Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants
Identifieur interne : 000624 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000623; suivant : 000625Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants
Auteurs : Inesz Van Benten ; Laurens Koopman ; Bert Niesters ; Wim Hop ; Barbara Van Middelkoop ; Leon De Waal ; Kees Van Drunen ; Albert Osterhaus ; Herman Neijens ; Wytske FokkensSource :
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology [ 0905-6157 ] ; 2003-10.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Allergic, Allergic disease, Allergy, Asthma, Atopy, Bronchiolitis, Clin, Clin microbiol, Clinical symptoms, Cohort, Coronavirus, Cytokine, Cytokine production, Environmental factors, Epidemiological studies, Family history, General malaise, Higher prevalence, Immune, Immune response, Immune system, Infant, Infection, Logistic regression, Nasal, Nasal symptoms, Other children, Parental history, Pathogen, Physical examination, Prevalence, Respir crit care, Respiratory syncytial virus, Respiratory viruses, Rhinitis, Rhinitis group, Rhinorrhoea, Rhinorrhoea episodes, Rhinovirus, Rhinovirus infection, Rhinovirus infections, Rhinovirus prevalence, Routine visits, Sibling, Sick visits, Symptom, Syncytial, Tract disease, Tract infection, Tract infections, Urti, Urti group, Viral, Viral infection, Viral infections, Virus infections.
Abstract
Respiratory infections in infancy may protect against developing Th2‐mediated allergic disease (hygiene hypothesis). To estimate the relative contribution of particular viruses to the development of the immune system and allergic disease, we investigated longitudinally the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants. One hundred and twenty‐six healthy infants were included in this prospective birth cohort study in their first year of life. Physical examination was performed and nasal brush samples were taken during routine visits every 6 months and during an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (sick visits). The prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants with URTI, infants with rhinitis without general malaise and infants without nasal symptoms was studied. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent pathogen during URTI and rhinitis in 0‐ to 2‐year‐old infants (∼40%). During URTI, also respiratory syncytial virus (∼20%) and coronavirus (∼10%) infections were found, which were rarely detected in infants with rhinitis. Surprisingly, in 20% of infants who did not present with nasal symptoms, rhinovirus infections were also detected. During routine visits at 12 months, a higher prevalence of rhinovirus infections was found in infants who attended day‐care compared with those who did not. We did not observe a relation between breast‐feeding or smoking by one or both parents and the prevalence of rhinovirus infections. The parental history of atopy was not related to the prevalence of rhinovirus infection, indicating that the genetic risk of allergic disease does not seem to increase the chance of rhinovirus infections. In conclusion, rhinovirus infection is the most prevalent respiratory viral infection in infants. It may therefore affect the maturation of the immune system and the development of allergic disease considerably.
Url:
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00064.x
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:498DD5365EAC959EA3CEB2AC60DD72D1D1296D83Le document en format XML
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type="ISSN">0905-6157</idno><idno type="eISSN">1399-3038</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">14</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="363">363</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="370">370</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><publisher>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-10">2003-10</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0905-6157</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0905-6157</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Allergic</term><term>Allergic disease</term><term>Allergy</term><term>Asthma</term><term>Atopy</term><term>Bronchiolitis</term><term>Clin</term><term>Clin microbiol</term><term>Clinical symptoms</term><term>Cohort</term><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Cytokine</term><term>Cytokine production</term><term>Environmental factors</term><term>Epidemiological studies</term><term>Family history</term><term>General malaise</term><term>Higher prevalence</term><term>Immune</term><term>Immune response</term><term>Immune system</term><term>Infant</term><term>Infection</term><term>Logistic regression</term><term>Nasal</term><term>Nasal symptoms</term><term>Other children</term><term>Parental history</term><term>Pathogen</term><term>Physical examination</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Respir crit care</term><term>Respiratory syncytial virus</term><term>Respiratory viruses</term><term>Rhinitis</term><term>Rhinitis group</term><term>Rhinorrhoea</term><term>Rhinorrhoea episodes</term><term>Rhinovirus</term><term>Rhinovirus infection</term><term>Rhinovirus infections</term><term>Rhinovirus prevalence</term><term>Routine visits</term><term>Sibling</term><term>Sick visits</term><term>Symptom</term><term>Syncytial</term><term>Tract disease</term><term>Tract infection</term><term>Tract infections</term><term>Urti</term><term>Urti 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To estimate the relative contribution of particular viruses to the development of the immune system and allergic disease, we investigated longitudinally the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants. One hundred and twenty‐six healthy infants were included in this prospective birth cohort study in their first year of life. Physical examination was performed and nasal brush samples were taken during routine visits every 6 months and during an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (sick visits). The prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants with URTI, infants with rhinitis without general malaise and infants without nasal symptoms was studied. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent pathogen during URTI and rhinitis in 0‐ to 2‐year‐old infants (∼40%). During URTI, also respiratory syncytial virus (∼20%) and coronavirus (∼10%) infections were found, which were rarely detected in infants with rhinitis. Surprisingly, in 20% of infants who did not present with nasal symptoms, rhinovirus infections were also detected. During routine visits at 12 months, a higher prevalence of rhinovirus infections was found in infants who attended day‐care compared with those who did not. We did not observe a relation between breast‐feeding or smoking by one or both parents and the prevalence of rhinovirus infections. The parental history of atopy was not related to the prevalence of rhinovirus infection, indicating that the genetic risk of allergic disease does not seem to increase the chance of rhinovirus infections. In conclusion, rhinovirus infection is the most prevalent respiratory viral infection in infants. It may therefore affect the maturation of the immune system and the development of allergic disease considerably.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>rhinovirus</json:string><json:string>urti</json:string><json:string>rhinitis</json:string><json:string>allergic disease</json:string><json:string>viral</json:string><json:string>rhinorrhoea</json:string><json:string>allergy</json:string><json:string>nasal symptoms</json:string><json:string>rhinovirus infections</json:string><json:string>atopy</json:string><json:string>pathogen</json:string><json:string>cohort</json:string><json:string>coronavirus</json:string><json:string>clin</json:string><json:string>immune</json:string><json:string>routine visits</json:string><json:string>syncytial</json:string><json:string>rhinovirus infection</json:string><json:string>family history</json:string><json:string>cytokine</json:string><json:string>prevalence</json:string><json:string>tract infections</json:string><json:string>respiratory syncytial virus</json:string><json:string>environmental factors</json:string><json:string>rhinovirus prevalence</json:string><json:string>allergic</json:string><json:string>nasal</json:string><json:string>asthma</json:string><json:string>clin microbiol</json:string><json:string>urti group</json:string><json:string>general malaise</json:string><json:string>infection</json:string><json:string>immune system</json:string><json:string>rhinitis group</json:string><json:string>sick visits</json:string><json:string>viral infections</json:string><json:string>tract infection</json:string><json:string>infant</json:string><json:string>bronchiolitis</json:string><json:string>sibling</json:string><json:string>symptom</json:string><json:string>parental history</json:string><json:string>respiratory viruses</json:string><json:string>cytokine production</json:string><json:string>tract disease</json:string><json:string>viral infection</json:string><json:string>rhinorrhoea episodes</json:string><json:string>logistic regression</json:string><json:string>epidemiological studies</json:string><json:string>clinical symptoms</json:string><json:string>virus infections</json:string><json:string>other children</json:string><json:string>immune response</json:string><json:string>higher prevalence</json:string><json:string>physical examination</json:string><json:string>respir crit care</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Inesz Van Benten</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Laurens Koopman</name><affiliations><json:string>Paediatrics</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Bert Niesters</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Virology</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Wim Hop</name><affiliations><json:string>Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Barbara Van Middelkoop</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Leon De Waal</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Virology</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Kees Van Drunen</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Albert Osterhaus</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Virology</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Herman Neijens</name><affiliations><json:string>Paediatrics</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Wytske Fokkens</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>allergy</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>infant</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>day‐care</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>prevalence</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>respiratory infection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>rhinovirus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>RSV</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>PAI064</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-VJCB1R32-F</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Respiratory infections in infancy may protect against developing Th2‐mediated allergic disease (hygiene hypothesis). To estimate the relative contribution of particular viruses to the development of the immune system and allergic disease, we investigated longitudinally the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants. One hundred and twenty‐six healthy infants were included in this prospective birth cohort study in their first year of life. Physical examination was performed and nasal brush samples were taken during routine visits every 6 months and during an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (sick visits). The prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants with URTI, infants with rhinitis without general malaise and infants without nasal symptoms was studied. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent pathogen during URTI and rhinitis in 0‐ to 2‐year‐old infants (∼40%). During URTI, also respiratory syncytial virus (∼20%) and coronavirus (∼10%) infections were found, which were rarely detected in infants with rhinitis. Surprisingly, in 20% of infants who did not present with nasal symptoms, rhinovirus infections were also detected. During routine visits at 12 months, a higher prevalence of rhinovirus infections was found in infants who attended day‐care compared with those who did not. We did not observe a relation between breast‐feeding or smoking by one or both parents and the prevalence of rhinovirus infections. The parental history of atopy was not related to the prevalence of rhinovirus infection, indicating that the genetic risk of allergic disease does not seem to increase the chance of rhinovirus infections. In conclusion, rhinovirus infection is the most prevalent respiratory viral infection in infants. It may therefore affect the maturation of the immune system and the development of allergic disease considerably.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.543</score><pdfWordCount>4543</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>29419</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595 x 782 pts</pdfPageSize><pdfWordsPerPage>568</pdfWordsPerPage><pdfText>true</pdfText><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>271</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1870</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>7</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants</title><pmid><json:string>14641606</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Pediatric Allergy and Immunology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1399-3038</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0905-6157</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1399-3038</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>PAI</json:string></publisherId><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><pages><first>363</first><last>370</last><total>8</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2003</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>MagnaPure LC Instrument</json:string><json:string>Department of Obstetrics</json:string><json:string>SAS Institute Inc</json:string><json:string>Life Technologies, Breda</json:string><json:string>The Erasmus University</json:string><json:string>Erasmus University</json:string><json:string>Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam</json:string><json:string>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam Medical Center, PO Box</json:string><json:string>Netherlands Tel</json:string><json:string>Netherlands Organization for Health Science</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Leon de Waal</json:string><json:string>Bert Niesters</json:string><json:string>Sigurs</json:string><json:string>Albert Osterhaus</json:string><json:string>Stein</json:string><json:string>Study</json:string><json:string>Erasmus Universiteit</json:string><json:string>Laurens Koopman</json:string><json:string>C. 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xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Laurens</forename><surname>Koopman</surname></persName><affiliation><address><addrLine>Paediatrics</addrLine></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Bert</forename><surname>Niesters</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">Institute for Virology</orgName></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Wim</forename><surname>Hop</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Biostatistics and Epidemiology</orgName><orgName type="institution">Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam</orgName><address><addrLine>Rotterdam</addrLine><addrLine>the Netherlands</addrLine><country key="NL" xml:lang="en">THE NETHERLANDS</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Barbara</forename><surname>Van Middelkoop</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</orgName></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">Leon</forename><surname>De Waal</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">Institute for Virology</orgName></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Kees</forename><surname>Van Drunen</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</orgName></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">Albert</forename><surname>Osterhaus</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">Institute for Virology</orgName></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">Herman</forename><surname>Neijens</surname></persName><affiliation><address><addrLine>Paediatrics</addrLine></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">Wytske</forename><surname>Fokkens</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</orgName></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">498DD5365EAC959EA3CEB2AC60DD72D1D1296D83</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-VJCB1R32-F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00064.x</idno><idno type="unit">PAI064</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:PAI.PAI064.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Pediatric Allergy and Immunology</title><title level="j" type="alt">PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY</title><idno type="pISSN">0905-6157</idno><idno type="eISSN">1399-3038</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1399-3038</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1111/pai.2003.14.issue-5</idno><idno type="product">PAI</idno><idno type="publisherDivision">ST</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">14</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="363">363</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="370">370</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><publisher>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2003-10"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><schemaRef type="ODD" url="https://xml-schema.delivery.istex.fr/tei-istex.odd"></schemaRef><appInfo><application ident="pub2tei" version="1.0.10" when="2019-12-20"><label>pub2TEI-ISTEX</label><desc>A set of style sheets for converting XML documents encoded in various scientific publisher formats into a common TEI format.
