string></doi><id>94F27A970F6FC3B47ED89F596AFC6157509AD2DA</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2/fulltext.pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2/bundle.zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2/fulltext.tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title><title level="a" type="short">PRRs in sputum and COPD exacerbation</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher ref="https://scientific-publisher.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/H02-QW5Q88H5-V">Wiley Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><licence>© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2016-01"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title><title level="a" type="short">PRRs in sputum and COPD exacerbation</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Daisuke</forename><surname>Kinose</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">Emiko</forename><surname>Ogawa</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Health Administration Center and Division of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Department of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Shiga University of Medical Science</orgName><address><settlement>Otsu</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Megumi</forename><surname>Kudo</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Satoshi</forename><surname>Marumo</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Hirofumi</forename><surname>Kiyokawa</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">Yuma</forename><surname>Hoshino</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Toyohiro</forename><surname>Hirai</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">Kazuo</forename><surname>Chin</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">Shigeo</forename><surname>Muro</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">Michiaki</forename><surname>Mishima</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="division">Graduate School of Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">Kyoto University</orgName><address><settlement>Kyoto</settlement><country key="JP" xml:lang="en">JAPAN</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">94F27A970F6FC3B47ED89F596AFC6157509AD2DA</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/crj.12171</idno><idno type="unit">CRJ12171</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:CRJ.CRJ12171.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">The Clinical Respiratory Journal</title><title level="j" type="alt">THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL</title><idno type="pISSN">1752-6981</idno><idno type="eISSN">1752-699X</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1752-699X</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1111/crj.2016.10.issue-1</idno><idno type="product">CRJ</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="11">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="21">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">11</biblScope><date type="published" when="2016-01"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><schemaRef type="ODD" url="https://xml-schema.delivery.istex.fr/tei-istex.odd"></schemaRef><appInfo><application ident="pub2tei" version="1.0.10" when="2019-12-20"><label>pub2TEI-ISTEX</label><desc>A set of style sheets for converting XML documents encoded in various scientific publisher formats into a common TEI format.
<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main"><head>Abstract</head><head>Background</head><p>Bacteria and viruses are major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (<hi rend="fc">COPD</hi>) exacerbations. Molecular components of these pathogens are recognized by pattern‐recognition receptors (<hi rend="fc">PRR</hi>s) expressed by various cells in the airway, which leads to initiation of inflammatory processes. Expression levels of <hi rend="fc">PRR</hi>s in airway inflammatory cells are expected to affect susceptibility to <hi rend="fc">COPD</hi> exacerbation.</p><head>Aims</head><p>This prospective observational study was conducted to detect any association between exacerbation and <hi rend="fc">PRR</hi> expression.</p><head>Methods</head><p>Thirty‐one male <hi rend="fc">COPD</hi> patients were recruited. At baseline, clinical history, lung function measurements, peripheral blood samples and induced sputum were obtained. Using sputum samples, we performed gene expression analysis of <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">TLR2</hi></hi>, <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">TLR3</hi></hi>, <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">TLR4</hi></hi>, <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">NOD1</hi></hi>, <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">NOD2</hi></hi>, <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">RIG</hi></hi><hi rend="italic">‐</hi><hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">I</hi></hi> and <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">MDA‐5</hi></hi> by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in addition to quantitative bacterial culture. <hi rend="fc">COPD</hi> exacerbations were assessed based on <hi rend="fc">A</hi>nthonisen's criteria using symptom diaries for the following 1‐year period.</p><head>Results</head><p>During 1‐year follow‐up period, 13 patients experienced at least one exacerbation, but 18 patients did not. Those with exacerbations tended to be more severe <hi rend="fc">COPD</hi> and showed larger neutrophil fraction in their induced sputum. Among <hi rend="fc">PRR</hi>s, only <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">TLR3</hi></hi> gene expression was increased in <hi rend="fc">COPD</hi> patients with exacerbation compared with those without exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including neutrophil fraction and <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">TLR3</hi></hi> gene expression as predictor variables demonstrated that only an increase of neutrophil fraction, but not <hi rend="fc"><hi rend="fi">TLR3</hi></hi> gene expression, was a significant predictor for <hi rend="fc">COPD</hi> exacerbation.</p><head>Conclusion</head><p><hi rend="italic"><hi rend="fc">TLR3</hi></hi> expression in inflammatory cells might affect the susceptibility to <hi rend="fc">COPD</hi> exacerbation.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0001"><hi rend="fc">COPD</hi></term><term xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0002">exacerbation</term><term xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0003">induced sputum</term><term xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0004">innate immune system</term><term xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0005"><hi rend="fc">TLR3</hi></term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:id="crj12171" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/(ISSN)1752-699X</doi><issn type="print">1752-6981</issn><issn type="electronic">1752-699X</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="CRJ"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title sort="THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL" type="main">The Clinical Respiratory Journal</title><title type="short">The Clinical Respiratory Journal</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="10"><doi>10.1111/crj.2016.10.issue-1</doi><copyright ownership="publisher">© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="10">10</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2016-01">January 2016</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="30" status="forIssue" type="article"><doi>10.1111/crj.12171</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="CRJ12171"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count number="11" type="pageTotal"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title><title type="articleCategory">ORIGINAL ARTICLE</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</copyright><eventGroup><event agent="bestset" date="2014-06-13" type="xmlCreated"></event><event date="2013-12-13" type="manuscriptReceived"></event><event date="2014-04-30" type="manuscriptRevised"></event><event date="2014-05-29" type="manuscriptAccepted"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2014-06-05"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2014-08-13"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2014-08-13"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2016-01-08"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:5.0.6 mode:FullText" date="2017-02-10"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">11</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">21</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><lineatedText><line><b>Correspondence</b></line><line>Emiko Ogawa, MD, PhD, Health Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‐Tsukinowa‐cho, Otsu, 520‐2192 Shiga, Japan</line><line>Tel: +81 77 548 2087</line><line>Fax: +81 77 548 2087</line><line>email: <email>eogawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp</email></line></lineatedText></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:CRJ.CRJ12171.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="short">PRRs in sputum and <fc>COPD</fc> exacerbation</title><title type="shortAuthors">Kinose <i>et al</i>.</title><title type="main">Association of <fc>COPD</fc> exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>Daisuke</givenNames><familyName>Kinose</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0002" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>Emiko</givenNames><familyName>Ogawa</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>Megumi</givenNames><familyName>Kudo</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>Satoshi</givenNames><familyName>Marumo</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0005"><personName><givenNames>Hirofumi</givenNames><familyName>Kiyokawa</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0006"><personName><givenNames>Yuma</givenNames><familyName>Hoshino</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0007"><personName><givenNames>Toyohiro</givenNames><familyName>Hirai</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0003" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0008"><personName><givenNames>Kazuo</givenNames><familyName>Chin</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0009"><personName><givenNames>Shigeo</givenNames><familyName>Muro</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#crj12171-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="crj12171-cr-0010"><personName><givenNames>Michiaki</givenNames><familyName>Mishima</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="JP" xml:id="crj12171-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Department of Respiratory Medicine</orgDiv><orgDiv>Graduate School of Medicine</orgDiv><orgName>Kyoto University</orgName><address><city>Kyoto</city><country>Japan</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="JP" xml:id="crj12171-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Health Administration Center and Division of Respiratory Medicine</orgDiv><orgDiv>Department of Medicine</orgDiv><orgName>Shiga University of Medical Science</orgName><address><city>Otsu</city><country>Japan</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="JP" xml:id="crj12171-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine</orgDiv><orgDiv>Graduate School of Medicine</orgDiv><orgName>Kyoto University</orgName><address><city>Kyoto</city><country>Japan</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0001"><fc>COPD</fc></keyword><keyword xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0002">exacerbation</keyword><keyword xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0003">induced sputum</keyword><keyword xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0004">innate immune system</keyword><keyword xml:id="crj12171-kwd-0005"><fc>TLR3</fc></keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="pdf" href="urn-x:wiley:17526981:media:crj12171:crj12171-sup-0001-si"></mediaResource><caption><p><b>Figure S1.</b> A simulation model to see the relation of neutrophil fraction to <i>TLR3/GAPDH</i> in induced sputum.</p><p><b>Table S1.</b> Primer design for quantitative RT‐PCR.</p><p><b>Table S2.</b> Results of the multiple logistic regression analysis predicting exacerbation onsets by neutrophil fraction in induced sputum and <i>TLR3</i> gene expression.</p></caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><title type="main">Abstract</title><section xml:id="crj12171-sec-0001"><title type="main">Background</title><p>Bacteria and viruses are major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (<fc>COPD</fc>) exacerbations. Molecular components of these pathogens are recognized by pattern‐recognition receptors (<fc>PRR</fc>s) expressed by various cells in the airway, which leads to initiation of inflammatory processes. Expression levels of <fc>PRR</fc>s in airway inflammatory cells are expected to affect susceptibility to <fc>COPD</fc> exacerbation.</p></section><section xml:id="crj12171-sec-0002"><title type="main">Aims</title><p>This prospective observational study was conducted to detect any association between exacerbation and <fc>PRR</fc> expression.</p></section><section xml:id="crj12171-sec-0003"><title type="main">Methods</title><p>Thirty‐one male <fc>COPD</fc> patients were recruited. At baseline, clinical history, lung function measurements, peripheral blood samples and induced sputum were obtained. Using sputum samples, we performed gene expression analysis of <fc><fi>TLR2</fi></fc>, <fc><fi>TLR3</fi></fc>, <fc><fi>TLR4</fi></fc>, <fc><fi>NOD1</fi></fc>, <fc><fi>NOD2</fi></fc>, <fc><fi>RIG</fi></fc><i>‐</i><fc><fi>I</fi></fc> and <fc><fi>MDA‐5</fi></fc> by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in addition to quantitative bacterial culture. <fc>COPD</fc> exacerbations were assessed based on <fc>A</fc>nthonisen's criteria using symptom diaries for the following 1‐year period.</p></section><section xml:id="crj12171-sec-0004"><title type="main">Results</title><p>During 1‐year follow‐up period, 13 patients experienced at least one exacerbation, but 18 patients did not. Those with exacerbations tended to be more severe <fc>COPD</fc> and showed larger neutrophil fraction in their induced sputum. Among <fc>PRR</fc>s, only <fc><fi>TLR3</fi></fc> gene expression was increased in <fc>COPD</fc> patients with exacerbation compared with those without exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including neutrophil fraction and <fc><fi>TLR3</fi></fc> gene expression as predictor variables demonstrated that only an increase of neutrophil fraction, but not <fc><fi>TLR3</fi></fc> gene expression, was a significant predictor for <fc>COPD</fc> exacerbation.</p></section><section xml:id="crj12171-sec-0005"><title type="main">Conclusion</title><p><i><fc>TLR3</fc></i> expression in inflammatory cells might affect the susceptibility to <fc>COPD</fc> exacerbation.</p></section></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup><note numbered="no" xml:id="crj12171-note-0001"><p><b>Authorship and contributorship</b></p><p>D. K. performed protocol preparation, sample collection, sample processing, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, data analysis and drafting of the manuscript. E. O. contributed to protocol preparation, sample collection, data analysis and drafting of the manuscript. M. K., S. M., H. K., S. M. and Y. H. contributed to protocol preparation and sample collection. T. H., K. C. and M. M. contributed to supervision of this project and revision of the manuscript.</p></note><note numbered="no" xml:id="crj12171-note-0002"><p><b>Ethics</b></p><p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kyoto University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine. All patients gave their informed consent before entry of this study.</p></note><note numbered="no" xml:id="crj12171-note-0003"><p><b>Conflict of interest</b></p><p>The authors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article.</p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>PRRs in sputum and COPD exacerbation</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Daisuke</namePart><namePart type="family">Kinose</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Emiko</namePart><namePart type="family">Ogawa</namePart><affiliation>Health Administration Center and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan</affiliation><affiliation>Emiko Ogawa, MD, PhD, Health Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta‐Tsukinowa‐cho, Otsu, 520‐2192 Shiga, JapanTel: +81 77 548 2087Fax: +81 77 548 2087email:</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: eogawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Megumi</namePart><namePart type="family">Kudo</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Satoshi</namePart><namePart type="family">Marumo</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hirofumi</namePart><namePart type="family">Kiyokawa</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Yuma</namePart><namePart type="family">Hoshino</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Toyohiro</namePart><namePart type="family">Hirai</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kazuo</namePart><namePart type="family">Chin</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Care and Sleep Control Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Shigeo</namePart><namePart type="family">Muro</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michiaki</namePart><namePart type="family">Mishima</namePart><affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2016-01</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2014-06-13</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2013-12-13</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2014-05-29</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2016</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract>Background: Bacteria and viruses are major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Molecular components of these pathogens are recognized by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by various cells in the airway, which leads to initiation of inflammatory processes. Expression levels of PRRs in airway inflammatory cells are expected to affect susceptibility to COPD exacerbation. Aims: This prospective observational study was conducted to detect any association between exacerbation and PRR expression. Methods: Thirty‐one male COPD patients were recruited. At baseline, clinical history, lung function measurements, peripheral blood samples and induced sputum were obtained. Using sputum samples, we performed gene expression analysis of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, NOD1, NOD2, RIG‐I and MDA‐5 by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction in addition to quantitative bacterial culture. COPD exacerbations were assessed based on Anthonisen's criteria using symptom diaries for the following 1‐year period. Results: During 1‐year follow‐up period, 13 patients experienced at least one exacerbation, but 18 patients did not. Those with exacerbations tended to be more severe COPD and showed larger neutrophil fraction in their induced sputum. Among PRRs, only TLR3 gene expression was increased in COPD patients with exacerbation compared with those without exacerbations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including neutrophil fraction and TLR3 gene expression as predictor variables demonstrated that only an increase of neutrophil fraction, but not TLR3 gene expression, was a significant predictor for COPD exacerbation. Conclusion: TLR3 expression in inflammatory cells might affect the susceptibility to COPD exacerbation.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Figure S1. A simulation model to see the relation of neutrophil fraction to TLR3/GAPDH in induced sputum. Table S1. Primer design for quantitative RT‐PCR. Table S2. Results of the multiple logistic regression analysis predicting exacerbation onsets by neutrophil fraction in induced sputum and TLR3 gene expression.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>COPD</topic><topic>exacerbation</topic><topic>induced sputum</topic><topic>innate immune system</topic><topic>TLR3</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Clinical Respiratory Journal</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>The Clinical Respiratory Journal</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</topic><topic>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1752-6981</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1752-699X</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1752-699X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">CRJ</identifier><part><date>2016</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>10</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>11</start><end>21</end><total>11</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0001"><titleInfo><title>The Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available at: http://www.goldcopd.org/ (accessed 1 December 2013).</title></titleInfo><genre>other</genre></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0002"><titleInfo><title>Inflammatory cells in the airways in COPD</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">O'Donnell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Breen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Wilson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Djukanovic</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">O'Donnell R, Breen D, Wilson S, Djukanovic R. Inflammatory cells in the airways in COPD. Thorax. 2006;61(5): 448–454.</note><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>61</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>448</start><end>454</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Thorax</title></titleInfo><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>61</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>448</start><end>454</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0003"><titleInfo><title>Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TA</namePart><namePart type="family">Seemungal</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GC</namePart><namePart type="family">Donaldson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Bhowmik</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Jeffries</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JA</namePart><namePart type="family">Wedzicha</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5): 1608–1613.