<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><p>Respiratory infections in infancy may protect against developing Th2‐mediated allergic disease (hygiene hypothesis). To estimate the relative contribution of particular viruses to the development of the immune system and allergic disease, we investigated longitudinally the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants. One hundred and twenty‐six healthy infants were included in this prospective birth cohort study in their first year of life. Physical examination was performed and nasal brush samples were taken during routine visits every 6 months and during an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (sick visits). The prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants with URTI, infants with rhinitis without general malaise and infants without nasal symptoms was studied. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent pathogen during URTI and rhinitis in 0‐ to 2‐year‐old infants (∼40%). During URTI, also respiratory syncytial virus (∼20%) and coronavirus (∼10%) infections were found, which were rarely detected in infants with rhinitis. Surprisingly, in 20% of infants who did not present with nasal symptoms, rhinovirus infections were also detected. During routine visits at 12 months, a higher prevalence of rhinovirus infections was found in infants who attended day‐care compared with those who did not. We did not observe a relation between breast‐feeding or smoking by one or both parents and the prevalence of rhinovirus infections. The parental history of atopy was not related to the prevalence of rhinovirus infection, indicating that the genetic risk of allergic disease does not seem to increase the chance of rhinovirus infections. In conclusion, rhinovirus infection is the most prevalent respiratory viral infection in infants. It may therefore affect the maturation of the immune system and the development of allergic disease considerably.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="k1">allergy</term><term xml:id="k2">infant</term><term xml:id="k3">day‐care</term><term xml:id="k4">prevalence</term><term xml:id="k5">respiratory infection</term><term xml:id="k6">rhinovirus</term><term xml:id="k7">RSV</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Original Articles</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-VJCB1R32-F/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1399-3038</doi><issn type="print">0905-6157</issn><issn type="electronic">1399-3038</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="PAI"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY">Pediatric Allergy and Immunology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="10005"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/pai.2003.14.issue-5</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="14">14</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="5">5</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2003-10">October 2003</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="0036300" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00064.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="PAI064"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Original Articles</title></titleGroup><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2003-10-23"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2003-10-23"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-03-02"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-11-03"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="363">363</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="370">370</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Dr C. M. van Drunen, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam Medical Center, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Tel.: +31 20 5664721
Fax: +31 20 6813850
E‐mail: <email>c.m.vandrunen@amc.uva.nl</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:PAI.PAI064.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Accepted 16 February 2003</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="1"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="3"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="35"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="4434"></count><count type="linksPubMed" number="0"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="0"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants</title><title type="shortAuthors"><b>van Benten et al.</b></title><title type="short"><b>Rhinovirus infection in infants</b></title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Inesz</givenNames><familyName>Van Benten</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>Laurens</givenNames><familyName>Koopman</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>Bert</givenNames><familyName>Niesters</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a4"><personName><givenNames>Wim</givenNames><familyName>Hop</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Barbara</givenNames><familyName>Van Middelkoop</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr6" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>Leon</givenNames><familyName>De Waal</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr7" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Kees</givenNames><familyName>Van Drunen</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr8" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>Albert</givenNames><familyName>Osterhaus</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr9" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>Herman</givenNames><familyName>Neijens</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr10" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Wytske</givenNames><familyName>Fokkens</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1"><unparsedAffiliation>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2"><unparsedAffiliation>Paediatrics</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3"><unparsedAffiliation>Institute for Virology</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="NL"><unparsedAffiliation>Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">allergy</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">infant</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">day‐care</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">prevalence</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">respiratory infection</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">rhinovirus</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7">RSV</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><!--
van Benten I, Koopman L, Niesters B, Hop W, van Middelkoop B, de Waal L, van Drunen K, Osterhaus A, Neijens H, Fokkens W. Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003: 14: 363–370. © 2003 Blackwell Munksgaard