</note><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>161</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1608</start><end>1613</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>161</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1608</start><end>1613</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0004"><titleInfo><title>A 4‐year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DP</namePart><namePart type="family">Tashkin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B</namePart><namePart type="family">Celli</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Senn</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Burkhart</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Kesten</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Menjoge</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Decramer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, Burkhart D, Kesten S, Menjoge S, Decramer M. A 4‐year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15): 1543–1554.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>359</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>15</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1543</start><end>1554</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>N Engl J Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>359</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>15</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1543</start><end>1554</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0005"><titleInfo><title>Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PM</namePart><namePart type="family">Calverley</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JA</namePart><namePart type="family">Anderson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B</namePart><namePart type="family">Celli</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GT</namePart><namePart type="family">Ferguson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Jenkins</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PW</namePart><namePart type="family">Jones</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JC</namePart><namePart type="family">Yates</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Vestbo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, Ferguson GT, Jenkins C, Jones PW, Yates JC, Vestbo J. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8): 775–789.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>356</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>8</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>775</start><end>789</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>N Engl J Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>356</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>8</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>775</start><end>789</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0006"><titleInfo><title>Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Vogelmeier</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B</namePart><namePart type="family">Hederer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Glaab</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Schmidt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MP</namePart><namePart type="family">Rutten‐van Molken</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">KM</namePart><namePart type="family">Beeh</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">KF</namePart><namePart type="family">Rabe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">LM</namePart><namePart type="family">Fabbri</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Vogelmeier C, Hederer B, Glaab T, Schmidt H, Rutten‐van Molken MP, Beeh KM, Rabe KF, Fabbri LM. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(12): 1093–1103.</note><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>364</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1093</start><end>1103</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>N Engl J Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>364</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1093</start><end>1103</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0007"><titleInfo><title>Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JR</namePart><namePart type="family">Hurst</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Vestbo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Anzueto</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(12): 1128–1138.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>363</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1128</start><end>1138</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>N Engl J Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>363</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1128</start><end>1138</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0008"><titleInfo><title>COPD exacerbations . 2: aetiology</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Sapey</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RA</namePart><namePart type="family">Stockley</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Sapey E, Stockley RA. COPD exacerbations . 2: aetiology. Thorax. 2006;61(3): 250–258.</note><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>61</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>250</start><end>258</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Thorax</title></titleInfo><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>61</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>250</start><end>258</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0009"><titleInfo><title>Dual role of Toll‐like receptors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GF</namePart><namePart type="family">Bezemer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Sagar</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">van Bergenhenegouwen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NA</namePart><namePart type="family">Georgiou</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Garssen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AD</namePart><namePart type="family">Kraneveld</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G</namePart><namePart type="family">Folkerts</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Bezemer GF, Sagar S, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Georgiou NA, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Folkerts G. Dual role of Toll‐like receptors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2012;64(2): 337–358.</note><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>64</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>337</start><end>358</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Pharmacol Rev</title></titleInfo><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>64</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>337</start><end>358</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0010"><titleInfo><title>Innate immune recognition in infectious and noninfectious diseases of the lung</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B</namePart><namePart type="family">Opitz</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V</namePart><namePart type="family">van Laak</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Eitel</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N</namePart><namePart type="family">Suttorp</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Opitz B, van Laak V, Eitel J, Suttorp N. Innate immune recognition in infectious and noninfectious diseases of the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181(12): 1294–1309.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>181</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1294</start><end>1309</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>181</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1294</start><end>1309</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0011"><titleInfo><title>Toll‐like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F</namePart><namePart type="family">Hayashi</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TK</namePart><namePart type="family">Means</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AD</namePart><namePart type="family">Luster</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Hayashi F, Means TK, Luster AD. Toll‐like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function. Blood. 2003;102(7): 2660–2669.</note><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>102</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2660</start><end>2669</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Blood</title></titleInfo><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>102</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2660</start><end>2669</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0012"><titleInfo><title>Pro‐inflammatory cytokine and caspase‐1 responses to pattern recognition receptor activation of neutrophils and dendritic cells in Behcet's disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F</namePart><namePart type="family">Ture‐Ozdemir</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Tulunay</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MO</namePart><namePart type="family">Elbasi</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I</namePart><namePart type="family">Tatli</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AM</namePart><namePart type="family">Maurer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G</namePart><namePart type="family">Mumcu</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Direskeneli</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Eksioglu‐Demiralp</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Ture‐Ozdemir F, Tulunay A, Elbasi MO, Tatli I, Maurer AM, Mumcu G, Direskeneli H, Eksioglu‐Demiralp E. Pro‐inflammatory cytokine and caspase‐1 responses to pattern recognition receptor activation of neutrophils and dendritic cells in Behcet's disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(5): 800–805.</note><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>52</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>800</start><end>805</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Rheumatology (Oxford)</title></titleInfo><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>52</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>800</start><end>805</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0013"><titleInfo><title>The role of pattern‐recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll‐like receptors</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Kawai</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Akira</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern‐recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll‐like receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(5): 373–384.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>11</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>373</start><end>384</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Nat Immunol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>11</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>373</start><end>384</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0014"><titleInfo><title>Release and activity of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 by alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RE</namePart><namePart type="family">Russell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SV</namePart><namePart type="family">Culpitt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">DeMatos</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Donnelly</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Wiggins</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Barnes</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Russell RE, Culpitt SV, DeMatos C, Donnelly L, Smith M, Wiggins J, Barnes PJ. Release and activity of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 by alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;26(5): 602–609.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>26</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>602</start><end>609</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>26</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>602</start><end>609</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0015"><titleInfo><title>NF‐kappaB‐dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 gene expression by lipopolysaccharide in a macrophage cell line RAW 264.7</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JW</namePart><namePart type="family">Rhee</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">KW</namePart><namePart type="family">Lee</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Kim</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y</namePart><namePart type="family">Lee</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">OH</namePart><namePart type="family">Jeon</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">HJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Kwon</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DS</namePart><namePart type="family">Kim</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rhee JW, Lee KW, Kim D, Lee Y, Jeon OH, Kwon HJ, Kim DS. NF‐kappaB‐dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 gene expression by lipopolysaccharide in a macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. J Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;40(1): 88–94.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>40</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>88</start><end>94</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Biochem Mol Biol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>40</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>88</start><end>94</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0016"><titleInfo><title>Role of Toll‐like receptor 4 in gram‐positive and gram‐negative pneumonia in mice</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Branger</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Knapp</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Weijer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JC</namePart><namePart type="family">Leemans</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JM</namePart><namePart type="family">Pater</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P</namePart><namePart type="family">Speelman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Florquin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">van der Poll</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Branger J, Knapp S, Weijer S, Leemans JC, Pater JM, Speelman P, Florquin S, van der Poll T. Role of Toll‐like receptor 4 in gram‐positive and gram‐negative pneumonia in mice. Infect Immun. 2004;72(2): 788–794.</note><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>72</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>788</start><end>794</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Infect Immun</title></titleInfo><part><date>2004</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>72</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>788</start><end>794</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0017"><titleInfo><title>Toll‐like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">X</namePart><namePart type="family">Wang</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Moser</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JP</namePart><namePart type="family">Louboutin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ES</namePart><namePart type="family">Lysenko</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Weiner</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JN</namePart><namePart type="family">Weiser</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JM</namePart><namePart type="family">Wilson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Wang X, Moser C, Louboutin JP, Lysenko ES, Weiner DJ, Weiser JN, Wilson JM. Toll‐like receptor 4 mediates innate immune responses to Haemophilus influenzae infection in mouse lung. J Immunol. 2002;168(2): 810–815.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>168</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>810</start><end>815</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Immunol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>168</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>810</start><end>815</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0018"><titleInfo><title>Detrimental contribution of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR)3 to influenza A virus‐induced acute pneumonia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Le Goffic</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V</namePart><namePart type="family">Balloy</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Lagranderie</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Alexopoulou</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N</namePart><namePart type="family">Escriou</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Flavell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Chignard</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Si‐Tahar</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Le Goffic R, Balloy V, Lagranderie M, Alexopoulou L, Escriou N, Flavell R, Chignard M, Si‐Tahar M. Detrimental contribution of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR)3 to influenza A virus‐induced acute pneumonia. PLoS Pathog. 2006;2(6): e53.</note><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>2</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>e53</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>PLoS Pathog</title></titleInfo><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>2</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>e53</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0019"><titleInfo><title>Safety of sputum induction</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Pizzichini</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MM</namePart><namePart type="family">Pizzichini</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Leigh</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Djukanovic</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Sterk</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Pizzichini E, Pizzichini MM, Leigh R, Djukanovic R, Sterk PJ. Safety of sputum induction. Eur Respir J Suppl. 2002;37: 9s–18s.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>37</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>9s</start><end>18s</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Eur Respir J Suppl</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>37</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>9s</start><end>18s</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0020"><titleInfo><title>Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NR</namePart><namePart type="family">Anthonisen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Manfreda</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CP</namePart><namePart type="family">Warren</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ES</namePart><namePart type="family">Hershfield</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GK</namePart><namePart type="family">Harding</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NA</namePart><namePart type="family">Nelson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, Hershfield ES, Harding GK, Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(2): 196–204.</note><part><date>1987</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>106</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>196</start><end>204</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Ann Intern Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>1987</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>106</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>196</start><end>204</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0021"><titleInfo><title>Impact of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Terada</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Muro</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Sato</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Terada K, Muro S, Sato S, et al. Impact of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms on COPD exacerbation. Thorax. 2008;63(11): 951–955.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>63</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>11</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>951</start><end>955</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Thorax</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>63</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>11</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>951</start><end>955</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0022"><titleInfo><title>Colour of sputum is a marker for bacterial colonisation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Miravitlles</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Marin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Monso</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Miravitlles M, Marin A, Monso E, et al. Colour of sputum is a marker for bacterial colonisation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2010;11: 58.