--><p>Respiratory infections in infancy may protect against developing Th2‐mediated allergic disease (hygiene hypothesis). To estimate the relative contribution of particular viruses to the development of the immune system and allergic disease, we investigated longitudinally the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants. One hundred and twenty‐six healthy infants were included in this prospective birth cohort study in their first year of life. Physical examination was performed and nasal brush samples were taken during routine visits every 6 months and during an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (sick visits). The prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants with URTI, infants with rhinitis without general malaise and infants without nasal symptoms was studied. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent pathogen during URTI and rhinitis in 0‐ to 2‐year‐old infants (∼40%). During URTI, also respiratory syncytial virus (∼20%) and coronavirus (∼10%) infections were found, which were rarely detected in infants with rhinitis. Surprisingly, in 20% of infants who did not present with nasal symptoms, rhinovirus infections were also detected. During routine visits at 12 months, a higher prevalence of rhinovirus infections was found in infants who attended day‐care compared with those who did not. We did not observe a relation between breast‐feeding or smoking by one or both parents and the prevalence of rhinovirus infections. The parental history of atopy was not related to the prevalence of rhinovirus infection, indicating that the genetic risk of allergic disease does not seem to increase the chance of rhinovirus infections. In conclusion, rhinovirus infection is the most prevalent respiratory viral infection in infants. It may therefore affect the maturation of the immune system and the development of allergic disease considerably.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Rhinovirus infection in infants</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Predominance of rhinovirus in the nose of symptomatic and asymptomatic infants</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Inesz</namePart><namePart type="family">Van Benten</namePart><affiliation>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Laurens</namePart><namePart type="family">Koopman</namePart><affiliation>Paediatrics</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bert</namePart><namePart type="family">Niesters</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Virology</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Wim</namePart><namePart type="family">Hop</namePart><affiliation>Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Barbara</namePart><namePart type="family">Van Middelkoop</namePart><affiliation>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Leon</namePart><namePart type="family">De Waal</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Virology</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kees</namePart><namePart type="family">Van Drunen</namePart><affiliation>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Albert</namePart><namePart type="family">Osterhaus</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Virology</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Herman</namePart><namePart type="family">Neijens</namePart><affiliation>Paediatrics</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Wytske</namePart><namePart type="family">Fokkens</namePart><affiliation>Departments of Otorhinolaryngology</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Munksgaard International Publishers</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2003-10</dateIssued><edition>Accepted 16 February 2003</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2003</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">1</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent><extent unit="formulas">0</extent><extent unit="references">35</extent><extent unit="linksCrossRef">0</extent><extent unit="words">4434</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Respiratory infections in infancy may protect against developing Th2‐mediated allergic disease (hygiene hypothesis). To estimate the relative contribution of particular viruses to the development of the immune system and allergic disease, we investigated longitudinally the prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants. One hundred and twenty‐six healthy infants were included in this prospective birth cohort study in their first year of life. Physical examination was performed and nasal brush samples were taken during routine visits every 6 months and during an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (sick visits). The prevalence of respiratory viral infections in infants with URTI, infants with rhinitis without general malaise and infants without nasal symptoms was studied. Rhinovirus was the most prevalent pathogen during URTI and rhinitis in 0‐ to 2‐year‐old infants (∼40%). During URTI, also respiratory syncytial virus (∼20%) and coronavirus (∼10%) infections were found, which were rarely detected in infants with rhinitis. Surprisingly, in 20% of infants who did not present with nasal symptoms, rhinovirus infections were also detected. During routine visits at 12 months, a higher prevalence of rhinovirus infections was found in infants who attended day‐care compared with those who did not. We did not observe a relation between breast‐feeding or smoking by one or both parents and the prevalence of rhinovirus infections. The parental history of atopy was not related to the prevalence of rhinovirus infection, indicating that the genetic risk of allergic disease does not seem to increase the chance of rhinovirus infections. In conclusion, rhinovirus infection is the most prevalent respiratory viral infection in infants. It may therefore affect the maturation of the immune system and the development of allergic disease considerably.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>allergy</topic><topic>infant</topic><topic>day‐care</topic><topic>prevalence</topic><topic>respiratory infection</topic><topic>rhinovirus</topic><topic>RSV</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Pediatric Allergy and Immunology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0905-6157</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1399-3038</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1399-3038</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">PAI</identifier><part><date>2003</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>14</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>363</start><end>370</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="cit2"><titleInfo><title>Association of rhinovirus infections with asthma</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JE</namePart><namePart type="family">Gern</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">WW</namePart><namePart type="family">Busse</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Gern JE, Busse WW. 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