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>11</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>58</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Respir Res</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>11</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>58</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0023"><titleInfo><title>Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">IS</namePart><namePart type="family">Patel</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TA</namePart><namePart type="family">Seemungal</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Wilks</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Lloyd‐Owen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GC</namePart><namePart type="family">Donaldson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JA</namePart><namePart type="family">Wedzicha</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Patel IS, Seemungal TA, Wilks M, Lloyd‐Owen SJ, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2002;57(9): 759–764.</note><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>57</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>9</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>759</start><end>764</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Thorax</title></titleInfo><part><date>2002</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>57</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>9</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>759</start><end>764</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0024"><titleInfo><title>Chronic bronchial infection in COPD. Is there an infective phenotype?</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Z</namePart><namePart type="family">Matkovic</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Miravitlles</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Matkovic Z, Miravitlles M. Chronic bronchial infection in COPD. Is there an infective phenotype? Respir Med. 2013;107(1): 10–22.</note><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>107</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>10</start><end>22</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Respir Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>107</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>10</start><end>22</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0025"><titleInfo><title>Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Rozen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Skaletsky</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rozen S, Skaletsky H. Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Methods Mol Biol. 2000;132: 365–386.</note><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>132</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>365</start><end>386</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Methods Mol Biol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>132</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>365</start><end>386</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0026"><titleInfo><title>Sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in COPD: findings from the ECLIPSE study</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Singh</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Edwards</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Tal‐Singer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Rennard</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Singh D, Edwards L, Tal‐Singer R, Rennard S. Sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in COPD: findings from the ECLIPSE study. Respir Res. 2010;11: 77.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>11</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>77</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Respir Res</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>11</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>77</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0027"><titleInfo><title>Underreporting exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a longitudinal cohort</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Langsetmo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RW</namePart><namePart type="family">Platt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P</namePart><namePart type="family">Ernst</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Bourbeau</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Langsetmo L, Platt RW, Ernst P, Bourbeau J. Underreporting exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a longitudinal cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(4): 396–401.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>177</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>396</start><end>401</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>177</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>396</start><end>401</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0028"><titleInfo><title>Reported and unreported exacerbations of COPD: analysis by diary cards</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Vijayasaratha</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RA</namePart><namePart type="family">Stockley</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Vijayasaratha K, Stockley RA. Reported and unreported exacerbations of COPD: analysis by diary cards. Chest. 2008;133(1): 34–41.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>133</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>34</start><end>41</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Chest</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>133</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>34</start><end>41</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0029"><titleInfo><title>Relationship between airway colonization, inflammation and exacerbation frequency in COPD</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Tumkaya</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Atis</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Ozge</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N</namePart><namePart type="family">Delialioglu</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G</namePart><namePart type="family">Polat</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Kanik</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Tumkaya M, Atis S, Ozge C, Delialioglu N, Polat G, Kanik A. Relationship between airway colonization, inflammation and exacerbation frequency in COPD. Respir Med. 2007;101(4): 729–737.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>101</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>729</start><end>737</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Respir Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>101</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>729</start><end>737</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0030"><titleInfo><title>Relation of sputum inflammatory markers to symptoms and lung function changes in COPD exacerbations</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Bhowmik</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TA</namePart><namePart type="family">Seemungal</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Sapsford</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JA</namePart><namePart type="family">Wedzicha</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Bhowmik A, Seemungal TA, Sapsford RJ, Wedzicha JA. Relation of sputum inflammatory markers to symptoms and lung function changes in COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2000;55(2): 114–120.</note><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>55</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>114</start><end>120</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Thorax</title></titleInfo><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>55</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>114</start><end>120</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0031"><titleInfo><title>Defective candidacidal activity of alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Vecchiarelli</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Dottorini</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Puliti</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Todisco</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Cenci</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F</namePart><namePart type="family">Bistoni</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Vecchiarelli A, Dottorini M, Puliti M, Todisco T, Cenci E, Bistoni F. Defective candidacidal activity of alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143(5 Pt 1): 1049–1054.</note><part><date>1991</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>143</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1049</start><end>1054</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am Rev Respir Dis</title></titleInfo><part><date>1991</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>143</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1049</start><end>1054</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0032"><titleInfo><title>Oropharyngeal flora in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indigenous oropharyngeal microorganisms in outpatients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AP</namePart><namePart type="family">Sachs</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">van der Waaij</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">KH</namePart><namePart type="family">Groenier</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GH</namePart><namePart type="family">Koeter</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Schiphuis</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Sachs AP, van der Waaij D, Groenier KH, Koeter GH, Schiphuis J. Oropharyngeal flora in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indigenous oropharyngeal microorganisms in outpatients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148(5): 1302–1307.</note><part><date>1993</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>148</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1302</start><end>1307</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am Rev Respir Dis</title></titleInfo><part><date>1993</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>148</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1302</start><end>1307</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0033"><titleInfo><title>Sputum Candida albicans presages FEV(1) decline and hospital‐treated exacerbations in cystic fibrosis</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SH</namePart><namePart type="family">Chotirmall</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">O'Donoghue</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Bennett</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C</namePart><namePart type="family">Gunaratnam</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SJ</namePart><namePart type="family">O'Neill</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NG</namePart><namePart type="family">McElvaney</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Chotirmall SH, O'Donoghue E, Bennett K, Gunaratnam C, O'Neill SJ, McElvaney NG. Sputum Candida albicans presages FEV(1) decline and hospital‐treated exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2010;138(5): 1186–1195.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>138</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1186</start><end>1195</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Chest</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>138</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1186</start><end>1195</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0034"><titleInfo><title>TLR3: interferon induction by double‐stranded RNA including poly(I:C)</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Matsumoto</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Seya</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Matsumoto M, Seya T. TLR3: interferon induction by double‐stranded RNA including poly(I:C). Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(7): 805–812.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>60</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>805</start><end>812</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Adv Drug Deliv Rev</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>60</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>805</start><end>812</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0035"><titleInfo><title>Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SB</namePart><namePart type="family">Greenberg</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Allen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Wilson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RL</namePart><namePart type="family">Atmar</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Greenberg SB, Allen M, Wilson J, Atmar RL. Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(1): 167–173.</note><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>162</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>167</start><end>173</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>162</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>167</start><end>173</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0036"><titleInfo><title>Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Seemungal</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Harper‐Owen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Bhowmik</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Seemungal T, Harper‐Owen R, Bhowmik A, et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(9): 1618–1623.</note><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>164</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>9</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1618</start><end>1623</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2001</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>164</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>9</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1618</start><end>1623</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0037"><titleInfo><title>Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case‐control study</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G</namePart><namePart type="family">Rohde</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Wiethege</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I</namePart><namePart type="family">Borg</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Kauth</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TT</namePart><namePart type="family">Bauer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Gillissen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Bufe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G</namePart><namePart type="family">Schultze‐Werninghaus</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rohde G, Wiethege A, Borg I, Kauth M, Bauer TT, Gillissen A, Bufe A, Schultze‐Werninghaus G. Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case‐control study. Thorax. 2003;58(1): 37–42.</note><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>58</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>37</start><end>42</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Thorax</title></titleInfo><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>58</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>37</start><end>42</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0038"><titleInfo><title>COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JA</namePart><namePart type="family">Wedzicha</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TA</namePart><namePart type="family">Seemungal</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet. 2007;370(9589): 786–796.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>370</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>9589</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>786</start><end>796</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Lancet</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>370</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>9589</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>786</start><end>796</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0039"><titleInfo><title>Experimental rhinovirus infection as a human model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P</namePart><namePart type="family">Mallia</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SD</namePart><namePart type="family">Message</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V</namePart><namePart type="family">Gielen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Mallia P, Message SD, Gielen V, et al. Experimental rhinovirus infection as a human model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(6): 734–742.</note><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>183</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>734</start><end>742</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</title></titleInfo><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>183</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>734</start><end>742</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0040"><titleInfo><title>Differential role for TLR3 in respiratory syncytial virus‐induced chemokine expression</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BD</namePart><namePart type="family">Rudd</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Burstein</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CS</namePart><namePart type="family">Duckett</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">X</namePart><namePart type="family">Li</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NW</namePart><namePart type="family">Lukacs</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rudd BD, Burstein E, Duckett CS, Li X, Lukacs NW. Differential role for TLR3 in respiratory syncytial virus‐induced chemokine expression. J Virol. 2005;79(6): 3350–3357.</note><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>79</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>3350</start><end>3357</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Virol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>79</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>3350</start><end>3357</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0041"><titleInfo><title>Deletion of TLR3 alters the pulmonary immune environment and mucus production during respiratory syncytial virus infection</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">BD</namePart><namePart type="family">Rudd</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Smit</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RA</namePart><namePart type="family">Flavell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Alexopoulou</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MA</namePart><namePart type="family">Schaller</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Gruber</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AA</namePart><namePart type="family">Berlin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NW</namePart><namePart type="family">Lukacs</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rudd BD, Smit JJ, Flavell RA, Alexopoulou L, Schaller MA, Gruber A, Berlin AA, Lukacs NW. Deletion of TLR3 alters the pulmonary immune environment and mucus production during respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Immunol. 2006;176(3): 1937–1942.</note><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>176</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1937</start><end>1942</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Immunol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>176</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1937</start><end>1942</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0042"><titleInfo><title>MDA5 and TLR3 initiate pro‐inflammatory signaling pathways leading to rhinovirus‐induced airways inflammation and hyperresponsiveness</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Q</namePart><namePart type="family">Wang</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Miller</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ER</namePart><namePart type="family">Bowman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Wang Q, Miller DJ, Bowman ER, et al. MDA5 and TLR3 initiate pro‐inflammatory signaling pathways leading to rhinovirus‐induced airways inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(5): e1002070.</note><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>7</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>e1002070</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>PLoS Pathog</title></titleInfo><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>7</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>e1002070</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0043"><titleInfo><title>Toll‐like receptor 2, 3, and 4 expression and function in human airway smooth muscle</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MB</namePart><namePart type="family">Sukkar</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Xie</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NM</namePart><namePart type="family">Khorasani</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">OM</namePart><namePart type="family">Kon</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Stanbridge</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Issa</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">KF</namePart><namePart type="family">Chung</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Sukkar MB, Xie S, Khorasani NM, Kon OM, Stanbridge R, Issa R, Chung KF. Toll‐like receptor 2, 3, and 4 expression and function in human airway smooth muscle. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(3): 641–648.</note><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>118</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>641</start><end>648</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Allergy Clin Immunol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>118</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>641</start><end>648</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0044"><titleInfo><title>Oxidative stress enhances toll‐like receptor 3 response to double‐stranded RNA in airway epithelial cells</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Koarai</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Sugiura</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Yanagisawa</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Ichikawa</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y</namePart><namePart type="family">Minakata</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Matsunaga</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Hirano</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Akamatsu</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Ichinose</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Koarai A, Sugiura H, Yanagisawa S, Ichikawa T, Minakata Y, Matsunaga K, Hirano T, Akamatsu K, Ichinose M. Oxidative stress enhances toll‐like receptor 3 response to double‐stranded RNA in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010;42(6): 651–660.</note><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>42</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>651</start><end>660</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>42</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>651</start><end>660</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0045"><titleInfo><title>Mechanism of up‐regulation of human Toll‐like receptor 3 secondary to infection of measles virus‐attenuated strains</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Tanabe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Kurita‐Taniguchi</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Takeuchi</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Takeda</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Ayata</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Ogura</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Matsumoto</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Seya</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Tanabe M, Kurita‐Taniguchi M, Takeuchi K, Takeda M, Ayata M, Ogura H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Mechanism of up‐regulation of human Toll‐like receptor 3 secondary to infection of measles virus‐attenuated strains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;311(1): 39–48.</note><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>311</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>39</start><end>48</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Biochem Biophys Res Commun</title></titleInfo><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>311</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>39</start><end>48</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0046"><titleInfo><title>IFN‐alpha enhances TLR3‐mediated antiviral cytokine expression in human endothelial and epithelial cells by up‐regulating TLR3 expression</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Tissari</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Siren</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Meri</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I</namePart><namePart type="family">Julkunen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Matikainen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Tissari J, Siren J, Meri S, Julkunen I, Matikainen S. IFN‐alpha enhances TLR3‐mediated antiviral cytokine expression in human endothelial and epithelial cells by up‐regulating TLR3 expression. J Immunol. 2005;174(7): 4289–4294.</note><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>174</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4289</start><end>4294</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Immunol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>174</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4289</start><end>4294</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0047"><titleInfo><title>Cigarette smoke augments the expression and responses of toll‐like receptor 3 in human macrophages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Koarai</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Yanagisawa</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H</namePart><namePart type="family">Sugiura</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Ichikawa</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Akamatsu</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Hirano</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Nakanishi</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Matsunaga</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y</namePart><namePart type="family">Minakata</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Ichinose</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Koarai A, Yanagisawa S, Sugiura H, Ichikawa T, Akamatsu K, Hirano T, Nakanishi M, Matsunaga K, Minakata Y, Ichinose M. Cigarette smoke augments the expression and responses of toll‐like receptor 3 in human macrophages. Respirology. 2012;17(6): 1018–1025.</note><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1018</start><end>1025</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Respirology</title></titleInfo><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1018</start><end>1025</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0048"><titleInfo><title>Toll‐like receptor 3 stimulation causes corticosteroid‐refractory airway neutrophilia and hyperresponsiveness in mice</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G</namePart><namePart type="family">Kimura</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Ueda</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Eto</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y</namePart><namePart type="family">Watanabe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Masuko</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Kusama</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Barnes</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Ito</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y</namePart><namePart type="family">Kizawa</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Kimura G, Ueda K, Eto S, Watanabe Y, Masuko T, Kusama T, Barnes PJ, Ito K, Kizawa Y. Toll‐like receptor 3 stimulation causes corticosteroid‐refractory airway neutrophilia and hyperresponsiveness in mice. Chest. 2013;144(1): 99–105.</note><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>144</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>99</start><end>105</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Chest</title></titleInfo><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>144</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>99</start><end>105</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0049"><titleInfo><title>Smoking decreases the response of human lung macrophages to double‐stranded RNA by reducing TLR3 expression</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JC</namePart><namePart type="family">Todt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CM</namePart><namePart type="family">Freeman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JP</namePart><namePart type="family">Brown</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Sonstein</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TM</namePart><namePart type="family">Ames</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AL</namePart><namePart type="family">McCubbrey</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">FJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Martinez</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SW</namePart><namePart type="family">Chensue</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JM</namePart><namePart type="family">Beck</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JL</namePart><namePart type="family">Curtis</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Todt JC, Freeman CM, Brown JP, Sonstein J, Ames TM, McCubbrey AL, Martinez FJ, Chensue SW, Beck JM, Curtis JL. Smoking decreases the response of human lung macrophages to double‐stranded RNA by reducing TLR3 expression. Respir Res. 2013;14: 33.</note><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>14</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>33</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Respir Res</title></titleInfo><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>14</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>33</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0050"><titleInfo><title>Cigarette smoke exposure attenuates cytokine production by mouse alveolar macrophages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GJ</namePart><namePart type="family">Gaschler</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CC</namePart><namePart type="family">Zavitz</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CM</namePart><namePart type="family">Bauer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Skrtic</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Lindahl</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">CS</namePart><namePart type="family">Robbins</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MR</namePart><namePart type="family">Stampfli</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Gaschler GJ, Zavitz CC, Bauer CM, Skrtic M, Lindahl M, Robbins CS, Chen B, Stampfli MR. Cigarette smoke exposure attenuates cytokine production by mouse alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008;38(2): 218–226.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>38</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>218</start><end>226</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>38</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>218</start><end>226</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0051"><titleInfo><title>Involvement of toll‐like receptor 3 in the immune response of lung epithelial cells to double‐stranded RNA and influenza A virus</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Guillot</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Le Goffic</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Bloch</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N</namePart><namePart type="family">Escriou</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Akira</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Chignard</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Si‐Tahar</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Guillot L, Le Goffic R, Bloch S, Escriou N, Akira S, Chignard M, Si‐Tahar M. Involvement of toll‐like receptor 3 in the immune response of lung epithelial cells to double‐stranded RNA and influenza A virus. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(7): 5571–5580.</note><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>280</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>5571</start><end>5580</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Biol Chem</title></titleInfo><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>280</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>7</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>5571</start><end>5580</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0052"><titleInfo><title>Retinoic acid‐inducible gene I mediates early antiviral response and Toll‐like receptor 3 expression in respiratory syncytial virus‐infected airway epithelial cells</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P</namePart><namePart type="family">Liu</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Jamaluddin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K</namePart><namePart type="family">Li</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">RP</namePart><namePart type="family">Garofalo</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Casola</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AR</namePart><namePart type="family">Brasier</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Liu P, Jamaluddin M, Li K, Garofalo RP, Casola A, Brasier AR. Retinoic acid‐inducible gene I mediates early antiviral response and Toll‐like receptor 3 expression in respiratory syncytial virus‐infected airway epithelial cells. J Virol. 2007;81(3): 1401–1411.</note><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>81</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1401</start><end>1411</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J Virol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>81</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1401</start><end>1411</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0053"><titleInfo><title>H. influenzae potentiates airway epithelial cell responses to rhinovirus by increasing ICAM‐1 and TLR3 expression</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">US</namePart><namePart type="family">Sajjan</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y</namePart><namePart type="family">Jia</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DC</namePart><namePart type="family">Newcomb</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JK</namePart><namePart type="family">Bentley</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">NW</namePart><namePart type="family">Lukacs</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JJ</namePart><namePart type="family">LiPuma</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">MB</namePart><namePart type="family">Hershenson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Sajjan US, Jia Y, Newcomb DC, Bentley JK, Lukacs NW, LiPuma JJ, Hershenson MB. H. influenzae potentiates airway epithelial cell responses to rhinovirus by increasing ICAM‐1 and TLR3 expression. FASEB J. 2006;20(12): 2121–2123.</note><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>20</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2121</start><end>2123</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>FASEB J</title></titleInfo><part><date>2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>20</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>12</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2121</start><end>2123</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0054"><titleInfo><title>Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppresses interferon response to rhinovirus infection in cystic fibrosis but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SS</namePart><namePart type="family">Chattoraj</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Ganesan</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Faris</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Comstock</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WM</namePart><namePart type="family">Lee</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">US</namePart><namePart type="family">Sajjan</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Chattoraj SS, Ganesan S, Faris A, Comstock A, Lee WM, Sajjan US. Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppresses interferon response to rhinovirus infection in cystic fibrosis but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 2011;79(10): 4131–4145.</note><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>79</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>10</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4131</start><end>4145</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Infect Immun</title></titleInfo><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>79</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>10</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>4131</start><end>4145</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0055"><titleInfo><title>Respiratory syncytial virus and neutrophil activation</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">EL</namePart><namePart type="family">Bataki</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GS</namePart><namePart type="family">Evans</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">ML</namePart><namePart type="family">Everard</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Bataki EL, Evans GS, Everard ML. Respiratory syncytial virus and neutrophil activation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;140(3): 470–477.</note><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>140</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>470</start><end>477</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Clin Exp Immunol</title></titleInfo><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>140</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>470</start><end>477</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0056"><titleInfo><title>Comparison of induced sputum with bronchial wash, bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies in COPD</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SR</namePart><namePart type="family">Rutgers</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W</namePart><namePart type="family">Timens</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">HF</namePart><namePart type="family">Kaufmann</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">TW</namePart><namePart type="family">van der Mark</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">GH</namePart><namePart type="family">Koeter</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">DS</namePart><namePart type="family">Postma</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Rutgers SR, Timens W, Kaufmann HF, van der Mark TW, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Comparison of induced sputum with bronchial wash, bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2000;15(1): 109–115.</note><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>15</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>109</start><end>115</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Eur Respir J</title></titleInfo><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>15</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>109</start><end>115</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0057"><titleInfo><title>Up‐regulation of Toll‐like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in allergic rhinitis</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Fransson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M</namePart><namePart type="family">Adner</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J</namePart><namePart type="family">Erjefalt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L</namePart><namePart type="family">Jansson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R</namePart><namePart type="family">Uddman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">LO</namePart><namePart type="family">Cardell</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Fransson M, Adner M, Erjefalt J, Jansson L, Uddman R, Cardell LO. Up‐regulation of Toll‐like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in allergic rhinitis. Respir Res. 2005;6: 100.</note><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>100</start></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Respir Res</title></titleInfo><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>100</start></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0058"><titleInfo><title>Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F</namePart><namePart type="family">Faul</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E</namePart><namePart type="family">Erdfelder</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A</namePart><namePart type="family">Buchner</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">AG</namePart><namePart type="family">Lang</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4): 1149–1160.</note><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>41</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1149</start><end>1160</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Behav Res Methods</title></titleInfo><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>41</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1149</start><end>1160</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="crj12171-cit-0059"><titleInfo><title>Basic science of the innate immune system and the lung</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N</namePart><namePart type="family">Chaudhuri</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I</namePart><namePart type="family">Sabroe</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Chaudhuri N, Sabroe I. Basic science of the innate immune system and the lung. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2008;9(4): 236–242.</note><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>9</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>236</start><end>242</end></extent></part><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Paediatr Respir Rev</title></titleInfo><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>9</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>236</start><end>242</end></extent></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">94F27A970F6FC3B47ED89F596AFC6157509AD2DA</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/crj.12171</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">CRJ12171</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-L0C46X92-X">wiley</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Converted from (version ) to MODS version 3.6.</recordOrigin><recordCreationDate encoding="w3cdtf">2019-11-14</recordCreationDate></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-V7Z7HK2J-2/record.json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/CovidV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000774 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000774 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= CovidV1
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:94F27A970F6FC3B47ED89F596AFC6157509AD2DA
|texte= Association of COPD exacerbation frequency with gene expression of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory cells in induced sputum
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |